Suffrage Emergency Corps

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Suffrage Emergency Corps members, Margretta Dietrich, Minnie Fisher Cunningham, and Esther Pohl Lovejoy, April 1920 Suffrage Emergency Corps members, Dietrich, Cunningham, and Lovejoy, April 1920.jpg
Suffrage Emergency Corps members, Margretta Dietrich, Minnie Fisher Cunningham, and Esther Pohl Lovejoy, April 1920

The Suffrage Emergency Corps was a special group of suffragist formed after nearly two-thirds of the states had ratified the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Only one more state was needed to ratify, and suffragists hoped they could convince Governor Marcus H. Holcomb to make his state of Connecticut the thirty-sixth. A team of women, sponsored by the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) chose delegates from the other states to travel to Connecticut in early May 1920 to convince the governor to open a special legislative session to consider ratifying the amendment. The event garnered publicity, but it did not convince the governor to open a special session.

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About

After the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed, many states ratified it immediately, or called emergency special legislative sessions to consider the amendment. [1] By April, the suffragists only needed one more state to ratify the amendment. [2] Connecticut Governor, Marcus H. Holcomb, received petitions to open a special emergency legislative session, but he responded that "the desire of a few women did not create an emergency." [3] After further appeals, the governor stated that "he was ready to receive proof of the existence of an emergency." [3]

In response, the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) announced on April 23 that they would create a special "emergency" group to petition for the ratification of the 19th Amendment. [2] A "flying squadron" of 48 women, representing each state in the United States, was chosen to arrive in Connecticut early in May for the event. [4] Women chosen to be part of the Corps were prominent leaders in various areas of endeavor. [5] Many of the women had professional jobs or had served in office in their states, and many of them were very involved with the Republican Party. [6]

Members of the Corps wanted to show that there was a "special emergency" in the case of women's suffrage so that the governor of Connecticut would call a special legislative session to consider the ratification. [7] Groups such as the Federation of Women's Clubs were involved with the push for women's suffrage. [8] Arrangements were made by NAWSA who wanted to "make Connecticut the 36th" and thereby pass the Nineteenth Amendment. [9] Preparations for the event included placards spread around the state that read: "The eyes of the nation are upon Connecticut." [10]

After arriving in New York, members dined with Carrie Chapman Catt at the Hotel McAlpin. [11] Katharine Ludington, the president of the Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association (CWSA), gave the keynote speech. [6] After the dinner, members of the Corps received "marching orders" from Catt and Ludington. [3]

On May 3, forty-six of the members of the corps arrived in Hartford, Connecticut where they were met by a group of Connecticut women who took them to lunch at the Hartford Golf Club. [12] After lunch, the Corps broke up into groups of 12 who would go on to attend mass meetings in Bridgeport, New Haven, New London, and Waterbury. [12] Over the next few days, twelve rallies featuring the women of the Suffrage Emergency Corps were held each day. [6] Catt spoke on May 3 in New Haven to a full meeting house. [6] On May 5, members of the Corps visited Niantic, Connecticut. [13] A total of 40 meetings were held over four days leading up to May 7, when the suffragists would meet with the governor of Connecticut. [6]

On May 7, the suffragists held a public rally and had a hearing in front of the Connecticut Governor Holcomb. [14] They arrived at the Capitol in 48 separate cars decorated with green, white, and purple flags and waving banners. [15] [16] Catt had been scheduled to speak, but was delayed. [15] The remaining speakers were introduced by Ludington and included Minnie Fisher Cunningham, Grace Raymond Hebard, Lenna Lowe Yost, and Helen Ring Robinson. [15] Suffragists then presented telegrams from the governors of Wyoming and Kentucky urging Holcomb to open a special legislative session. [15] There was another small procession, with further speeches and entreaties to the governor to support women's suffrage. One of the speeches, given by the Arkansas delegate, related her experiences during World War I where she told a French woman that not all American women could vote. [15] The French woman replied, "That is not a democracy; it's a conundrum." [15]

After the public rally, Governor Holcomb stated that "he would give careful consideration to the request for a special session." [17] However, by the following Tuesday, he declared that while there was a "strong desire for a special session," the suffragists had not been able to prove to him that there was a "special emergency." [18] Additional petitions to the state legislature were also not successful. [18]

Members

See also

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Women's suffrage in Delaware began in the late 1860s, with efforts from suffragist, Mary Ann Sorden Stuart, and an 1869 women's rights convention held in Wilmington, Delaware. Stuart, along with prominent national suffragists lobbied the Delaware General Assembly to amend the state constitution in favor of women's suffrage. Several suffrage groups were formed early on, but the Delaware Equal Suffrage Association (DESA) formed in 1896, would become one of the major state suffrage clubs. Suffragists held conventions, continued to lobby the government and grow their movement. In 1913, a chapter of the Congressional Union (CU), which would later be known at the National Women's Party (NWP), was set up by Mabel Vernon in Delaware. NWP advocated more militant tactics to agitate for women's suffrage. These included picketing and setting watchfires. The Silent Sentinels protested in Washington, D.C., and were arrested for "blocking traffic." Sixteen women from Delaware, including Annie Arniel and Florence Bayard Hilles, were among those who were arrested. During World War I, both African-American and white suffragists in Delaware aided the war effort. During the ratification process for the Nineteenth Amendment, Delaware was in the position to become the final state needed to complete ratification. A huge effort went into persuading the General Assembly to support the amendment. Suffragists and anti-suffragists alike campaigned in Dover, Delaware for their cause. However, Delaware did not ratify the Nineteenth Amendment until March 6, 1923, well after it was already part of the United States Constitution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in Nevada</span>

Women's suffrage in Nevada began in the late 1860s. Lecturer and suffragist, Laura de Force Gordon, started giving women's suffrage speeches in the state starting in 1867. In 1869, Assemblyman Curtis J. Hillyer introduced a women's suffrage resolution in the Nevada Legislature. He also spoke out on women's rights. Hillyer's resolution passed, but like all proposed amendments to the state constitution, must pass one more time and then go out to a voter referendum. In 1870, Nevada held its first women's suffrage convention in Battle Mountain Station. In the late 1880s, women gained the right to run for school offices and the next year several women are elected to office. A few suffrage associations were formed in the mid 1890s, with a state group operating a few women's suffrage conventions. However, after 1899, most suffrage work slowed down or stopped altogether. In 1911, the Nevada Equal Franchise Society (NEFS) was formed. Attorney Felice Cohn wrote a women's suffrage resolution that was accepted and passed the Nevada Legislature. The resolution passed again in 1913 and will go out to the voters on November 3, 1914. Suffragists in the state organized heavily for the 1914 vote. Anne Henrietta Martin brought in suffragists and trade unionists from other states to help campaign. Martin and Mabel Vernon traveled around the state in a rented Ford Model T, covering thousands of miles. Suffragists in Nevada visited mining towns and even went down into mines to talk to voters. On November 3, the voters of Nevada voted overwhelmingly for women's suffrage. Even though Nevada women won the vote, they did not stop campaigning for women's suffrage. Nevada suffragists aided other states' campaigns and worked towards securing a federal suffrage amendment. On February 7, 1920, Nevada became the 28th state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in Florida</span>

Women's suffrage in Florida had two distinct phases. The first women's suffrage effort in Florida was led by Ella C. Chamberlain in the early 1890s. Chamberlain began writing a women's suffrage news column, started a mixed-gender women's suffrage group and organized conventions in Florida. After Chamberlain left Florida in 1897, most women's suffrage activities ceased until around 1912. That year, the Equal Franchise League of Florida was organized in Jacksonville, Florida. Other groups soon followed, forming around the state. Whenever the Florida Legislature was in session, suffragists advocated for equal franchise amendments to the Florida Constitution. In October 1913, property-owning women in Orlando, Florida attempted unsuccessfully to vote. However, their actions raised awareness about women's suffrage in the state. In 1915, the city of Fellsmere allowed municipal women's suffrage and Zena Dreier became the first legal women voter in the South on June 19. By 1919, several cities in Florida allowed women to vote in municipal elections. Florida did not take action on the Nineteenth Amendment, and only ratified it years later on May 13, 1969.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in Hawaii</span>

Women's suffrage in Hawaii began in the 1890s. However, when the Hawaiian Kingdom ruled, women had roles in the government and could vote in the House of Nobles. After the overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani in 1893, women's roles were more restricted. Suffragists, Wilhelmine Kekelaokalaninui Widemann Dowsett and Emma Kaili Metcalf Beckley Nakuina, immediately began working towards women's suffrage. The Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) of Hawaii also advocated for women's suffrage in 1894. As Hawaii was being annexed as a US territory in 1899, racist ideas about the ability of Native Hawaiians to rule themselves caused problems with allowing women to vote. Members of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) petitioned the United States Congress to allow women's suffrage in Hawaii with no effect. Women's suffrage work picked up in 1912 when Carrie Chapman Catt visited Hawaii. Dowsett created the National Women's Equal Suffrage Association of Hawai'i that year and Catt promised to act as the delegate for NAWSA. In 1915 and 1916, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole brought resolutions to the U.S. Congress requesting women's suffrage for Hawaii. While there were high hopes for the effort, it was not successful. In 1919, suffragists around Hawaii met for mass demonstrations to lobby the territorial legislature to pass women's suffrage bills. These were some of the largest women's suffrage demonstrations in Hawaii, but the bills did not pass both houses. Women in Hawaii were eventually franchised through the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in Arizona</span>

The movement for women's suffrage in Arizona began in the late 1800s. After women's suffrage was narrowly voted down at the 1891 Arizona Constitutional Convention, prominent suffragettes such as Josephine Brawley Hughes and Laura M. Johns formed the Arizona Suffrage Association and began touring the state campaigning for women's right to vote. Momentum built throughout the decade, and after a strenuous campaign in 1903, a woman's suffrage bill passed both houses of the legislature but was ultimately vetoed by Governor Alexander Oswald Brodie.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of women's suffrage in Arizona</span> Review of the topic

This is a timeline of women's suffrage in Arizona. The first women's suffrage bill was brought forward in the Arizona Territorial legislature in 1883, but it did not pass. Suffragists work to influence the Territorial Constitutional Convention in 1891 and lose the women's suffrage battle by only three votes. That year, the Arizona Suffrage Association is formed. In 1897, taxpaying women gain the right to vote in school board elections. Suffragists both from Arizona and around the country continue to lobby the territorial legislature and organize women's suffrage groups. In 1903, a women's suffrage bill passes, but is vetoed by the governor. In 1910, suffragists work to influence the Arizona State Constitutional Convention, but are also unsuccessful. When Arizona becomes a state on February 14, 1912, an attempt to legislate a women's suffrage amendment to the Arizona Constitution fails. Frances Munds mounts a successful ballot initiative campaign. On November 5, 1912, women's suffrage passes in Arizona. In 1913, the voter registration books are opened to women. In 1914, women participate in their first primary elections. Arizona ratified the Nineteenth Amendment on February 12, 1920. However, Native American women and Latinas would wait longer for full voting rights.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in Wisconsin</span>

Attempts to secure women's suffrage in Wisconsin began before the Civil War. In 1846, the first state constitutional convention delegates for Wisconsin discussed women's suffrage and the final document eventually included a number of progressive measures. This constitution was rejected and a more conservative document was eventually adopted. Wisconsin newspapers supported women's suffrage and Mathilde Franziska Anneke published the German language women's rights newspaper, Die Deutsche Frauen-Zeitung, in Milwaukee in 1852. Before the war, many women's rights petitions were circulated and there was tentative work in forming suffrage organizations. After the Civil War, the first women's suffrage conference held in Wisconsin took place in October 1867 in Janesville. That year, a women's suffrage amendment passed in the state legislature and waited to pass the second year. However, in 1868 the bill did not pass again. The Wisconsin Woman Suffrage Association (WWSA) was reformed in 1869 and by the next year, there were several chapters arranged throughout Wisconsin. In 1884, suffragists won a brief victory when the state legislature passed a law to allow women to vote in elections on school-related issues. On the first voting day for women in 1887, the state Attorney General made it more difficult for women to vote and confusion about the law led to court challenges. Eventually, it was decided that without separate ballots, women could not be allowed to vote. Women would not vote again in Wisconsin until 1902 after separate school-related ballots were created. In the 1900s, state suffragists organized and continued to petition the Wisconsin legislature on women's suffrage. By 1911, two women's suffrage groups operated in the state: WWSA and the Political Equality League (PEL). A voter referendum went to the public in 1912. Both WWSA and PEL campaigned hard for women's equal suffrage rights. Despite the work put in by the suffragists, the measure failed to pass. PEL and WWSA merged again in 1913 and women continued their education work and lobbying. By 1915, the National Woman's Party also had chapters in Wisconsin and several prominent suffragists joined their ranks. The National Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was also very present in Wisconsin suffrage efforts. Carrie Chapman Catt worked hard to keep Wisconsin suffragists on the path of supporting a federal woman's suffrage amendment. When the Nineteenth Amendment went out to the states for ratification, Wisconsin an hour behind Illinois on June 10, 1919. However, Wisconsin was the first to turn in the ratification paperwork to the State Department.

References

  1. 1 2 "Most Popular Amendment in the History of the American Constitution". The Connecticut Labor News. 1920-05-08. p. 6. Retrieved 2023-08-31– via Newspapers.com.
  2. 1 2 "Suffs. Invade Connecticut to Win Votes for Women". The Miami Herald. 1920-04-24. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-31– via Newspapers.com.
  3. 1 2 3 Harper 1922, p. 76.
  4. ↑ "Suffrage Corps' Flying Squadron Make an Appeal". Wilmington Morning Star. 23 April 1920. Retrieved 2023-08-29– via Newspapers.com.
  5. ↑ The Woman Citizen& May 8, 1920, p. 1222-1223.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 The Woman Citizen& May 8, 1920, p. 1222.
  7. ↑ "Suffrage Flying Squadron Opens Connecticut Campaign". The Lexington Herald. 1920-05-04. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-30– via Newspapers.com.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "Suffrage Emergency Corps Drive in Connecticut Now On". Sun Herald. 1920-05-06. p. 5. Retrieved 2023-08-30– via Newspapers.com.
  9. ↑ The Suffrage News Bulletin 1920, p. 1.
  10. 1 2 Hinaman 1920, p. 1306.
  11. 1 2 "Advance Guard of Suffrage Emergency Corps Arrives". New-York Tribune. 1920-05-02. p. 14. Retrieved 2023-08-28– via Newspapers.com.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Noted Women Come Thursday to Talk Suffrage". Record-Journal. 1920-05-04. p. 5. Retrieved 2023-08-29– via Newspapers.com.
  13. ↑ "The Suffrage Meeting". The Day. 1920-05-07. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-08-30– via Newspapers.com.
  14. ↑ Thompson, D. Claudia (2019-12-08). "Votes for Women – The 1920 Ratification Campaign". American Heritage Center (AHC). Retrieved 2023-08-31.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Holcomb Reserves Final Decision on Suffrage Petition". Hartford Courant. 1920-05-08. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-06– via Newspapers.com. "Holcomb Reserves Final Decision". Hartford Courant. p. 2. Retrieved 7 September 2023– via Newspapers.com.
  16. ↑ "Governor Hears Women". The Idaho Statesman. 1920-05-08. p. 5. Retrieved 2023-09-13– via Newspapers.com.
  17. ↑ "Conn. Gov'r Hearing Pleas for Suffrage". The Herald Statesman. 1920-05-07. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-06– via Newspapers.com.
  18. 1 2 Harper 1922, p. 77.
  19. 1 2 The Suffrage News Bulletin 1920, p. 4.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 The Woman Citizen& May 1, 1920, p. 1195.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Woman Citizen& May 1, 1920, p. 1200.
  22. 1 2 "North, South Dakota, Wyoming Voters' League Leaders Coming". Star Tribune. 1920-05-09. p. 47. Retrieved 2023-08-29– via Newspapers.com.
  23. ↑ "Bryn Mawr Women as Suffragists". NAWSA Alumnae. Bryn Mawr College Library Special Collections. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  24. 1 2 Hinaman 1920, p. 1307.
  25. ↑ "A Correction". Kennebec Journal. 1920-05-08. p. 11. Retrieved 2023-08-31– via Newspapers.com.
  26. ↑ Jensen, Kimberly (2012). Oregon's Doctor to the World: Esther Pohl Lovejoy and a Life in Activism. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN   978-0-295-80440-8.
  27. ↑ The Woman Citizen& May 8, 1920, p. 1223.
  28. ↑ "Suffrage League Will Enlist Clubs to Get Women to the Polls". Chicago Tribune. 1920-04-28. p. 19. Retrieved 2023-08-29– via Newspapers.com.

Sources

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