Sorensenella

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Sorensenella
Sorensenella prehensor by Saryu Mae CC-BY.jpg
Sorensenella prehensor
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Opiliones
Family: Triaenonychidae
Genus: Sorensenella
Pocock, 1903 [1]
Species

See text

Synonyms

AkaroaRoewer, 1931

Sorensenella is a genus in the harvestman subfamily Sorensenellinae in the family Triaenonychidae. It is endemic to New Zealand and currently includes three species and several subspecies. Members of this genus have large pedipalps armed with strong spines. The pedipalps are larger in males.

Contents

Taxonomy

The genus Sorensenella was erected by R.I. Pocock in 1903. [1] The type species is Sorensenalla prehensor and is held at the Natural History Museum, London. [2] Carl Freidrich Roewer erected the genus Akaroa in 1932, [3] but Ray Forster synonymised this under Sorensenella in his monograph on the New Zealand Laniatores. [2]

Etymology

Although not stated by Pocock's relevant works, [1] [4] the genus seems likely named in honour of the in honour of the Danish Zoologist William Sørensen. Forster gave the spelling of the genus as the modified Soerensenella, [2] following Roewer and other authors (e.g. per Roewer (1915) [5] from interpretation of the alternative spelling as Sörensenella in Pocock's introduction, p.392). However, Sorensenella Pocock 1903 [1] can be taken as the correct original spelling, as fixed by Pocock himself in a subsequent paper as first reviser. [4]

Included species

Sorensenella contains the following species and subspecies:

Forster's (1954) revision includes keys to species for most of the genera it covers, but not for Sorensenella. [2] However, Forster did include the species and subspecies of Sorensenella in a larger key to New Zealand Opiliones published in two parts. [6] [7]

Forster also erected the subfamily Sorensenellinae to accommodate Sorensenella Pocock, 1903 [1] and Karamea Forster, 1954 [2] from New Zealand, and Roeweria Lawrence, 1931 [8] (now Lawrencella Strand, 1932) and Speleomontia Lawrence, 1931 [8] from South Africa. [2]

General appearance

In Sorensenella, the dorsal (upper) surface has one or two spinous tubercles (conical projections) located on the sides of the carapace and level with or forward of the eyemound (a raised, rounded structure with two eyes). These are pointing at or near right angles to the body. The eyemound has a small spine on the apex. Behind the eyemound, the carapace has several pairs of tubercles, while the free tergites (the rearmost portion each have a row of weak tubercles. The pedipalps are strongly armed with spines and are larger in males than females. Body colouring is typically in shades of brown, grey or black, The chelicerae and pedipalps are commonly red-brown or other shades of brown and are a lighter tone and glossier than the rest of the body. Sorensenella most closely resembles the New Zealand-endemic genus Karamea , but lacks the prominent, forward-directed eyemound spine of the latter. [2]

Geographic range

Soerensenella is only found in New Zealand. In the North Island, it is more commonly seen in central and northern regions, with no records south of Waikanae. In the South Island it is found in the Canterbury region. Its range does not appear to overlap with that of Karamea. [2]

Phylogenetics

Molecular studies using Sanger [9] and ultra conserved element [10] sequencing showed Sorensenella is part of a clade that includes the majority of New Zealand triaenonychid genera, as well as several genera from Australia, New Caledonia and South America. Sorensenella forms a subclade with its nearest relative Karamea, [9] [10] and these genera are estimated to have diverged from one another during the Cretaceous. [9] While these studies affirm the close relationship between Soerensenella and Karamea, they do not support Forster's inclusion of Roeweria (now Lawrencella) and Speleomontia from South Africa in Sorensenellinae. [9] [10]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Opiliones</span> Order of arachnids

The Opiliones are an order of arachnids, colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs. As of July 2024, over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of extant species may exceed 10,000. The order Opiliones includes five suborders: Cyphophthalmi, Eupnoi, Dyspnoi, Laniatores, and Tetrophthalmi, which were named in 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triaenonychidae</span> Family of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

The Triaenonychidae are a family of harvestmen with about 120 genera and more than 440 described species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pettalidae</span> Family of arachnids

The Pettalidae are a family of harvestmen with 75 described species in 10 genera. Several undescribed species are known or assumed in some genera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Epedanidae</span> Family of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Epedanidae is a family of the harvestman infraorder Grassatores with about 200 described species. They are the sister group of the Gonyleptoidea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cladonychiidae</span> Family of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

The Cladonychiidae are a small family of harvestman with about 33 described species, within the suborder Laniatores.

<i>Isolachus</i> Genus of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Isolachus is a genus of armoured harvestmen in the family Cladonychiidae. There is one described species in Isolachus, I. spinosus, found in Oregon and Washington.

<i>Paranonychus</i> Genus of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Paranonychus is a genus of harvestman in the family Paranonychidae. There are at least three described species in Paranonychus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cryptomastridae</span> Family of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Cryptomastridae is a family of armoured harvestmen in the order Opiliones. There are two genera and four described species in Cryptomastridae, found in Oregon and Idaho.

Arbasus is a genus of armoured harvestmen in the family Cladonychiidae. There is one described species in Arbasus, A. caecus. It is found in the Pyrenees of southern France.

<i>Briggsus</i> Genus of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Briggsus is a genus of armoured harvestmen in the family Cladonychiidae. There are about five described species in Briggsus, found in the coastal forests of Oregon and Washington.

<i>Holoscotolemon</i> Genus of armoured harvestmen in the family Cladonychiidae

Holoscotolemon is a genus of armoured harvestmen in the family Cladonychiidae. There are about eight described species in Holoscotolemon, found in Europe.

Speleomaster is a genus of armoured harvestmen in the family Cryptomastridae. There are at least two described species in Speleomaster, both found in lava tubes of the Snake River Plain in southern Idaho.

Travunia is a genus of harvestman in the family Travuniidae. There are four described species in Travunia. They are found in caves in the southern Dinaric Karst region of Balkan Europe.

<i>Algidia</i> Genus of harvester

Algidia is a genus in the harvestman family Triaenonychidae. It is endemic to New Zealand and currently includes 7 species and several subspecies.

<i>Algidia chiltoni longispinosa</i> Species of harvester

Algidia chiltoni longispinosa is a subspecies in the genus Algidia in the harvestman family Triaenonychidae. It is found in the Horowhenua district and Wairarapa region in the lower North Island of New Zealand. Ray Forster placed it as a subspecies of Algiidia chiltoni.

Triaenonychoidea is a superfamily of armoured harvestmen in the order Opiliones. There are 4 families and more than 440 described species in Triaenonychoidea.

<i>Sorensenellinae</i> Subfamily of harvester

Sorensenellinae is a subfamily of harvestmen in the family Triaenonychidae created by Ray Forster. It includes genera from New Zealand and South Africa, but later phylogenetic studies do not support the inclusion of the South African taxa. Egg guarding is reported in both New Zealand genera and appears to be an example of paternal care.

<i>Sorensenella prehensor nitida</i> Species of harvester

Sorensenella prehensor nitida is a subspecies of Sorensenella prehensor in the family Triaenonychidae. It was described by Ray Forster in 1954. It is endemic to New Zealand and is found in the East Cape region of the North Island.

<i>Sorensenella prehensor</i> Speciesof harvester

Sorensenella prehensor is a species in the endemic New Zealand genus Sorensenella described by Reginald Pocock in 1903. Ray Forster revised the genus Sorensenella in 1954. As well as the nominate subspecies, Sorensenella prehensor prehensor, added two other subspecies, S. prehensor nitida and S. prehensor obesa. This species is found from Auckland to North Cape in New Zealand's North Island.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Pocock, Reginald Innes (1903). "On some new harvest-spiders of the order Opiliones from the southern continents". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1902: 392–413.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Forster, Raymond Robert (1954-07-01). "The New Zealand harvestmen (sub-order Laniatores)". Canterbury Museum Bulletin. 2: 1–329.
  3. ↑ Roewer, Carl Friedrich (1931-01-01). "Über Triaenonychiden (6. Ergänzung der "Weberknechte der Erde", 1923)". Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie. 138: 137–185.
  4. 1 2 Pocock, Reginald Innes (1903). "Fifteen new species and two new genera of tropical southern Opiliones". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 7. 11 (65): 433–450.
  5. ↑ Roewer, Carl Friedrich (1915). "Die Familie der Triaenonychidae der Opiliones -Laniatores". Archiv für Naturgeschichte. 80 (12): 61–168.
  6. ↑ Forster, Raymond Robert (1962-01-01). "A key to the New Zealand Harvestmen — part I". Tuatara. 10 (3): 129–137.
  7. ↑ Forster, Raymond Robert (1963-01-01). "A key to the New Zealand Harvestmen — part 2". Tuatara. 11 (1): 28–40.
  8. 1 2 Lawrence, Reginald Francis (1931-01-01). "The harvest-spiders (Opiliones) of South Africa". Annals of the South African Museum. 29: 341–508.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Baker, Caitlin M.; Sheridan, Kate; Derkarabetian, Shahan; González, Abel Pérez; Giribet, Gonzalo (2020-08-14). "Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the temperate Gondwanan family Triaenonychidae (Opiliones: Laniatores) reveals pre-Gondwanan regionalisation, common vicariance, and rare dispersal". Invertebrate Systematics. 34 (6): 637–660. doi:10.1071/IS19069.
  10. 1 2 3 Derkarabetian, Shahan; Baker, Caitlin M.; Hedin, Marshal; Prieto, Carlos E.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2021-01-01). "Phylogenomic re-evaluation of Triaenonychoidea (Opiliones : Laniatores), and systematics of Triaenonychidae, including new families, genera and species". Invertebrate Systematics. doi:10.1071/IS20047.
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