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A pilus is a hair-like appendage found on the surface of many bacteria and archaea. The terms pilus and fimbria can be used interchangeably, although some researchers reserve the term pilus for the appendage required for bacterial conjugation. All pili in the latter sense are primarily composed of pilin proteins, which are oligomeric.
Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli, is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes (EPEC, ETEC etc.) can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts, and are occasionally responsible for food contamination incidents that prompt product recalls. The harmless strains are part of the normal microbiota of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2, (which helps blood to clot) and preventing colonisation of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria, having a symbiotic relationship. E. coli is expelled into the environment within fecal matter. The bacterium grows massively in fresh fecal matter under aerobic conditions for 3 days, but its numbers decline slowly afterwards.
In engineering, deformation refers to the change in size or shape of an object. Displacements are the absolute change in position of a point on the object. Deflection is the relative change in external displacements on an object. Strain is the relative internal change in shape of an infinitesimally small cube of material and can be expressed as a non-dimensional change in length or angle of distortion of the cube. Strains are related to the forces acting on the cube, which are known as stress, by a stress-strain curve. The relationship between stress and strain is generally linear and reversible up until the yield point and the deformation is elastic. The linear relationship for a material is known as Young's modulus. Above the yield point, some degree of permanent distortion remains after unloading and is termed plastic deformation. The determination of the stress and strain throughout a solid object is given by the field of strength of materials and for a structure by structural analysis.
In physics and materials science, elasticity is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed. Solid objects will deform when adequate loads are applied to them; if the material is elastic, the object will return to its initial shape and size after removal. This is in contrast to plasticity, in which the object fails to do so and instead remains in its deformed state.
Viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation. Viscous materials, like water, resist shear flow and strain linearly with time when a stress is applied. Elastic materials strain when stretched and immediately return to their original state once the stress is removed.
Endonucleases are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain. Some, such as deoxyribonuclease I, cut DNA relatively nonspecifically, while many, typically called restriction endonucleases or restriction enzymes, cleave only at very specific nucleotide sequences. Endonucleases differ from exonucleases, which cleave the ends of recognition sequences instead of the middle (endo) portion. Some enzymes known as "exo-endonucleases", however, are not limited to either nuclease function, displaying qualities that are both endo- and exo-like. Evidence suggests that endonuclease activity experiences a lag compared to exonuclease activity.
Sphingomonas was defined in 1990 as a group of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, chemoheterotrophic, strictly aerobic bacteria. They possess ubiquinone 10 as their major respiratory quinone, contain glycosphingolipids (GSLs), specifically ceramide, instead of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their cell envelopes, and typically produce yellow-pigmented colonies.
Sphingomonadaceae are a gram-negative bacterial family of the Alphaproteobacteria. An important feature is the presence of sphingolipids in the outer membrane of the cell wall. The cells are ovoid or rod-shaped. Others are also pleomorphic, i.e. the cells change the shape over time. Some species from Sphingomonadaceae family are dominant components of biofilms.
In physics, deformation is the continuum mechanics transformation of a body from a reference configuration to a current configuration. A configuration is a set containing the positions of all particles of the body.
Polyvinyl alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome) (EC 1.1.2.6, PVA dehydrogenase, PVADH) is an enzyme with systematic name polyvinyl alcohol:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Sphingopyxis granuli is a bacterium. It is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium. Its type strain is Kw07T.
Sphingopyxis italica is a bacterium. It is Gram-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped and was isolated from volcanic rock in the Roman catacombs of Saint Callixtus in Rome. Its type strain is SC13E-S71T.
Sphingopyxis bauzanensis is a bacterium. It is Gram-negative, aerobic and psychrophilic. The type strain is BZ30T.
Sphingopyxis flavimaris is a bacterium. It is Gram-negative, motile, yellow-pigmented and slightly halophilic. Its type strain is SW-151T.
Sphingopyxis panaciterrulae is a bacterium. It is gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile. Its type strain is DCY34T.
Pontibacter ummariensis is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Pontibacter which has been isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane contaminated soil in Lucknow in India.
Sphingopyxis baekryungensis is a Gram-negative, slightly halophilic and motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingopyxis which has been isolated from seawater from the Yellow Sea in Korea.
Sphingopyxis flava is a Gram-staining, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingopyxis which has been isolated from soil from a dumpsite which was contaminated with hexachlorocyclohexane from Ummari in India.
Sphingopyxis indica is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingopyxis.
Sphingopyxis solisilvae is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingopyxis which has been isolated from forest soil from the Kyonggi University in Korea.
References
- ↑ Sharma, P.; Verma, M.; Bala, K.; Nigam, A.; Lal, R. (2009). "Sphingopyxis ummariensis sp. nov., isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane dump site". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60 (4): 780–784. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.008805-0 . ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 19656938.