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A humanoid robot is a robot resembling the human body in shape. The design may be for functional purposes, such as interacting with human tools and environments, for experimental purposes, such as the study of bipedal locomotion, or for other purposes. In general, humanoid robots have a torso, a head, two arms, and two legs, though some humanoid robots may replicate only part of the body, for example, from the waist up. Some humanoid robots also have heads designed to replicate human facial features such as eyes and mouths. Androids are humanoid robots built to aesthetically resemble humans.
A Stewart platform is a type of parallel manipulator that has six prismatic actuators, commonly hydraulic jacks or electric linear actuators, attached in pairs to three positions on the platform's baseplate, crossing over to three mounting points on a top plate. All 12 connections are made via universal joints. Devices placed on the top plate can be moved in the six degrees of freedom in which it is possible for a freely-suspended body to move: three linear movements x, y, z, and the three rotations.
Dario Floreano is a Swiss-Italian roboticist and engineer. He is Director of the Laboratory of Intelligent System (LIS) at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland and was the founding director of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Robotics.
Swarm robotics is an approach to the coordination of multiple robots as a system which consist of large numbers of mostly simple physical robots. ″In a robot swarm, the collective behavior of the robots results from local interactions between the robots and between the robots and the environment in which they act.″ It is supposed that a desired collective behavior emerges from the interactions between the robots and interactions of robots with the environment. This approach emerged on the field of artificial swarm intelligence, as well as the biological studies of insects, ants and other fields in nature, where swarm behaviour occurs.
Passive dynamics refers to the dynamical behavior of actuators, robots, or organisms when not drawing energy from a supply. Depending on the application, considering or altering the passive dynamics of a powered system can have drastic effects on performance, particularly energy economy, stability, and task bandwidth. Devices using no power source are considered "passive", and their behavior is fully described by their passive dynamics.
iCub is a one meter tall open source robotics humanoid robot testbed for research into human cognition and artificial intelligence.
In computer science, programming by demonstration (PbD) is an end-user development technique for teaching a computer or a robot new behaviors by demonstrating the task to transfer directly instead of programming it through machine commands.
Neurorobotics is the combined study of neuroscience, robotics, and artificial intelligence. It is the science and technology of embodied autonomous neural systems. Neural systems include brain-inspired algorithms, computational models of biological neural networks and actual biological systems. Such neural systems can be embodied in machines with mechanic or any other forms of physical actuation. This includes robots, prosthetic or wearable systems but also, at smaller scale, micro-machines and, at the larger scales, furniture and infrastructures.
Robotics is the interdisciplinary study and practice of the design, construction, operation, and use of robots.
In robotics and motion planning, a velocity obstacle, commonly abbreviated VO, is the set of all velocities of a robot that will result in a collision with another robot at some moment in time, assuming that the other robot maintains its current velocity. If the robot chooses a velocity inside the velocity obstacle then the two robots will eventually collide, if it chooses a velocity outside the velocity obstacle, such a collision is guaranteed not to occur.
Bio-inspired robotic locomotion is a fairly new subcategory of bio-inspired design. It is about learning concepts from nature and applying them to the design of real-world engineered systems. More specifically, this field is about making robots that are inspired by biological systems, including Biomimicry. Biomimicry is copying from nature while bio-inspired design is learning from nature and making a mechanism that is simpler and more effective than the system observed in nature. Biomimicry has led to the development of a different branch of robotics called soft robotics. The biological systems have been optimized for specific tasks according to their habitat. However, they are multifunctional and are not designed for only one specific functionality. Bio-inspired robotics is about studying biological systems, and looking for the mechanisms that may solve a problem in the engineering field. The designer should then try to simplify and enhance that mechanism for the specific task of interest. Bio-inspired roboticists are usually interested in biosensors, bioactuators, or biomaterials. Most of the robots have some type of locomotion system. Thus, in this article different modes of animal locomotion and few examples of the corresponding bio-inspired robots are introduced.
Masakatsu G. Fujie is a Japanese scientist who has played a major role in cutting-edge research in biomedical engineering. He has been responsible for many advances in the field of robotics.
Roboy is an advanced humanoid robot that was developed at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of the University of Zurich, and was publicly presented on March 8, 2013. Originally designed to emulate humans with the future possibility of helping out in daily environments, Roboy is a project that has involved both engineers and scientists. Initiated in 2012 by Pascal Kaufmann, Roboy is the work of engineers who designed him according to design principles developed by Prof. Dr. Rolf Pfeifer, the AI lab director, in conjunction with the assistance of other development partners. Both the team members and the partners of the Roboy project share a commitment toward continued research in the area of soft robotics. Later Roboy was moved to Munich, Germany, where Rafael Hostettler conducts research on it at the Technical University. Since July 2020, Roboy is located back in Zurich, Switzerland in the offices of the Mindfire Foundation.
Oussama Khatib is a roboticist and a professor of computer science at Stanford University, and a Fellow of the IEEE. He is credited with seminal work in areas ranging from robot motion planning and control, human-friendly robot design, to haptic interaction and human motion synthesis. His work's emphasis has been to develop theories, algorithms, and technologies, that control robot systems by using models of their physical dynamics. These dynamic models are used to derive optimal controllers for complex robots that interact with the environment in real-time.
Robotic prosthesis control is a method for controlling a prosthesis in such a way that the controlled robotic prosthesis restores a biologically accurate gait to a person with a loss of limb. This is a special branch of control that has an emphasis on the interaction between humans and robotics.
Soft robotics is a subfield of robotics that concerns the design, control, and fabrication of robots composed of compliant materials, instead of rigid links. In contrast to rigid-bodied robots built from metals, ceramics and hard plastics, the compliance of soft robots can improve their safety when working in close contact with humans.
An event camera, also known as a neuromorphic camera, silicon retina or dynamic vision sensor, is an imaging sensor that responds to local changes in brightness. Event cameras do not capture images using a shutter as conventional (frame) cameras do. Instead, each pixel inside an event camera operates independently and asynchronously, reporting changes in brightness as they occur, and staying silent otherwise.
Margarita Chli is an assistant professor and leader of the Vision for Robotics Lab at ETH Zürich in Switzerland. Chli is a leader in the field of computer vision and robotics and was on the team of researchers to develop the first fully autonomous helicopter with onboard localization and mapping. Chli is also the Vice Director of the Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems and an Honorary Fellow of the University of Edinburgh in the United Kingdom. Her research currently focuses on developing visual perception and intelligence in flying autonomous robotic systems.
Alois Christian Knoll is German computer scientist and professor at the TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology at the Technical University of Munich (TUM). He is head of the Chair of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Embedded Systems.
A continuum robot is a type of robot that is characterised by infinite degrees of freedom and number of joints. These characteristics allow continuum manipulators to adjust and modify their shape at any point along their length, granting them the possibility to work in confined spaces and complex environments where standard rigid-link robots cannot operate. In particular, we can define a continuum robot as an actuatable structure whose constitutive material forms curves with continuous tangent vectors. This is a fundamental definition that allows to distinguish between continuum robots and snake-arm robots or hyper-redundant manipulators: the presence of rigid links and joints allows them to only approximately perform curves with continuous tangent vectors.
References
- 1 2 Hope, Aviva (2013-09-27). "Some Robots Are Starting to Move More Like Humans | MIT Technology Review". Technologyreview.com. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
- ↑ Jeong, S.; Chitalia, Y.; Desai, J. (July 2020). "Design, Modeling, and Control of a Coaxially Aligned Steerable (COAST) Guidewire Robot -". IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters. pp. 4947–4954. doi:10.1109/LRA.2020.3004782.
- ↑ Richter, Christoph; Jentzsch, Soren; Hostettler, Rafael; Garrido, Jesus A.; Ros, Eduardo; Knoll, Alois; Rohrbein, Florian; Van Der Smagt, Patrick; Conradt, Jorg (2016). "Musculoskeletal Robots: Scalability in Neural Control". IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine. 23 (4): 128–137. doi:10.1109/MRA.2016.2535081.
- ↑ http://myorobotics.eu/myo-projects/myocheetah/
- ↑ http://myorobotics.eu/myo-projects/hopper/
- ↑ Richter, C.; Jentzsch, S.; Hostettler, R.; Garrido, J. A.; Ros, E.; Knoll, A.; Rohrbein, F.; Smagt, P. van der; Conradt, J.P. (December 2016). "Musculoskeletal Robots: Scalability in Neural Control". IEEE Robotics Automation Magazine. 23 (4): 128–137. arXiv: 1601.04862 . doi:10.1109/MRA.2016.2535081. ISSN 1070-9932. S2CID 15072613.
- ↑ ROBOY video on YouTube
- ↑ Kozuki, T.; Mizoguchi, H.; Asano, Y.; Osada, M.; Shirai, T.; Junichi, U.; Nakanishi, Y.; Okada, K.; Inaba, M. (October 2012). "Design methodology for the thorax and shoulder of human mimetic musculoskeletal humanoid Kenshiro -a thorax structure with rib like surface -". 2012 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. 2012 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. pp. 3687–3692. doi:10.1109/IROS.2012.6386166.
- ↑ Wittmeier, S.; Jantsch, M.; Dalamagkidis, K.; Rickert, M.; Marques, H. G.; Knoll, A. (2011). "CALIPER: A universal robot simulation framework for tendon-driven robots". 2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (PDF). p. 1063. doi:10.1109/IROS.2011.6094455. ISBN 978-1-61284-456-5. S2CID 2278435.
- ↑ Rombokas, Eric; et al. (2013). "Tendon-Driven Variable Impedance Control Using Reinforcement Learning" (PDF). Robotics Science and Systems: 369.
- ↑ "University of Texas at Austin, ReNeu Robotics Lab".