TMEM106C | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Identifiers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Aliases | TMEM106C , transmembrane protein 106C | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
External IDs | MGI: 1196384 HomoloGene: 11440 GeneCards: TMEM106C | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Species | Human | Mouse | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Location (UCSC) | Chr 12: 47.96 – 47.97 Mb | Chr 15: 97.96 – 97.97 Mb | |||||||||||||||||||||||
PubMed search | [3] | [4] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Wikidata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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TMEM106C is a gene that encodes the transmembrane protein 106C (TMEM106C) in Homo sapiens It has been found to be overexpressed in cancer cells and also is related to distal arthrogryposis, [5] [6] a condition of stiff joints and irregular muscle development. The TMEM106C gene contains a domain of unknown function, DUF1356, that spans most of the protein. Transmembrane protein 106C also goes by the aliases MGC5576 or MGC111210, LOC79022. [7]
The TMEM106C gene is located on the long arm of the 12th chromosome. It is found at position 12q13.1. This gene spans from 48357225 to 48362667 on chromosome 12. [7] This gene is in between COL2A1, the human type II collagen gene, and VDR, the human Vitamin D Receptor gene. [8] This protein is found to be an integral part of the endoplasm reticulum membrane. [9]
The TMEM106A protein has a molecular weight of 27.9 kdal with a PI of 6.325. [11] It has 250 amino acids, 230 of which are in the domain of unknown function. No signal peptide has been found for this protein but TMEM106C has transmembrane regions which gives evidence for an internal signal peptide. [12] This protein spans the ER membrane 2 times. [10] There is evidence that these transmembrane regions take on helical structures. [13] The predicted structure of the protein is shown to the left:
TMEM106C is valine-rich with no tryptophan. [11]
There are several areas for post-translational modification for TMEM106A including: [14]
This gene is highly expressed. TMEM106C is expressed 4.9 times the average gene. [7] TMEM106C has ubiquitous expression. It can be found expressed in many tissues types. Tissue types with high expression included the adrenal gland, eye, reproductive organs, cervix and blood. High expression was found using EST and GEO data.
This gene is also found overexpressed in cancer cells. This gene has found to be expressed three times more in adrenal tumor and twice more in bladder carcinoma and retinoblastoma than normal expression.
It is also found to be highly expressed in breast (mammary gland) tumor, cervical tumor, esophageal tumor, leukemia, liver tumor; lung tumor, pancreatic tumor, prostate cancer, and soft tissue/muscle tissue tumor. [20]
TMEM106C is found in all stages of development from embryoid body, blastocyst, fetus, infant, juvenile and adult. [21]
There are two paralogs for TMEM106C. These paralogs are TMEM106A and TMEM106B. [6] Both genes are found highly conserved in Mammalia. TMEM106A is also found to be conserved in invertebrates as well. The protein was found in tapeworms and other invertebrate worms. [22]
Protein | Accession number | Amino acids | Identity percent |
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TMEM106A | AAI46977 | 262 | 36 |
TMEM106B | NP_001127704 | 274 | 43 |
TMEM106C | NP_001137314.1 | 250 | 100 |
TMEM106C is highly conserved in Mammalia. Links to sequences can be found in the table below: [22]
Organism | Common name | Accession number | Amino acids | Identity percent | Notes |
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Homo sapiens | Human | NP_001137314.1 | 250 | 100 | Mammal |
Macaca mulatta | Rhesus macaque | NP_001253653.1 | 249 | 98 | Mammal |
Equus caballus | Horse | XP_001490277.1 | 249 | 90 | Mammal |
Mus musculus | Mouse | NP_001239082.1 | 260 | 79 | Mammal |
Alligator mississippiensis | American alligator | XP_006273403.1 | 271 | 77 | Reptile |
Chrysemys picta bellii | Painted turtle | XP_005291963.1 | 270 | 73 | Reptile |
Falco cherrug | Saker falcon | XP_005436184.1 | 274 | 74 | Aves |
Gallus gallus | Chicken | XP_003643471.1 | 253 | 65 | Aves |
Xenopus tropicalis | Western clawed frog | NP_001016848.1 | 263 | 64 | Amphibia |
Latimeria chalumnae | Coelacanth | XP_005986345.1 | 258 | 61 | Actinoterygii |
Danio rerio | Zebrafish | NP_001070764.1 | 275 | 57 | Actinoterygii |
Transmembrane protein 98 is a single-pass membrane protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM98 gene. The function of this protein is currently unknown. TMEM98 is also known as UNQ536/PRO1079.
Transmembrane protein 63A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM63A gene. The mature human protein is approximately 92.1 kilodaltons (kDa), with a relatively high conservation of mass in orthologs. The protein contains eleven transmembrane domains and is inserted into the membrane of the lysosome. BioGPS analysis for TMEM63A in humans shows that the gene is ubiquitously expressed, with the highest levels of expression found in T-cells and dendritic cells.
Transmembrane protein 242 (TMEM242) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM242 gene. The tmem242 gene is located on chromosome 6, on the long arm, in band 2 section 5.3. This protein is also commonly called C6orf35, BM033, and UPF0463 Transmembrane Protein C6orf35. The tmem242 gene is 35,238 base pairs long, and the protein is 141 amino acids in length. The tmem242 gene contains 4 exons. The function of this protein is not well understood by the scientific community. This protein contains a DUF1358 domain.
Transmembrane protein 229b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM229b gene.
TMEM106A is a gene that encodes the transmembrane protein 106A (TMEM106A) in Homo sapiens. It is located at 17q21.31 on the plus strand next to cancer-related genes NBR1 and BRCA1. The TMEM106A gene contains a domain of unknown function, DUF1356.
Transmembrane protein 131 (TMEM131) is a protein that is encoded by the TMEM131 gene in humans. The TMEM131 protein contains three domains of unknown function 3651 (DUF3651) and two transmembrane domains. This protein has been implicated as having a role in T cell function and development. TMEM131 also resides in a locus (2q11.1) that is associated with Nievergelt's Syndrome when deleted.
Transmembrane protein 131-like(TMEM131L protein), alternatively named uncharacterized protein KIAA0922, is an integral transmembrane protein encoded by the human gene KIAA0922 that is significantly conserved in eukaryotes, at least through protists. Although the function of this gene is not yet fully elucidated, initial microarray evidence suggests that it may be involved in immune responses. Furthermore, its paralog, prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) whose function is known, provides clues as to the function of TMEM131L.
TMEM143 is a protein that in humans is encoded by TMEM143 gene. TMEM143, a dual-pass protein, is predicted to reside in the mitochondria and high expression has been found in both human skeletal muscle and the heart. Interaction with other proteins indicate that TMEM143 could potentially play a role in tumor suppression/expression and cancer regulation.
Leucine-Rich Single-Pass Membrane Protein 1 (LSMEM1) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the LSMEM1 gene.
TMEM249 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C8orfk29 gene.
TMEM156 is a gene that encodes the transmembrane protein 156 (TMEM156) in Homo sapiens. It has the clone name of FLJ23235.
Transmembrane Protein 176B, or TMEM176B is a transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM176B gene. It is thought to play a role in the process of maturation of dendritic cells.
Transmembrane protein 255A is a protein that is encoded by the TMEM255A gene. TMEM255A is often referred to as family with sequence similarity 70, member A (FAM70A). The TMEM255A protein is transmembrane and is predicted to be located the nuclear envelope of eukaryote organisms.
Transmembrane Protein 217 is a protein encoded by the gene TMEM217. TMEM217 has been found to have expression correlated with the lymphatic system and endothelial tissues and has been predicted to have a function linked to the cytoskeleton.
Transmembrane protein 254 is a transmembrane protein that is encoded by the TMEM254 gene, it is predicted to have many orthologs across eukaryotes.
TMEM44 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM44 gene. DKFZp686O18124 is a synonym of TMEM44.
Transmembrane protein 151A, also known as TMEM151A, is a protein that is encoded by the TMEM151A gene.
Transmembrane protein 179 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM179 gene. The function of transmembrane protein 179 is not yet well understood, but it is believed to have a function in the nervous system.
TMEM128, also known as Transmembrane Protein 128, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM128 gene. TMEM128 has three variants, varying in 5' UTR's and start codon location. TMEM128 contains four transmembrane domains and is localized in the Endoplasmic Reticulum membrane. TMEM128 contains a variety of regulation at the gene, transcript, and protein level. While the function of TMEM128 is poorly understood, it interacts with several proteins associated with the cell cycle, signal transduction, and memory.
TMEM275 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM275 gene. TMEM275 has two, highly-conserved, helical trans-membrane regions. It is predicted to reside within the plasma membrane or the endoplasmic reticulum's membrane.