Terenzio Mamiani della Rovere | |
|---|---|
 Count Terenzio Mamiani della Rovere | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 27 September 1799 Pesaro |
| Died | 21 May 1885 (aged 85) Roma |
Terenzio, Count Mamiani della Rovere (19 September 1799 –21 May 1885) was an Italian writer, academic, diplomat and politician, and was committed to the cause of the unification of Italy under the Sardinian monarchy. He was one of the leading figures of Liberal Catholicism. [1]
He was born in Pesaro in 1799 during the Napoleonic upheaval in territory that had since 1631 belonged to the Papal States, but had earlier in its history been dominated for a time by the clan Della Rovere. He himself became the last to hold the title Count of Sant'Angelo in Lizzola.
He took part in the unrest at Bologna (also part of the Papal States) in reaction to the election of Pope Gregory XVI in February 1831, and was elected deputy for Pesaro to the assembly, and subsequently appointed minister of the interior; but on the collapse of the revolutionary movement he was exiled. [2] He did not return to Italy with the amnesty that was offered upon the accession of Pope Pius IX in 1846, because he refused to sign the declaration of loyalty that was required as a condition of the amnesty. [3] Pressure by the revolutionaries of 1848 forced the Pope to allow the Count to return to Rome to form a ministry on 4 May 1848, but he resigned later that year due to conflicts with the Pope. [3]
He subsequently retired to Genoa where he worked for Italian unification, was elected deputy in 1856, and in 1860 became minister of education of the Kingdom of Sardinia under Cavour. In 1863 he was made minister (ambassador) of the recently declared Kingdom of Italy to Greece, and in 1865 to Switzerland, and later senator and councillor of state. [2]
He retires from diplomatic career in 1867. [4]
Meanwhile, he had founded at Genoa in 1849 the Academy of Philosophy, and in 1855 had been appointed professor of the history of philosophy at Turin; and he published several volumes, not only on philosophical and social subjects, but of poetry, among them Rinnovamento della filosofia antica italiana (1836), Teoria della Religione e dello slato (1869), Kant e l'ontologia (1879), Religione deli avenire (1880), Di un nuovo diritto europeo (1843, 1857). He died at Rome on 21 May 1885. [2]
On 15 August 1896, in connection with the solemn commemoration of Mamiani decreed by the city of Pesaro, the "11 September 1860" Masonic Lodge made public his membership of freemasonry and on 20 August that year had affixed to his monument a bronze crown with the wording "To Brother Terenzio Mamiani, the Freemasonry of Italy". [5]
Another Monument to Terenzio Mamiani is located alongside the Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, Rome and via Acciaioli in central Rome.
Pope Pius III, born Francesco Todeschini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 September 1503 to his death. At just twenty-six days, he had one of the shortest pontificates in papal history.
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The unification of Italy, also known as the Risorgimento, was the 19th century political and social movement that in 1861 resulted in the consolidation of various states of the Italian Peninsula and its outlying isles into a single state, the Kingdom of Italy. Inspired by the rebellions in the 1820s and 1830s against the outcome of the Congress of Vienna, the unification process was precipitated by the Revolutions of 1848, and reached completion in 1871 after the capture of Rome and its designation as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.
The 1848 Revolutions in the Italian states, part of the wider Revolutions of 1848 in Europe, were organized revolts in the states of the Italian peninsula and Sicily, led by intellectuals and agitators who desired a liberal government. As Italian nationalists they sought to eliminate reactionary Austrian control. During this time, Italy was not a unified country, and was divided into many states, which, in Northern Italy, were ruled directly or indirectly by the Austrian Empire. A desire to be independent from foreign rule, and the conservative leadership of the Austrians, led Italian revolutionaries to stage revolution in order to drive out the Austrians. The revolution was led by the state of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Some uprisings in the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, particularly in Milan, forced the Austrian General Radetzky to retreat to the Quadrilateral fortresses.
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Neo-Guelphism was a 19th-century Italian political movement, started by Vincenzo Gioberti, which wanted to unite Italy into a single kingdom with the Pope as its king. Despite little popular support, the movement raised interests among intellectuals, journalists and Catholic reformist politicians. They were also linked both to ontologism, a philosophical movement, and to rationalist-leaning theology.
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The Archdiocese of Turin is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory of the Catholic Church in Italy.
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Sisto Riario Sforza was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal who served as the Archbishop of Naples from 1845 until his death. Sforza's rapid rise through the Church ranks began with various appointments before he served as the Bishop of Aversa for seven months. He was promoted to the Naples archdiocese and cardinalate. After two months, Sisto became a close supporter of Pope Pius IX and a vocal participant in the First Vatican Council.
Carlo Emanuele dei conti Muzzarelli was an Italian clergyman, a member of the Roman Catholic curia under Pope Pius IX, who had the reputation of a liberal as well as a man of letters.
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Foreign relations between Pope Pius IX and Italy were characterized by an extensive political and diplomatic conflict over Italian unification and the subsequent status of Rome after the victory of the liberal revolutionaries.
Pompeo Gabrielli was an Italian general and politician, the first layman to be appointed Minister in a Papal States cabinet.
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The Red Triumvirate, formally the Governing Commission of the State, was a group of three cardinals who governed the Papal States after the suppression of the revolutionary Roman Republic of 1849, from 1 August 1849 until the return of Pope Pius IX from Gaeta on 12 April 1850. Its members, named by the pope on 21 July 1849, were Gabriele della Genga Sermattei, Lodovico Altieri, and Luigi Vannicelli Casoni. The popular title "Red Triumvirate" contrasted them with the triumvirate of Armellini, Mazzini, and Saffi that had ruled the republic, and referred to both the colour of the robes worn by cardinals and their purportedly bloody persecution of their opponents.
The Cesi family is an Italian noble family which belonged to the high aristocracy of Rome and the Papal States.
The Monument to Terenzio Mamiani della Rovere is a memorial statue to an 18th-century patriot and statesman, located alongside the Corso Vittorio Emanuele II at a small piazza along Via degli Acciaioli. Mamiani (1799–1885) was in life a liberal Catholic, and posthumously acknowledged as having been a free-mason: his service as both minister in the Papal States and under the Kingdom of Sardinia, later Senator in the Kingdom of Italy bridged contentious or warring factions.
