Second person pronouns
The pronoun jij/je only calls for the verb to end in -t if it precedes the verb, and if the verb is in the present simple or present perfect indicative. Modal verbs and the future/conditional auxiliary zullen allow forms with and without -t (but the subject pronoun must still precede the verb for the -t form to appear).
- Jijgaat naar school. ("You go to school", simple present indicative, jij precedes verb)
- Gajij naar school? ("Do you go to school?", jij does not precede verb)
- Jezou naar school gaan. ("You would go to school", conditional auxiliary)
- Jijging naar school. ("You went to school", past tense)
- Jekan naar school gaan. ("You can go to school", modal form without t)
- Jekunt naar school gaan. ("You can go to school", modal t-form, je precedes verb)
- Kunje naar school gaan? ("Can you go to school?", modal, je does not precede verb)
- Jezal naar school gaan. ("You will go to school", future auxiliary without t)
- Jezult naar school gaan. ("You will go to school", future auxiliary t-form, je precedes verb)
- Zulje naar school gegaan zijn? ("Will you have gone to school?", future auxiliary, je does not precede verb)
If the stem of the verb ends in -t, the jij form always ends in -t:
- Jijrust. ("You rest", je precedes verb)
- Rustjij? ("Do you rest?", je does not precede verb)
With the verbs houden, rijden and verbs derived from them, the -d of the radical can be dropped if it is not followed by -t. In a formal context, usually the d is not dropped.
- Houjij van bloemen ("Do you like flowers?")
- Houdjij van bloemen ("Do you like flowers?", formal)
- Jijhoudt van bloemen ("You like flowers", jij precedes verb)
Jullie (2nd plural)
The pronoun jullie always makes the verb end in -en. The ending -t is also possible, but this form is archaic (although it does survive in Brabantian dialect).
- Jullielopen naar school. ("You walk to school")
- Jullieloopt naar school. ("You/ye walk to school", archaic)
Gij/ge (2nd sing./plur.)
The pronoun gij/ge makes the verb end in -t, whether the pronoun precede or follow the verb. Modal and auxiliary forms also end in -t. This pronoun is used informally in spoken language in North Brabant and Flanders only. Its written form only appears in archaic texts where it compares to English thou.
- Gijgaat naar school. ("Thou goest to school", present indicative, gij precedes)
- Gaatgij naar school. ("Dost thou go to school?" / "Goest thou to school?", gij follows)
- Gezoudt naar school gaan. ("Thou wouldst go to school", conditional)
- Gijgingt naar school. ("Thou wentst to school", past)
- Gekunt naar school gaan. ("Thou canst go to school", modal)
No extra -t is added if the verb stem already end in -t. The ending -t is added after -d:
- Gijrust. ("Thou restest")
- Houdtgij van bloemen? ("Dost thou like flowers?" / "Likest thou flowers?")
- Gijhoudt van bloemen ("Thou likest flowers")
In the subjunctive and in the regular past, the -t survives only as an archaic form:
- Gijneme(t) een lepel suiker. ("Thou takest a spoon of sugar" / "That thou mayst take a spoon of sugar", present subjunctive)
- Werkte(t)ge hard? ("Didst thou work hard?" / "Workedst thou hard?", regular past)
In informal speech (only in Flanders/Brabant), the verb ends in -de or -te, if gij follows the verb. In very informal speech (only in Flanders/Brabant), the subject is dropped altogether. The -e ending after the stem is a remnant of the Middle Dutch pronoun di which, over the centuries, developed into a clitic.
- Zijdegij blind! Ziede dat nu niet? ("Are you blind! Didn't (you) see that?", informal)
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