Sorraia

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Sorraia
Altamiro, Purebred Sorraia Stallion.jpg
A Sorraia stallion
Conservation statusDOM
Country of originIndigenous to the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, today present mainly in Portugal and Germany
Traits
Distinguishing featuresLean, leggy conformation, good withers, slim neck, convex profile; grulla or dun, typically without white markings

The Sorraia is a rare breed of horse indigenous to the portion of the Iberian Peninsula, in the Sorraia River basin, in Portugal. The Sorraia is known for its primitive features, including a convex profile and dun coloring with primitive markings. Concerning its origins, a theory has been advanced by some authors that the Sorraia is a descendant of primitive horses belonging to the naturally occurring wild fauna of Southern Iberia. Studies are currently ongoing to discover the relationship between the Sorraia and various wild horse types, as well as its relationship with other breeds from the Iberian Peninsula and Northern Africa.

Contents

Members of the breed are small, but hardy and well-adapted to harsh conditions. They were occasionally captured and used by native farmers for centuries, and a remnant population of these nearly extinct horses was discovered by a Portuguese zoologist in the early 20th century. Today, the Sorraia has become the focus of preservation efforts, with European scientists leading the way and enthusiasts from several countries forming projects and establishing herds to assist in the re-establishment of this breed from its current endangered status.

Characteristics

A Sorraia stallion with characteristic convex facial profile. Sorraia.convex profile.jpg
A Sorraia stallion with characteristic convex facial profile.

The Sorraia breed stands between 14.1 and 14.3  hands (57 and 59 inches, 145 and 150 cm) high, although some individuals are as small as 12.3  hands (51 inches, 130 cm) [1] The head tends to be large, the profile convex, and the ears long. [2] The neck is slender and long, the withers high, and the croup slightly sloping. The legs are strong, with long pasterns and well-proportioned hooves. These horses have good endurance and are easy keepers, thriving on relatively little fodder. They have a reputation for being independent of temperament, but tractable. [3]

On adult horses, the lay of the hair can create the appearance of stars and flags on the neck and chest. Also due to the lay of the hair, newborn foals can appear to have stripes all over, reminiscent of zebra stripes. The breed standard refers to this as "hair stroke". [4]

Foal with primitive markings and "hair stroke" GrulloFoalCoatStripes.jpg
Foal with primitive markings and "hair stroke"

Color

Sorraia are generally dun or a dun variation called grullo. Dun coloring includes primitive markings such as a black dorsal stripe, black tipped ears, horizontal striping on the legs and a dark muzzle area. [5] The dark muzzle area is in contrast to some other dun-colored horse breeds, who have light-colored muzzle areas and underbellies, possibly due to the presence of pangare genetics. [6] Sorraia horses have bi-colored manes and tails with lighter colored hairs that fringe the outside of the longer growing black hair. [4] This is a characteristic shared with other predominantly dun-colored breeds, such as the Fjord horse. [7] Purebred Sorraia occasionally have white markings, although they are rare and undesired by the breed's studbook. [4]

Genetics

The relationship between the Sorraia and other breeds remains largely undetermined, as is its relationship to the wild horse subspecies, the Tarpan and the Przewalski's Horse. The Sorraia originally developed in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula. [8] d'Andrade hypothesized that the Sorraia would be the ancestor of the Southern Iberian breeds. [9] Morphologically, scientists place the Sorraia as closely related to the Gallego and the Asturcon, [10] but genetic studies using mitochondrial DNA show that the Sorraia forms a cluster that is largely separated from most Iberian breeds. [11] [12] [13] [14] Some evidence links this cluster with Konik and domestic Mongolian horses. [12] At the same time, one of the maternal lineages is shared with the Lusitano. [15] Genetic evidence [11] has not supported a hypothesis that the Sorraia is related to the Barb horse, an African breed introduced to Iberia by the Moors. [16]

Multiple authors have suggested that the Sorraia might be a descendant of the Tarpan based on shared morphological features, principally the typical color of its coat. [2] [3] [17] Other authors simply state that the Sorraia has "evident primitive characteristics", although they do not refer to a specific ancestor. [5] However, there have been no genetic studies comparing the Sorraia with the Tarpan, and similarity of external morphology is an unreliable measure of relatedness. [11]

Genetic studies to date have been inconclusive about the closest relative of the Sorraia. On one hand, studies using mitochondrial DNA showed a relationship with the Przewalski's Horse, [12] [13] [14] in that Przewalski's Horse has a unique haplotype (A2) not found in domestic horses, which differs by just one single nucleotide from one of the major Sorraia haplotypes (JSO41, later A7). In comparison, genetic distances within the domestic horse are as large as 11 nucleotide differences. [12] [13] [14] However, this relationship with the Przewalski's Horse was contradicted in another study using microsatellite data that showed that the genetic distance between the Prewalski's Horse and the Sorraia was the largest. [18] Such conflicting results can arise when a population passes through a genetic bottleneck, and evidence suggests that the Sorraia, among other rare breeds, has recently passed through a bottleneck, [12] effectively obscuring the position of this breed in the family tree of the domestic horse. Thus, the morphological, physiological, and cultural characteristics of the Sorraia are the subject of continued study to better understand the relationship between various Iberian horse breeds and wild horse subspecies.

History

Although it is known that the Sorraia developed in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula, [8] the breed was isolated and unknown to science until the 20th century. Despite the lack of documentation, attempts have been made to reconstruct its history. Paleolithic parietal art images in the region depict equines with a distinct likeness to the Sorraia, with similar zebra-like markings. [19] [20] Analysis of mtDNA has been performed on Mustangs in the western United States that show similar mtDNA patterns between some Mustangs and the Sorraia breed. [16] Spanish conquistadors took Iberian horses, some of whom closely resembled the modern-day Sorraia, to the Americas in their conquests, [16] probably as pack animals. [2] Similarities between the Sorraia and several North and South American breeds are shown in the dun and grullo coloring and various physical characteristics. This evidence suggests that the Sorraia, their ancestors, or other horses with similar features, may have had a long history in the Iberian region and a role in the creation of American breeds. [16]

Otherwise, the Sorraia breed was lost to history until 1920, when Portuguese zoologist and paleontologist Dr. Ruy d'Andrade first encountered the Sorraia horse during a hunting trip in the Portuguese lowlands. This remnant herd of primitive horses had continued to live a wild existence in these lowlands, which were rather inaccessible and had been used as a hunting preserve by Portuguese royalty until the early 1900s. [21] At the time of d'Andrade's initial meeting the breed, the horses were ill-regarded by native farmers, although they were considered hardy native fauna that lived off of the uncultivated lands and salt marshes in the local river valleys. For centuries, peasant farmers of the area would occasionally capture the horses and use them for agricultural work, including threshing grain and herding bulls. [22]

In the 1920s and 1930s, as mechanization became more prevalent, both wild and domesticated breeding stock diminished to almost nothing, and d'Andrade, along with his son Fernando, encouraged the conservation of the breed. [17] In 1937, d'Andrade began a small herd of his own with five stallions and seven mares from horses obtained near Coruche, Portugal. All Sorraias currently in captivity descend from these original horses obtained by d'Andrade, and it is believed that the remnant wild herds of the breed died out soon after. [12] [23] These horses were kept in a habitat similar to their native one. [17] In 1975, two other farms took up the Sorraia's cause and acquired small herds to help with conservation. In 1976, three stallions and three mares were imported to Germany from Portugal to begin a sub-population there. [5] In March 2004, a small breeding herd of Sorraia horses was released on the estate of a private land owner who dedicated a portion of his property so that these horses could live completely wild, as did their ancestors. The refuge created for them is in the Vale de Zebro region of south western Portugal, one of places so named because this is where the Sorraia's predecessors dwelt. [24] Today, the breed is nearly extinct, with fewer than 200 horses existing as of 2007, including around 80 breeding mares. The Food and Agriculture Organization considers it to be maintaining critical risk status. The first studbook was published in 2004, dedicated to maintaining a written record of the bloodlines of the Sorraia. [23] Sorraias are present mainly in Portugal, [11] with a small population in Germany. [2] While not bred for a specific use, the Sorraia horses are versatile and have been used in herding bulls, dressage riding and light harness. [24]

American preservation efforts

A Kiger Mustang mare of Sorraia phenotype used as a foundation broodmare on Manitoulin Island in Ontario Sorraia phenotype in the Kiger Mustang mare Ciente.jpg
A Kiger Mustang mare of Sorraia phenotype used as a foundation broodmare on Manitoulin Island in Ontario

Two Sorraia stallions were imported to the United States in the early 21st century. In 2006, another Sorraia stallion was imported to Canada where a Sorraia Mustang Preserve has been established on Manitoulin Island in Ontario. [24] Unrelated to existing preservation efforts which work in conjunction with the Sorraia Mustang Studbook, [4] another project by a consortium of breeders in the United States is attempting to establish a separate network and studbook. These breeders have gathered Spanish Mustangs that through mtDNA testing show a genetic relationship with the Sorraia and are breeding them according to both genotype and phenotype in an attempt to help preserve what they are calling the "American Sorraia Mustang". [25]

Naming

Dr. Ruy d'Andrade gave the breed their name of "Sorraia". [21] D'Andrade took the name from the Sorraia River in Portugal. [3] The breed had previously been known by the local Portuguese as "zebro" or "zebra", due to their markings. [24] In the time of Christopher Columbus, the Sorraia was also known as the Marismeño, [26] but the Sorraia and the Marismeño have evolved into two different breeds over time. Today, the name Marismeño refers to a population of semiferal horses living in Doñana Natural Park in Spain. [11]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Domestication of the horse</span>

How and when horses became domesticated has been disputed. Although horses appeared in Paleolithic cave art as early as 30,000 BC, these were wild horses and were probably hunted for meat. The clearest evidence of early use of the horse as a means of transport is from chariot burials dated c. 2000 BC. However, an increasing amount of evidence began to support the hypothesis that horses were domesticated in the Eurasian Steppes in approximately 3500 BC. Discoveries in the context of the Botai culture had suggested that Botai settlements in the Akmola Province of Kazakhstan are the location of the earliest domestication of the horse. Warmouth et al. (2012) pointed to horses having been domesticated around 3000 BC in what is now Ukraine and Western Kazakhstan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Przewalski's horse</span> Subspecies of mammal

Przewalski's horse, also called the takhi, Mongolian wild horse or Dzungarian horse, is a rare and endangered horse originally native to the steppes of Central Asia. It is named after the Russian geographer and explorer Nikolay Przhevalsky. Once extinct in the wild, since the 1990s it has been reintroduced to its native habitat in Mongolia in the Khustain Nuruu National Park, Takhin Tal Nature Reserve, and Khomiin Tal, as well as several other locales in Central Asia and Eastern Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Breeding back</span> Artificial selection

Breeding back is a form of artificial selection by the deliberate selective breeding of domestic animals, in an attempt to achieve an animal breed with a phenotype that resembles a wild type ancestor, usually one that has gone extinct. Breeding back is not to be confused with dedomestication.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Konik</span> Polish breed of horse

The Konik or Polish Konik, Polish: konik polski, is a Polish breed of small horse or pony. There are semi-feral populations in some regions. They are usually mouse dun or striped dun.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tarpan</span> Extinct subspecies of equines

The tarpan was a free-ranging horse subspecies of the Eurasian steppe from the 18th to the 20th century. It is generally unknown whether those horses represented genuine wild horses, feral domestic horses or hybrids. The last individual believed to be a tarpan died in captivity in the Russian Empire in 1909.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iberian horse</span>

The Iberian horse is a designation given to a number of horse breeds native to the Iberian Peninsula. At present, some breeds are officially recognized by the FAO, while other horses believed to be native to the peninsula are not. Likewise, some modern breeds are understood from mitochondrial DNA to be descended from historic landraces, while others have origins outside the Iberian peninsula. The remaining FAO-recognized breeds are of well-known foreign blood, or are recently developed breeds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colonial Spanish horse</span> American breed of horse

Colonial Spanish horse is a term for a group of horse breed and feral populations descended from the original Iberian horse stock brought from Spain to the Americas. The ancestral type from which these horses descend was a product of the horse populations that blended between the Iberian horse and the North African Barb. The term encompasses many strains or breeds now found primarily in North America. The status of the Colonial Spanish horse is considered threatened overall with seven individual strains specifically identified. The horses are registered by several entities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lusitano</span> Horse breed from Portugal

The Lusitano, also known as the Pure Blood Lusitano or PSL, is a Portuguese horse breed. Horses were known to be present on the Iberian Peninsula as far back as 20,000 BC, and by 800 BC the region was renowned for its war horses. The fame of the horses from Lusitania goes back to the Roman Age, which attributed its speed to the influence of the West wind, who was considered capable of fertilizing the mares. When the Muslims invaded Iberia in 711 AD, they brought Arabian horses with them that were crossed with the native horses, developing a horse that became useful for war, dressage and bull fighting. The Portuguese horse was named the Lusitano, after the word Lusitania, the ancient Roman name for the region that modern Portugal occupies. There are four main breed lineages within the breed today, and characteristics differ slightly between each line.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exmoor pony</span> British breed of horse

The Exmoor Pony is a British breed of pony or small horse. It is one of the mountain and moorland pony breeds native to the British Isles, and so falls within the larger Celtic group of European ponies. It originates on, and is named for, the Exmoor area of moorland in north-eastern Devon and western Somerset, in south-west England, and is well adapted to the climate conditions and poor grazing of the moor. Some still live there in a near-feral state, but most are in private ownership.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Garrano</span> Portuguese breed of horse

The Garrano or Raça Garrana is a Portuguese breed of small horse. It is distributed principally in the North Region of Portugal, and is equivalent to the Faco Galego of Galicia in north-western Spain, which lies immediately to the north.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanish Mustang</span> American breed of horse

The Spanish Mustang is an American horse breed descended from horses brought from Spain during the early conquest of the Americas. They are classified within the larger grouping of the Colonial Spanish horse, a type that today is rare in Spain. By the early 20th century, most of the once-vast herds of mustangs that had descended from the Spanish horses had been greatly reduced in size. Seeing that these horses were on the brink of extinction, some horseman began making efforts to find and preserve the remaining "Spanish Mustangs" drawing stock from feral and Native American herds, as well as ranch stock. The breed was one of the first to be part of a concerted preservation effort for horses of Spanish phenotype, and a breed registry was founded in 1957.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kiger mustang</span> Strain of mustang horse originating in Oregon, US

The Kiger mustang is a strain of mustang horse located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Oregon. The name applies only to wild-captured individuals and does not apply to their bred-in-captivity progeny, which are known as Kiger horses. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) administers two herd management areas for Kiger mustangs in the Burns District—Kiger and Riddle Mountain, in the Steens Mountain area. DNA testing has shown that Kiger mustangs are descended largely from Spanish horses brought to North America in the 17th century, a bloodline thought to have largely disappeared from mustang herds before the Kiger horse populations were discovered in 1977.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wild horse</span> Undomesticated four-footed mammal from the equine family

The wild horse is a species of the genus Equus, which includes as subspecies the modern domesticated horse as well as the endangered Przewalski's horse. The European wild horse, also known as the tarpan, that went extinct in the late 19th or early 20th century has previously been treated as the nominate subspecies of wild horse, Equus ferus ferus, but more recent studies have cast doubt on whether tarpans were truly wild or if they actually were feral horses or hybrids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Primitive markings</span> Hair coloration in some equine

Primitive markings are a group of hair coat markings and qualities seen in several equine species, including horses, donkeys, and asses. In horses, they are associated with primitive breeds, though not limited to such breeds. The markings are particularly associated with the dun coat color family. All dun horses possess at least the dorsal stripe, but the presence of the other primitive markings varies. Other common markings may include horizontal striping on the legs, transverse striping across the shoulders, and lighter guard hairs along the edges of a dark mane and tail.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heck horse</span> Horse breed

The Heck horse is a horse breed that is claimed to resemble the tarpan, an extinct wild equine. The breed was created by the German zoologist brothers Heinz Heck and Lutz Heck in an attempt to breed back the tarpan. Although unsuccessful at creating a genetic copy of the extinct species, they developed a breed with grullo coloration and primitive markings. Heck horses were subsequently exported to the United States, where a breed association was created in the 1960s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andalusian horse</span> Horse breed from the Iberian Peninsula

The Andalusian, also known as the Pure Spanish Horse or PRE, is a horse breed from the Iberian Peninsula, where its ancestors have lived for thousands of years. The Andalusian has been recognized as a distinct breed since the 15th century, and its conformation has changed very little over the centuries. Throughout its history, it has been known for its prowess as a war horse, and was prized by the nobility. The breed was used as a tool of diplomacy by the Spanish government, and kings across Europe rode and owned Spanish horses. During the 19th century, warfare, disease and crossbreeding reduced herd numbers dramatically, and despite some recovery in the late 19th century, the trend continued into the early 20th century. Exports of Andalusians from Spain were restricted until the 1960s, but the breed has since spread throughout the world, despite their low population. In 2010, there were more than 185,000 registered Andalusians worldwide.

The history of horse domestication has been subject to much debate, with various competing hypotheses over time about how domestication of the horse occurred. The main point of contention was whether the domestication of the horse occurred once in a single domestication event, or that the horse was domesticated independently multiple times. The debate was resolved at the beginning of the 21st century using DNA evidence that favored a mixed model in which domestication of the stallion most likely occurred only once, while wild mares of various regions were included in local domesticated herds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lac La Croix Pony</span> North American horse breed developed by the Ojibwe people

The Ojibwe Horse, also known as the Lac La Croix Indian Pony and Lac La Croix “Indian” or “Indigenous” pony is a semi-feral Canadian horse breed developed by the Ojibwe people. The population became critically low; and, by 1977, only four mares remained. To preserve the breed, these mares were crossed with Spanish Mustang stallions. The modern breed name derives from the Lac La Croix First Nation of Ontario, where the horses were last found in the wild. Historically, the breed was also found in Minnesota.

References

  1. ↑ Cordeiro, Arsénio Raposo & Ruy d'Andrade (1997). Lusitano Horse - Son of the Wind. Lisboa: Edicoes Inapa. p. 74. ISBN   978-972-8387-20-4.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds (Paperback ed.). University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 384–385. ISBN   978-0-8061-3884-8.
  3. 1 2 3 Bongianni, Maurizio, ed. (1988). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies . New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, Inc. p.  154. ISBN   978-0-671-66068-0.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Oelke, Hardy. "Sorraia Characteristics:SMS Standard of Perfection". Sorraia Mustang Studbook. Hardy Oelke. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
  5. 1 2 3 Luís, Christina, E. Gus Cothran, and Maria do Mar Oom (2007). "Inbreeding and Genetic Structure in the Endangered Sorraia Horse Breed: Implications for its Conservation and Management". Journal of Heredity. 98 (3): 232–237. doi: 10.1093/jhered/esm009 . PMID   17404326.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Sponenberg, Dan Phillip (2003). Equine Color Genetics. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 29, 38. ISBN   978-0-8138-0759-1.
  7. ↑ "About the breed". Norwegian Fjord Horse Registry. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
  8. 1 2 Cordeiro, Arsénio Raposo & Ruy d'Andrade (1997). Lusitano Horse - Son of the Wind. Lisboa: Edicoes Inapa. p. 70. ISBN   978-972-8387-20-4.
  9. ↑ d'Andrade, R (1945). "Sorraia". Boletim Pecuário. 13: 1–13.
  10. ↑ Jordana, J; Parés PM (1999). "Relaciones genéticas entre razas ibéricas de caballos utilizando caracteres morfológicos. Prototipos raciales" (PDF). AGRI. 26: 75–94. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 19, 2021.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Royo, L.J., I. Álvarez, A. Beja-Pereira, A. Molina, I. Fernández, J. Jordana, E. Gómez, J. P. Gutiérrez, and F. Goyache (2005). "The Origins of Iberian Horses Assessed via Mitochondrial DNA". Journal of Heredity. 96 (6): 663–669. doi: 10.1093/jhered/esi116 . PMID   16251517.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jansen, Thomas, Peter Forster, Marsha A. Levine, Hardy Oelke, Matthew Hurles, Colin Renfrew, Jürgen Weber, and Klaus Olek (August 6, 2002). "Mitochondrial DNA and the origins of the domestic horse". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (16): 10905–10910. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9910905J. doi: 10.1073/pnas.152330099 . PMC   125071 . PMID   12130666.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. 1 2 3 Cai, Dawei; Zhuowei Tang; Lu Han; Camilla F. Speller; Dongya Y. Yang; Xiaolin Ma; Jian'en Cao; Hong Zhu; Hui Zhou (2009). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the origin of the Chinese domestic horse". Journal of Archaeological Science. 36 (3): 835–842. Bibcode:2009JArSc..36..835C. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.11.006.
  14. 1 2 3 McGahern, A; Bower, M. A. M.; Edwards, C. J.; Brophy, P. O.; Sulimova, G.; Zakharov, I.; Vizuete-Forster, M.; Levine, M.; Li, S.; MacHugh, D. E.; Hill, E. W. (2006). "Evidence for biogeographic patterning of mitochondrial DNA sequences in Eastern horse populations". Animal Genetics. 37 (5): 494–497. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01495.x. PMID   16978180. S2CID   6595134.
  15. ↑ Luís, C, Bastos-Silveira, C., Costa-Ferreira, J., Cothran, E.G., Oom, M.M. (December 2006). "A lost Sorraia maternal lineage found in the Lusitano horse breed". Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics. 123 (6): 399–402. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0388.2006.00612.x. PMID   17177696.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. 1 2 3 4 "Sorraia". Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State University. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
  17. 1 2 3 Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse (1st American ed.). New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley. pp. 104–105. ISBN   978-1-56458-614-8.
  18. ↑ Aberle, Kerstin S.; Ottamar Distl (2004). "Domestication of the horse: results based on microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA markers". Arch. Tierz., Dummerstorf. 6: 517–535.
  19. ↑ Loch, Sylvia (1986). The Royal Horse of Europe. London: J.A. Allen. p. 37. ISBN   978-0-85131-422-8.
  20. ↑ Gonzaga, P. (2004). A History of the Horse Vol. 1, The Iberian Horse From Ice Age to Antiquity. London: J.A. Allen. p. 87. ISBN   978-0-85131-867-7.
  21. 1 2 Oelke, Hardy. "The Sorraia Horse". Equiworld. Archived from the original on May 6, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
  22. ↑ Cordeiro, Arsénio Raposo & Ruy d'Andrade (1997). Lusitano Horse - Son of the Wind. Lisboa: Edicoes Inapa. p. 68. ISBN   978-972-8387-20-4.
  23. 1 2 Luis, C., R. Jurar, M.M. Oom and E.G. Cothran (2007). "Genetic diversity and relationships of Portuguese and other horse breeds based on protein and microsatellite loci variation" (PDF). Animal Genetics. 38 (1): 20–27. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01545.x. PMID   17257184 . Retrieved 2008-12-12.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. 1 2 3 4 Oelke, Hardy. "The Sorraia Horse, General Information". Sorraia Folheto Informativo. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
  25. ↑ "American Sorraia Mustang Project". Windcross Conservancy. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
  26. ↑ Oelke, Hardy (1997). Born Survivors on the Eve of Extinction. Wipperfürth, Germany: Kierdorf Verlag. pp. 58, 62. ISBN   978-3-89118-096-9.

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