Station (Australian agriculture)

Last updated
A cattle station in northern New South Wales Cooplacurripa station in northern New South Wales, Australia.jpg
A cattle station in northern New South Wales
Border Collie, left, and a collie cross working sheep in Queensland Sheep-Dog-Show.JPG
Border Collie, left, and a collie cross working sheep in Queensland
Noonkanbah woolshed, now a local community centre in Western Australia Nkb-woolshed.JPG
Noonkanbah woolshed, now a local community centre in Western Australia
Cattle and horses in stockyards at Victoria River Downs Station circa 1985 Vict River Downs.jpg
Cattle and horses in stockyards at Victoria River Downs Station circa 1985

In Australia, a station is a large landholding used for producing livestock, predominantly cattle or sheep, that needs an extensive range of grazing land. The owner of a station is called a pastoralist or a grazier, corresponding to the North American term "rancher".

Contents

Originally station referred to the homestead – the owner's house and associated outbuildings of a pastoral property, but it now generally refers to the whole holding. Stations in Australia are on Crown land pastoral leases, and may also be known more specifically as sheep stations or cattle stations, as most are stock-specific, dependent upon the region and rainfall. [1] [2]

If they are very large, they may also have a subsidiary homestead, known as an outstation.

Sizes

Aerial views of Oulnina Park Station at Manna Hill, South Australia.

Sheep and cattle stations can be thousands of square kilometres in area, with the nearest neighbour being hundreds of kilometres away. Anna Creek Station in South Australia is the world's largest working cattle station. [3] It is roughly 24,000 square kilometres (9,300 sq mi); [4] much larger than the runner-up, Clifton Hills, another South Australian cattle station spanning 17,000 square kilometres (6,600 sq mi); and substantially larger than America's biggest ranch (King Ranch), which is only 3,339 square kilometres (1,289 sq mi). [5] [6] King Ranch is approx 13% of the size of Anna Creek Station.

Structure

Anna Creek main homestead Anna-Creek-homestead-1.JPG
Anna Creek main homestead

A station typically has a homestead where the property owner or the manager lives. Nearby cottages or staff quarters provide housing for the employees. Storage sheds and cattle yards are also sited near the homestead. Other structures depend on the size and location of the station. Isolated stations will have a mechanic's workshop, schoolroom, a small general store to supply essentials, and possibly an entertainment or bar area for the owners and staff. Water may be supplied from a river, bores or dams, in conjunction with rainwater tanks. Nowadays, if rural mains power is not connected, electricity is typically provided by a generator, although solar electricity systems have become increasingly common.

Outstations

Cattle Creek outstation of Wave Hill, NT, 1962 Cattle Creek outstation, Wave Hill.jpg
Cattle Creek outstation of Wave Hill, NT, 1962

Historically, an outstation was a subsidiary homestead or other dwelling on Australian sheep or cattle stations that was more than a day’s return travel from the main homestead. [7] [8] [9] Although the term later came to be more commonly used to describe a specific type of Aboriginal settlement, also known as a homeland community, it is still used on cattle and sheep stations today, for example the Sturt Creek Outstation of the Ruby Plains Station in the Kimberley, [10] and Rawlinna sheep station, [11] Australia’s largest operating sheep station. [12]

Facilities

Because of the extended distances, there is a School of the Air so that children can attend classes from their homes, originally using pedal-powered radios to communicate with the teachers, developed by South Australian engineer and inventor Alfred Traeger in 1929. [13] The larger stations have their own school and teacher to educate the children on the station until at least they commence high school. Large isolated stations have their own stores to supply workers with their needs.[ citation needed ]

Medical assistance is given by the Royal Flying Doctor Service (also originally using Traeger's pedal radio technology), where medical staff such as doctors and nurses can treat patients at their homes, or airlift emergency and seriously ill patients to hospitals at the nearest towns. The Westpac Life Saver Rescue Helicopter Service and RAC rescue helicopter and its trained medical crews also respond quickly to emergencies threatening the life, health and safety of people caused through medical emergency, illness, natural disaster, accidents or mishap.

Personnel

A station hand is an employee, who is involved in routine duties on a station and this may also involve caring for livestock.

Some stations are in remote areas that are not easy to access, limiting their population greatly. Accommodation for couples and families may be limited. [14] An important example is the jackaroo (male) or jillaroo (female), a young person who works on a station for several years in a form of apprenticeship, in order to become an overseer or rural property manager. [15] [16] Aboriginal people have played a big part in the northern cattle industry where they were and still are competent stockmen on the cattle stations. Nowadays staff on these stations may work in the homestead and in stock camps. Stockmen, especially ringers, may be seasonal employees. Others include boremen, managers, mechanics, machinery operators (including grader drivers), station and camp cooks, teachers, overseers and bookkeepers. Veterinary surgeons also fly to some of the more distant cattle and sheep stations.

Jeannie Gunn arrived at Elsey Station in 1902, leaving after her husband died, and in 1908 wrote the book We of the Never Never based on her time on the property. [17] Elsey also featured in the 1946 film The Overlanders . The crew set up camp on the property for a month, and the river crossing sequence was shot at the Roper River. [18]

Writer Arthur Upfield spent many years working in the outback and on stations in many different jobs; he later described station life of the early 20th century in his novels.

The long-running television drama McLeod's Daughters (20012009) is set on an Australian cattle station. The 2008 film Australia was set on the fictional station Faraway Downs; the movie was filmed on Home Valley Station. [19]

The 2016 videogame Sid Meier's Civilization VI introduces Australia into the series, with one ability being a unique tile improvement called the Outback Station. [20]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anna Creek Station</span> Cattle station in South Australia

Anna Creek Station is the world's largest working cattle station. It is located in the Australian state of South Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stockman (Australia)</span> Australian livestock herder

In Australia, a stockman is a person who looks after the livestock on a station, traditionally on horse. It has a similar meaning to "cowboy". A stockman may also be employed at an abattoir, feedlot, on a livestock export ship, or with a stock and station agency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sheep station</span> Landholding for raising sheep

A sheep station is a large property in Australia or New Zealand, whose main activity is the raising of sheep for their wool and/or meat. In Australia, sheep stations are usually in the south-east or south-west of the country. In New Zealand the Merinos are usually in the high country of the South Island. These properties may be thousands of square kilometres in size and run low stocking rates to be able to sustainably provide enough feed and water for the stock.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cattle station</span> Large Australian farm

In Australia and New Zealand, a cattle station is a large farm, the main activity of which is the rearing of cattle. The owner of a cattle station is called a grazier. The largest cattle station in the world is Anna Creek Station in South Australia, which covers an area of 23,677 square kilometres.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drover (Australian)</span> A person who moves livestock over long distances

A drover in Australia is a person, typically an experienced stockman, who moves livestock, usually sheep, cattle, and horses "on the hoof" over long distances. Reasons for droving may include: delivering animals to a new owner's property, taking animals to market, or moving animals during a drought in search of better feed and/or water or in search of a yard to work on the livestock. The drovers who covered very long distances to open up new country were known as "overlanders".

We of the Never Never is an autobiographical novel by Jeannie Gunn first published in 1908. Although published as a novel, it is an account of the author's experiences in 1902 at Elsey Station near Mataranka, Northern Territory in which she changed the names of people to obscure their identities. She published the book under the name Mrs Aeneas Gunn, using her husband's first and last name. Over the years, newspapers and magazine articles chronicled the fortunes of the Elsey characters. Jeannie outlived all but Bett-Bett.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cordillo Downs</span> Pastoral lease and locality in South Australia

Cordillo Downs or Cordillo Downs Station is both a pastoral lease currently operating as a cattle station and a formal bounded locality in South Australia. It is located about 116 kilometres (72 mi) north of Innamincka and 155 kilometres (96 mi) south east of Birdsville. The name and boundaries of the locality were created on 26 April 2013 for the long established local name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wave Hill Station</span> Pastoral lease in the Northern Territory

Wave Hill Station, most commonly referred to as Wave Hill, is a pastoral lease in the Northern Territory operating as a cattle station. The property is best known as the scene of the Wave Hill walk-off, a strike by Indigenous Australian workers for better pay and conditions, which in turn was an important influence on Aboriginal land rights in Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rawlinna Station</span> Pastoral lease in Western Australia

Rawlinna Station is a pastoral lease and sheep station located about 339 kilometres (211 mi) east of Kambalda in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia. The locality of Rawlinna and the Trans-Australian Railway are situated along the boundary of the station. It is the largest sheep station in Australia.

Ruby Plains Station is a pastoral lease and cattle station located about 41 kilometres (25 mi) south of Halls Creek in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. It is situated along the Tanami Track and is used as a stopping place along the Canning Stock Route.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nappa Merrie</span> Pastoral lease in central west Queensland

Nappa Merrie Station, most commonly known as Nappa Merrie, is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station in central west Queensland, Australia.

Sturts Meadows Station, most commonly known as Sturts Meadows, is a pastoral lease that has operated as a cattle station and a sheep station in outback New South Wales.

Elsey Station is a pastoral lease that once operated as a cattle station in the Northern Territory of Australia. Its Traditional Owners are the Mangarrayi people whose right were upheld by the Elsey Land Claim which was granted in 1997. The property is owned by the Mangarrayi Aboriginal Land Trust.

Mount Gipps Station, most commonly known as Mount Gipps, is a pastoral lease that operates as a sheep station in north west New South Wales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Delta Downs Station</span> Pastoral lease in Queensland

Delta Downs Station, also known as Morr Morr, is a pastoral lease that currently operates as a cattle station in Queensland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dulkaninna</span> Pastoral lease in South Australia

Dulkaninna Station is a pastoral lease that once operated as a sheep station but now operates as a cattle station in outback South Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andamooka Station</span>

Andamooka Station is a pastoral lease that once operated as a sheep station but now operates as a cattle station in outback South Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stuart Creek Station</span> Pastoral lease in South Australia

Stuart Creek Station is a pastoral lease that once operated as a sheep station. It now operates as a cattle station in outback South Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Billiluna Station</span> Pastoral lease in Western Australia

Billiluna Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station in Western Australia.

References

  1. Taylor, Peter (1988), Station life in Australia : pioneers and pastoralists, Allen & Unwin, ISBN   978-0-04-332135-5
  2. "Chisholm, Alec H.". The Australian Encyclopaedia. Vol. 8. Sydney: Halstead Press. 1963. p. 275.
  3. Mercer, Phil (9 June 2008). "Cattle farms lure Australian women". BBC. Retrieved 9 June 2008.
  4. Brown, Carmen; et al. (12 December 2016). "South Australian family prepares to take over world's largest cattle station". News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  5. Crozier, Randall (14 July 2005). "Big, big Anna Creek Station". SA Country Hour Summary. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  6. "Anna Creek Station". Wrightsair. Archived from the original on 1 March 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
  7. Myers, Fred; Peterson, Nicolas (January 2016). "1. The origins and history of outstations as Aboriginal life projects". In Peterson, Nicolas; Myers, Fred (eds.). Experiments in self-determination:Histories of the outstation movement in Australia (PDF). Monographs in Anthropology. p. 2. doi: 10.22459/ESD.01.2016 . ISBN   9781925022902 . Retrieved 2 August 2020.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) (Book details here.)
  8. "R7756 Cattle Creek outstation, 1962". Wave Hill walk-off. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  9. Strong, B. W; Roeger, L.; Low, William A. (October 1986). "Resource appraisal of Cattle Creek Station Pastoral Lease 912: prepared for Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory, Alice Springs". Territory Stories. W. A. Low Ecological Services. p. 17. hdl:10070/260128 . Retrieved 2 August 2020. Residence at the former outstation was ephemeral during periods of cattle working in the Cattle Creek area. Permanent residence was at Wave Hill Homestead where a few Aboriginals still live. PDF
  10. "Sturt Creek Outstation". S. Kidman. 14 December 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  11. Smith, Aidan (10 April 2018). "Rawlinna shears 64,000 sheep". Farm Weekly . Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  12. "Rawlinna". JUMBUCK. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  13. Richard Begbie (July 1999). "The Pedal Radio of the Great Outback". Antique Radio Classified. 16 (7).
  14. NAPCO
  15. Delbridge, Arthur, The Macquarie Dictionary, 2nd ed., p. 937, Macquarie Library, North Ryde, 1991
  16. Chisholm, Alec H. (ed.), The Australian Encyclopaedia, "Jackeroo", Halstead Press, Sydney, 1963
  17. Rutledge, Martha (2000). Gunn, Jeannie (1870–1961). Melbourne University Press. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  18. ""Overlanders" film unit returns". The Sydney Morning Herald . New South Wales: National Library of Australia. 5 September 1945. p. 5. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  19. "Faraway Downs Station Kununurra Australia" . Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  20. "CIVILIZATION VI – First Look: Australia". YouTube . Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2018.