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The ancient Mesopotamian underworld, most often known in Sumerian as Kur, Irkalla, Kukku, Arali, or Kigal and in Akkadian as Erṣetu, although it had many names in both languages, was a dark, dreary cavern located deep below the ground, where inhabitants were believed to continue "a transpositional version of life on earth". The only food or drink was dry dust, but family members of the deceased would pour sacred mineral libations from the earth for them to drink. In the Sumerian underworld, it was initially believed that there was no final judgement of the deceased and the dead were neither punished nor rewarded for their deeds in life.
Scholars, including psychoanalysts, have commented that J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth stories about both Bilbo Baggins, protagonist of The Hobbit, and Frodo Baggins, protagonist of The Lord of the Rings, constitute psychological journeys. Bilbo returns from his journey to help recover the Dwarves' treasure from Smaug the dragon's lair in the Lonely Mountain changed, but wiser and more experienced. Frodo returns from his journey to destroy the One Ring in the fires of Mount Doom scarred by multiple weapons, and is unable to settle back into the normal life of his home, the Shire.
References
- 1 2 Crowley, Vivianna (2017). "Perera, Sylvia Brinton". In Leeming, David A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27771-9_200092-1. ISBN 978-3-642-27771-9.
- ↑ "Mother Earth Body Self. Therapeutic Process as Return and (Re-)Emergence". Jungianthology (Podcast). C. G. Jung Institute of Chicago. November 24, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
- ↑ Goode, Erica (September 27, 1998). "Edward Whitmont, 85, Leader in teaching Jungian psychology". The New York Times . Retrieved October 16, 2018.
- ↑ Samuels, Andrew (1985). Jung and the Post-Jungians. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 217–219.
- ↑ Whitmont, Edward C. (1992) [1984]. Return of the Goddess. New York: Crossroad Publishing. pp. 133–135.
- ↑ Neumann, Erich (1954). "On the Moon and Matriarchal Consciousness". Spring : 64–118.
- ↑ Rowland, Susan (2001). Jung. A Feminist Revision. Cambridge: Polity Press (Blackwell). pp. 62–63.
