TMEM106C

Last updated
TMEM106C
Identifiers
Aliases TMEM106C , transmembrane protein 106C
External IDs MGI: 1196384 HomoloGene: 11440 GeneCards: TMEM106C
Gene location (Human)
Ideogram human chromosome 12.svg
Chr. Chromosome 12 (human) [1]
Human chromosome 12 ideogram.svg
HSR 1996 II 3.5e.svg
Red rectangle 2x18.png
Band 12q13.11Start47,963,569 bp [1]
End47,968,878 bp [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

79022

380967

Ensembl

ENSG00000134291

ENSMUSG00000052369

UniProt

Q9BVX2

Q80VP8

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001252153
NM_201359
NM_001356508

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001137313
NP_001137314
NP_001137315
NP_076961

NP_001239082
NP_958747
NP_001343437

Location (UCSC) Chr 12: 47.96 – 47.97 Mb Chr 15: 97.96 – 97.97 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

TMEM106C is a gene that encodes the transmembrane protein 106C (TMEM106C) in Homo sapiens It has been found to be overexpressed in cancer cells and also is related to distal arthrogryposis, [5] [6] a condition of stiff joints and irregular muscle development. The TMEM106C gene contains a domain of unknown function, DUF1356, that spans most of the protein. Transmembrane protein 106C also goes by the aliases MGC5576 or MGC111210, LOC79022. [7]

Contents

Location and gene neighborhood

The TMEM106C gene is located on the long arm of the 12th chromosome. It is found at position 12q13.1. This gene spans from 48357225 to 48362667 on chromosome 12. [7] This gene is in between COL2A1, the human type II collagen gene, and VDR, the human Vitamin D Receptor gene. [8] This protein is found to be an integral part of the endoplasm reticulum membrane. [9]

Protein structure

The N and C-terminal ends of the protein are found in the cytosol of the cell Protein Structure.png
The N and C-terminal ends of the protein are found in the cytosol of the cell

The TMEM106A protein has a molecular weight of 27.9 kdal with a PI of 6.325. [11] It has 250 amino acids, 230 of which are in the domain of unknown function. No signal peptide has been found for this protein but TMEM106C has transmembrane regions which gives evidence for an internal signal peptide. [12] This protein spans the ER membrane 2 times. [10] There is evidence that these transmembrane regions take on helical structures. [13] The predicted structure of the protein is shown to the left:

TMEM106C is valine-rich with no tryptophan. [11]

There are several areas for post-translational modification for TMEM106A including: [14]

Expression

This gene is highly expressed. TMEM106C is expressed 4.9 times the average gene. [7] TMEM106C has ubiquitous expression. It can be found expressed in many tissues types. Tissue types with high expression included the adrenal gland, eye, reproductive organs, cervix and blood. High expression was found using EST and GEO data.

Expression Patterns found in Various Tissue Types Expression Patterns.png
Expression Patterns found in Various Tissue Types

This gene is also found overexpressed in cancer cells. This gene has found to be expressed three times more in adrenal tumor and twice more in bladder carcinoma and retinoblastoma than normal expression.

Expression Levels found in Leukemia Expression Patterns -cancer.png
Expression Levels found in Leukemia

It is also found to be highly expressed in breast (mammary gland) tumor, cervical tumor, esophageal tumor, leukemia, liver tumor; lung tumor, pancreatic tumor, prostate cancer, and soft tissue/muscle tissue tumor. [20]

TMEM106C is found in all stages of development from embryoid body, blastocyst, fetus, infant, juvenile and adult. [21]

Homology

Paralogs

There are two paralogs for TMEM106C. These paralogs are TMEM106A and TMEM106B. [6] Both genes are found highly conserved in Mammalia. TMEM106A is also found to be conserved in invertebrates as well. The protein was found in tapeworms and other invertebrate worms. [22]

ProteinAccession numberAmino acidsIdentity percent
TMEM106A AAI46977 26236
TMEM106B NP_001127704 27443
TMEM106C NP_001137314.1 250100

Orthologs

TMEM106C is highly conserved in Mammalia. Links to sequences can be found in the table below: [22]

OrganismCommon nameAccession numberAmino acidsIdentity percentNotes
Homo sapiens Human NP_001137314.1 250100Mammal
Macaca mulatta Rhesus macaque NP_001253653.1 24998Mammal
Equus caballus Horse XP_001490277.1 24990Mammal
Mus musculus Mouse NP_001239082.1 26079Mammal
Alligator mississippiensis American alligator XP_006273403.1 27177Reptile
Chrysemys picta bellii Painted turtle XP_005291963.1 27073Reptile
Falco cherrug Saker falcon XP_005436184.1 27474Aves
Gallus gallus Chicken XP_003643471.1 25365Aves
Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog NP_001016848.1 26364Amphibia
Latimeria chalumnae Coelacanth XP_005986345.1 25861Actinoterygii
Danio rerio Zebrafish NP_001070764.1 27557Actinoterygii

Related Research Articles

TMEM98 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Transmembrane protein 98 is a single-pass membrane protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM98 gene. The function of this protein is currently unknown. TMEM98 is also known as UNQ536/PRO1079.

TMEM63A protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Transmembrane protein 63A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM63A gene. The mature human protein is approximately 92.1 kilodaltons (kDa), with a relatively high conservation of mass in orthologs. The protein contains eleven transmembrane domains and is inserted into the membrane of the lysosome. BioGPS analysis for TMEM63A in humans shows that the gene is ubiquitously expressed, with the highest levels of expression found in T-cells and dendritic cells.

TMEM242

Transmembrane protein 242 (TMEM242) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM242 gene. The tmem242 gene is located on chromosome 6, on the long arm, in band 2 section 5.3. This protein is also commonly called C6orf35, BM033, and UPF0463 Transmembrane Protein C6orf35. The tmem242 gene is 35,238 base pairs long, and the protein is 141 amino acids in length. The tmem242 gene contains 4 exons. The function of this protein is not well understood by the scientific community. This protein contains a DUF1358 domain.

TMEM229B gene of the species Homo sapiens

Transmembrane protein 229b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM229b gene.

TMEM106A protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

TMEM106A is a gene that encodes the transmembrane protein 106A (TMEM106A) in Homo sapiens. It is located at 17q21.31 on the plus strand next to cancer-related genes NBR1 and BRCA1. The TMEM106A gene contains a domain of unknown function, DUF1356.

TMEM131 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Transmembrane protein 131 (TMEM131) is a protein that is encoded by the TMEM131 gene in humans. The TMEM131 protein contains three domains of unknown function 3651 (DUF3651) and two transmembrane domains. This protein has been implicated as having a role in T cell function and development. TMEM131 also resides in a locus (2q11.1) that is associated with Nievergelt's Syndrome when deleted.

KIAA0922

Transmembrane protein 131-like(TMEM131L protein), alternatively named uncharacterized protein KIAA0922, is an integral transmembrane protein encoded by the human gene KIAA0922 that is significantly conserved in eukaryotes, at least through protists. Although the function of this gene is not yet fully elucidated, initial microarray evidence suggests that it may be involved in immune responses. Furthermore, its paralog, prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) whose function is known, provides clues as to the function of TMEM131L.

TMEM143 is a protein that in humans is encoded by TMEM143 gene. TMEM143, a dual-pass protein, is predicted to reside in the mitochondria and high expression has been found in both human skeletal muscle and the heart. Interaction with other proteins indicate that TMEM143 could potentially play a role in tumor suppression/expression and cancer regulation.

Leucine-Rich Single-Pass Membrane Protein 1 (LSMEM1) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the LSMEM1 gene.

TMEM249 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

TMEM249 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C8orfk29 gene.

TMEM156 is a gene that encodes the transmembrane protein 156 (TMEM156) in Homo sapiens. It has the clone name of FLJ23235.

TMEM176B protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Transmembrane Protein 176B, or TMEM176B is a transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM176B gene. It is thought to play a role in the process of maturation of dendritic cells.

Transmembrane protein 255A mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Transmembrane protein 255A is a protein that is encoded by the TMEM255A gene. TMEM255A is often referred to as family with sequence similarity 70, member A (FAM70A). The TMEM255A protein is transmembrane and is predicted to be located the nuclear envelope of eukaryote organisms.

Transmembrane Protein 217 is a protein encoded by the gene TMEM217. TMEM217 has been found to have expression correlated with the lymphatic system and endothelial tissues and has been predicted to have a function linked to the cytoskeleton.

Transmembrane protein 254 is a transmembrane protein that is encoded by the TMEM254 gene, it is predicted to have many orthologs across eukaryotes.

TMEM44 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

TMEM44 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM44 gene. DKFZp686O18124 is a synonym of TMEM44.

Transmembrane protein 151A, also known as TMEM151A, is a protein that is encoded by the TMEM151A gene.

Transmembrane protein 179

Transmembrane protein 179 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM179 gene. The function of transmembrane protein 179 is not yet well understood, but it is believed to have a function in the nervous system.

TMEM128

TMEM128, also known as Transmembrane Protein 128, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM128 gene. TMEM128 has three variants, varying in 5' UTR's and start codon location. TMEM128 contains four transmembrane domains and is localized in the Endoplasmic Reticulum membrane. TMEM128 contains a variety of regulation at the gene, transcript, and protein level. While the function of TMEM128 is poorly understood, it interacts with several proteins associated with the cell cycle, signal transduction, and memory.

TMEM275 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM275 gene. TMEM275 has two, highly-conserved, helical trans-membrane regions. It is predicted to reside within the plasma membrane or the endoplasmic reticulum's membrane.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000134291 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000052369 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ↑ Genini, S. (16 May 2006). "Radiation Hybrid Mapping of 18 Positional and Physiological Candidate Genes for Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita on Porcine Chromosome 5". Animal Genetics. 37 (3): 239–244. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01447.x. PMID   16734683.
  6. 1 2 "Genecards". The Human Gene Compendium.
  7. 1 2 3 Thierry-Mieg, Danielle and Jean (2 Jun 2010). "Homo sapiens complex locus TMEM106C, encoding transmembrane protein 106C". Aceview National Center for BioInformation technology, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
  8. ↑ "TMEM106C transmembrane protein 106C Homo sapiens (human)". NCBI. 4 May 2014.
  9. ↑ Nakai, K. (19 Nov 1999). "PSORT II Prediction".
  10. 1 2 Mitaku Group. "Classification and Secondary Structure Prediction of Membrane Proteins". Department of Applied Physics Nagoya University.
  11. 1 2 "Biology Workbench 3.2". SDSC: San Diego SuperComputer Center. 11 May 2011.
  12. ↑ Krogh, Anders (12 Jun 2013). "TMHMM Server v 2.0".
  13. ↑ Tusnady, G.E. (2001). "HMMTop: Prediction of transmembrane helices and topology of proteins v 2.0".
  14. ↑ Artimo P, Jonnalagedda M, Arnold K, Baratin D, Csardi G, de Castro E, Duvaud S, Flegel V, Fortier A, Gasteiger E, Grosdidier A, Hernandez C, Ioannidis V, Kuznetsov D, Liechti R, Moretti S, Mostaguir K, Redaschi N, Rossier G, Xenarios I, Stockinger H (2012). "ExPASy: SIB bioinformatics resource portal". Nucleic Acids Research. Nucleic Acids Res, 40(W1):W597-W603. 40 (Web Server issue): W597-603. doi:10.1093/nar/gks400. PMC   3394269 . PMID   22661580.
  15. ↑ Blom N, Gammeltoft S, Brunak S (December 1999). "Sequence and structure-based prediction of eukaryotic protein phosphorylation sites". Journal of Molecular Biology. 294 (5): 1351–62. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1999.3310. PMID   10600390.
  16. ↑ Yu Xue; Jian Ren; Xinjiao Gao; Changjiang Jin; Longping Wen & Xuebiao Yao (10 Aug 2012). "Tool to Predict Kinase-specific Phosphorylation Sites in Hierarchy". GPS.
  17. ↑ R. Gupta, E. Jung & S. Brunak. (2004). "Prediction of N-glycosylation sites in human proteins". NetNGlyc 1.0 Server.
  18. ↑ "GEO data".
  19. ↑ "GEO data 2".
  20. ↑ Mosca E, Alfieri R, Merelli I, Viti F, Calabria A, Milanesi L (3 Jul 2010). "TMEM106C". Genes to Systems Breast Cancer Database.
  21. ↑ "TMEM106C: Transmembrane protein 106C". EST profile. First Gov. Health and Human Services. 28 Oct 2009.
  22. 1 2 "BLAST". National Center for Biotechnology Information. National Library of Medicine. 2014.
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