 | |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name (1R,2S,7S,10S,13R)-2,6,6,12-Tetramethyltetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.02,7]hexadec-11-ene | |
| Other names (+)-Stemar-13-ene | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol) | |
| 5334696 | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChemSpider | |
| KEGG | |
PubChem CID | |
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| C20H32 | |
| Molar mass | 272.476 g·mol−1 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
| Infobox references | |
Stemarene is a diterpene hydrocarbon can be produced biosynthetically through enzyme extracts from rice. [1]
Salvinorin A is the main active psychotropic molecule in Salvia divinorum. Salvinorin A is considered a dissociative hallucinogen.
The terpenoids, sometimes called isoprenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from the 5-carbon compound isoprene, and the isoprene polymers called terpenes. Most are multicyclic structures with oxygen-containing functional groups. About 60% of known natural products are terpenoids. Although sometimes used interchangeably with "terpenes", terpenoids contain additional functional groups, usually O-containing. Terpenes are hydrocarbons.
Terpenes are a class of natural products consisting of compounds with the formula (C5H8)n. Comprising more than 30,000 compounds, these unsaturated hydrocarbons are produced predominantly by plants, particularly conifers. Terpenes are further classified by the number of carbons: monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), diterpenes (C20), etc. A well known monoterpene is alpha-pinene, a major component of turpentine.
Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer was an American physical and theoretical chemist, educator, and university president. He was described as "one of the most influential physical chemists of his era" whose work "spanned almost all of the important fields of physical chemistry: thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, molecular structure, quantum mechanics, spectroscopy, chemical bonding, relativistic chemical effects, properties of concentrated aqueous salt solutions, kinetics, and conformational analysis."
Diterpenes are a class of chemical compounds composed of four isoprene units, often with the molecular formula C20H32. They are biosynthesized by plants, animals and fungi via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate being a primary intermediate. Diterpenes form the basis for biologically important compounds such as retinol, retinal, and phytol. They are known to be antimicrobial and antiinflammatory.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AHR gene. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression. It was originally thought to function primarily as a sensor of xenobiotic chemicals and also as the regulator of enzymes such as cytochrome P450s that metabolize these chemicals. The most notable of these xenobiotic chemicals are aromatic (aryl) hydrocarbons from which the receptor derives its name.
Monoterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16. Monoterpenes may be linear (acyclic) or contain rings (monocyclic and bicyclic). Modified terpenes, such as those containing oxygen functionality or missing a methyl group, are called monoterpenoids. Monoterpenes and monoterpenoids are diverse. They have relevance to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural, and food industries.
The ARNT gene encodes the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein that forms a complex with ligand-bound aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and is required for receptor function. The encoded protein has also been identified as the beta subunit of a heterodimeric transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1). A t(1;12)(q21;p13) translocation, which results in a TEL-ARNT fusion protein, is associated with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Three alternatively spliced variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene.
Triterpenes are a class of chemical compounds composed of three terpene units with the molecular formula C30H48; they may also be thought of as consisting of six isoprene units. Animals, plants and fungi all produce triterpenes, including squalene, the precursor to all steroids.
Simonellite (1,1-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-isopropyl phenanthrene) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with a chemical formula C19H24. It is similar to retene.
Stemodene is a labdane-related diterpene whose corresponding terpene synthase has been discovered in rice and subsequently cloned and functionally characterized. The gene responsible for stemodene production has not been found in the completed rice genome, thus suggesting that perhaps other genes are as yet undiscovered in the "completed" genome. Stemarene synthase demonstrates high sequence homology with stemodene synthase, thus accounting for the latter's discovery by Dana Morrone in 2005. Additionally, the corresponding olefin produced by each cyclase shows structural similarities and is derived from the common precursor of syn-copalyl diphosphate.
Labdane is a natural bicyclic diterpene. It forms the structural core for a wide variety of natural products collectively known as labdanes or labdane diterpenes. The labdanes were so named because the first members of the class were originally obtained from labdanum, a resin derived from the gum rockrose.
Momilactone B is an allelopathic agent produced from the roots of rice. It has been shown to be produced in high concentrations by the roots of rice seedlings. The production of momilactone B has also been induced in response to infection by blast fungus or irradiated with UV light. More recently it has been shown to be a potential chemotherapeutic agent against human colon cancer.
Levopimaric acid is an abietane-type of diterpene resin acid. It is a major constituent of pine oleoresin with the chemical formula of C20H30O2. In general, the abietene types of diterpene resin acid have various biological activities, such as antibacterial, cardiovascular and antioxidant. About 18 to 25% of levopimaric acid is found in pine oleoresin. The production of oleoresin by conifer species is an important component of the defense response against insect attack and fungal pathogen infection.
9beta-pimara-7,15-diene oxidase (EC 1.14.13.144, CYP99A3) is an enzyme with systematic name 9beta-pimara-7,15-diene,NADPH:oxygen 19-oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Ent-sandaracopimaradiene synthase is an enzyme with systematic name ent-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Stemar-13-ene synthase is an enzyme with systematic name 9alpha-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (stemar-13-ene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Stemod-13(17)-ene synthase is an enzyme with systematic name 9alpha-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Syn-pimara-7,15-diene synthase is an enzyme with systematic name 9alpha-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (9beta-pimara-7,15-diene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Labdatriene synthase is an enzyme with systematic name 9alpha-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
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