Tetrataenite

Last updated
Tetrataenite
Tetrataenite-138026.jpg
Silvery-bright tetrataenite crystals
General
Category Native element minerals
Formula
(repeating unit)		FeNi
IMA symbol Ttae [1]
Strunz classification 1.AE.10
Crystal system Tetragonal
Crystal class Domatic (m)
(same H-M symbol)
Space group Pm
Unit cell 22.92 ų
Identification
Formula mass 57.27 gm
Colorgray white, silver white
Crystal habit Granular – Common texture observed in granite and other igneous rock
Cleavage none
Fracture malleable
Mohs scale hardness3.5
Luster metallic
Streak gray
Diaphaneity opaque
Density 8.275
Common impuritiesCo, Cu, P
References [2] [3] [4]

Tetrataenite is a native metal alloy composed of chemically-ordered L10-type FeNi, recognized as a mineral in 1980. [5] [6] The mineral is named after its tetragonal crystal structure and its relation to the iron-nickel alloy, taenite, which is chemically disordered (A1) phase with an underlying fcc lattice. [7] Tetrataenite is one of the mineral phases found in meteoric iron. [8] [3] [9]

Contents

Formation

Tetrataenite forms naturally in iron meteorites that contain taenite that are slow-cooled at a rate of a few degrees per million years, which allows for ordering of the Fe and Ni atoms. [10] [11] It is found most abundantly in slow-cooled chondrite meteorites, [12] as well as in mesosiderites. [10] At high (as much as 52%) Ni content and temperatures below 320 °C (the order-disorder transition temperature), tetrataenite is broken down from taenite and distorts its face centered cubic crystal structure to form the tetragonal L10 structure. [13] [11]

It is reported that the L10 phase can be synthetically produced by neutron- or electron-irradiation of chemically disordered (A1) FeNi below 593 K, [14] [15] by hydrogen-reduction of nanometric NiFe2O4, [11] by combined application of mechanical stress and magnetic field during annealing of the chemically disordered A1 phase, [16] or by crystallization of Fe−Ni alloys in the presence of traces of phosphorus. [17]

In 2015, it was reported that tetrataenite was found in a terrestrial rock – a magnetite body from the Indo-Myanmar ranges of northeast India. [11]

Potential laboratory protocols for bulk synthesis

Applied Stress and Magnetic Field

It has been reported that the combined application of mechanical stress and a modest magnetic field during the annealing process can accelerate the formation of the atomically ordered L10 phase in bulk samples. [16]

Addition of Phosphorus

In 2022, it was reported that mixing iron and nickel together in specific quantities, with a phosphorus catalyst, and smelting the mixture, forms tetrataenite in bulk quantities, in seconds. [18] [19] These claims raised hopes that some of the technologies which currently require the use of magnetic alloys containing rare earths metals may be achievable using magnets made of tetrataenite as an alternative, which would reduce dependence on toxic, environmentally harmful rare earth mines. [20] However, at present, the reported findings are yet to be independently replicated by other experimental groups.

Crystal structure

Tetrataenite has a highly ordered crystal structure, [13] appearing creamy in color and displaying optical anisotropy. [10] Its appearance is distinguishable from taenite, which is dark gray with low reflectivity. [11] FeNi easily forms into a cubic crystal structure, but does not have magnetic anisotropy in this form. Three variants of the L10 tetragonal crystal structure have been found, as chemical ordering can occur along any of the three axes. [5]

Magnetic properties

Tetrataenite displays permanent magnetization, in particular, high coercivity. [6] It has a large uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy [21] and theoretical magnetic energy product, the maximum amount of magnetic energy stored, over 335 kJ m−3. [6]

Applications

Tetrataenite is a candidate for replacing rare-earth permanent magnets such as samarium and neodymium since both iron and nickel are earth-abundant and inexpensive. [22]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ferromagnetism</span> Mechanism by which materials form into and are attracted to magnets

Ferromagnetism is a property of certain materials that results in a significant, observable magnetic permeability, and in many cases, a significant magnetic coercivity, allowing the material to form a permanent magnet. Ferromagnetic materials are noticeably attracted to a magnet, which is a consequence of their substantial magnetic permeability.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamacite</span> Alloy of iron and nickel found in meteorites

Kamacite is an alloy of iron and nickel, which is found on Earth only in meteorites. According to the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) it is considered a proper nickel-rich variety of the mineral native iron. The proportion iron:nickel is between 90%:10% and 95%:5%; small quantities of other elements, such as cobalt or carbon may also be present. The mineral has a metallic luster, is gray and has no clear cleavage although its crystal structure is isometric-hexoctahedral. Its density is about 8 g/cm3 and its hardness is 4 on the Mohs scale. It is also sometimes called balkeneisen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nickel</span> Chemical element with atomic number 28 (Ni)

Nickel is a chemical element; it has symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel is a hard and ductile transition metal. Pure nickel is chemically reactive, but large pieces are slow to react with air under standard conditions because a passivation layer of nickel oxide forms on the surface that prevents further corrosion. Even so, pure native nickel is found in Earth's crust only in tiny amounts, usually in ultramafic rocks, and in the interiors of larger nickel–iron meteorites that were not exposed to oxygen when outside Earth's atmosphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Octahedrite</span> Structural class of iron meteorites

Octahedrites are the most common structural class of iron meteorites. The structures occur because the meteoric iron has a certain nickel concentration that leads to the exsolution of kamacite out of taenite while cooling.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antiferromagnetism</span> Regular pattern of magnetic moment ordering

In materials that exhibit antiferromagnetism, the magnetic moments of atoms or molecules, usually related to the spins of electrons, align in a regular pattern with neighboring spins pointing in opposite directions. This is, like ferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism, a manifestation of ordered magnetism. The phenomenon of antiferromagnetism was first introduced by Lev Landau in 1933.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pentlandite</span> Iron–nickel sulfide

Pentlandite is an iron–nickel sulfide with the chemical formula (Fe,Ni)9S8. Pentlandite has a narrow variation range in nickel to iron ratios (Ni:Fe), but it is usually described as 1:1. In some cases, this ratio is skewed by the presence of pyrrhotite inclusions. It also contains minor cobalt, usually at low levels as a fraction of weight.

Magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs), also called ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMA), are particular shape memory alloys which produce forces and deformations in response to a magnetic field. The thermal shape memory effect has been obtained in these materials, too.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Widmanstätten pattern</span> Crystal patterns found in some meteorites

Widmanstätten patterns, also known as Thomson structures, are figures of long phases of nickel–iron, found in the octahedrite shapes of iron meteorite crystals and some pallasites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cohenite</span> Iron carbide mineral

Cohenite is a naturally occurring iron carbide mineral with the chemical structure (Fe, Ni, Co)3C. This forms a hard, shiny, silver mineral which was named by E. Weinschenk in 1889 after the German mineralogist Emil Cohen, who first described and analysed material from the Magura meteorite found near Slanica, Žilina Region, Slovakia. Cohenite is found in rod-like crystals in iron meteorites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meteoric iron</span> Iron originating from a meteorite rather than from the Earth since formation

Meteoric iron, sometimes meteoritic iron, is a native metal and early-universe protoplanetary-disk remnant found in meteorites and made from the elements iron and nickel, mainly in the form of the mineral phases kamacite and taenite. Meteoric iron makes up the bulk of iron meteorites but is also found in other meteorites. Apart from minor amounts of telluric iron, meteoric iron is the only naturally occurring native metal of the element iron on the Earth's surface.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taenite</span> Alloy of iron and nickel found in meteorites

Taenite is a mineral found naturally on Earth mostly in iron meteorites. It is an alloy of iron and nickel, with a chemical formula of Fe,Ni and nickel proportions of 20% up to 65%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron meteorite</span> Meteorite composed of iron-nickel alloy called meteoric iron

Iron meteorites, also called siderites or ferrous meteorites, are a type of meteorite that consist overwhelmingly of an iron–nickel alloy known as meteoric iron that usually consists of two mineral phases: kamacite and taenite. Most iron meteorites originate from cores of planetesimals, with the exception of the IIE iron meteorite group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Xifengite</span> Rare metallic iron silicide mineral

Xifengite (Fe5Si3) is a rare metallic iron silicide mineral. The crystal system of xifengite is hexagonal. It has a specific gravity of 6.45 and a Mohs hardness of 5.5. It occurs as steel gray inclusions within other meteorite derived nickel iron mineral phases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron–nickel alloy</span> Group of alloys

An iron–nickel alloy or nickel–iron alloy, abbreviated FeNi or NiFe, is a group of alloys consisting primarily of the elements nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe). It is the main constituent of the "iron" planetary cores and iron meteorites. In chemistry, the acronym NiFe refers to an iron–nickel catalyst or component involved in various chemical reactions, or the reactions themselves; in geology, it refers to the main constituents of telluric planetary cores.

Antitaenite is a meteoritic metal alloy mineral composed of iron (Fe) and 20–40% nickel (Ni), that has a face centered cubic crystal structure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haxonite</span>

Haxonite is an iron nickel carbide mineral found in iron meteorites and carbonaceous chondrites. It has a chemical formula of (Fe,Ni)23C6, crystallises in the cubic crystal system and has a Mohs hardness of 5+1⁄2 - 6.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khatyrkite</span> Rare mineral primarily made of copper and aluminum

Khatyrkite is a rare mineral which is mostly composed of copper and aluminium, but may contain up to about 15% of zinc or iron. Its chemical structure is described by an approximate formula (Cu,Zn)Al2 or (Cu,Fe)Al2. It was discovered in 1985 in a placer in association with another rare mineral cupalite. These two minerals have only been found at 62°39′11″N174°30′02″E in the area of the Iomrautvaam, a tributary of the Khatyrka river, in the Koryak Mountains, in Anadyrsky District, Chukotka, Russia. Analysis of one of the samples containing khatyrkite showed that the small rock was from a meteorite. A geological expedition has identified the exact place of the original discovery and found more specimens of the Khatyrka meteorite. The mineral's name derives from the Khatyrka zone where it was discovered. Its type specimen is preserved in the Mining Museum in Saint Petersburg, and parts of it can be found in other museums, such as Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze.

Allabogdanite is a very rare phosphide mineral with the chemical formula (Fe,Ni)2P, found in 1994 in a meteorite. It was described for an occurrence in the Onello meteorite in the Onello River basin, Sakha Republic; Yakutia, Russia; associated with taenite, schreibersite, kamacite, graphite and awaruite. It was named for Russian geologist Alla Bogdanova.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Djerfisherite</span> Sulfide mineral

Djerfisherite is an alkali copper–iron sulfide mineral and a member of the djerfisherite group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron–platinum nanoparticle</span> Nanomaterial

Iron–platinum nanoparticles are 3D superlattices composed of an approximately equal atomic ratio of Fe and Pt. Under standard conditions, FePt NPs exist in the face-centered cubic phase but can change to a chemically ordered face-centered tetragonal phase as a result of thermal annealing. Currently there are many synthetic methods such as water-in-oil microemulsion, one-step thermal synthesis with metal precursors, and exchanged-coupled assembly for making FePt NPs. An important property of FePt NPs is their superparamagnetic character below 10 nanometers. The superparamagnetism of FePt NPs has made them attractive candidates to be used as MRI/CT scanning agents and a high-density recording material.

References

  1. ↑ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2021.43 . S2CID   235729616.
  2. ↑ "Mineralienatlas – Fossilienatlas". www.mineralienatlas.de. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  3. 1 2 "Tetrataenite: Mineral information, data and localities" . Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  4. ↑ "Tetrataenite". webmineral.com.
  5. 1 2 Lewis, L. H. (January 27, 2014). "Inspired by nature: investigating tetrataenite for permanent magnet applications". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 26 (6). IOP Publishing: 064213. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/26/6/064213. PMID   24469336. S2CID   24710267.
  6. 1 2 3 Dos Santos, E. (6 September 2014). "Kinetics of tetrataenite disordering". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 375: 234–241. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.09.051.
  7. ↑ "Tetrataenite: Tetrataenite mineral information and data". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
  8. ↑ "Tetrataenite". webmineral.com.
  9. ↑ "Handbook of Mineralogy – Tetrataenite" (PDF). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  10. 1 2 3 Clarke, Roy S.; Scott, Edward R. D. (March 6, 1980). "Tetrataenite – ordered FeNi, a new mineral in meteorites" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 65: 624–630.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Nayak, Bibhuranjan (January 1, 2015). "Tetrataenite in terrestrial rock". American Mineralogist. 100 (1): 209–214. Bibcode:2015AmMin.100..209N. doi:10.2138/am-2015-5061. S2CID   128688369.
  12. ↑ Barthelmy, Dave. "Tetrataenite Mineral Data". webmineral.com. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
  13. 1 2 "Taenite." Britannica Academic, Encyclopædia Britannica, 6 Nov. 2009. academic-eb-com.ezproxy.neu.edu/levels/collegiate/article/taenite/342903. Accessed 30 Mar. 2018.
  14. ↑ Néel, L.; Pauleve, J.; Pauthenet, R.; Laugier, J.; Dautreppe, D. (1964-03-01). "Magnetic Properties of an Iron—Nickel Single Crystal Ordered by Neutron Bombardment". Journal of Applied Physics. 35 (3): 873–876. doi:10.1063/1.1713516. ISSN   0021-8979.
  15. ↑ Paulevé, J.; Chamberod, A.; Krebs, K.; Bourret, A. (1968-02-01). "Magnetization Curves of Fe–Ni (50–50) Single Crystals Ordered by Neutron Irradiation with an Applied Magnetic Field". Journal of Applied Physics. 39 (2): 989–990. doi:10.1063/1.1656361. ISSN   0021-8979.
  16. 1 2 Lewis, Laura H.; Stamenov, Plamen S. (2023-12-10). "Accelerating Nature: Induced Atomic Order in Equiatomic FeNi". Advanced Science. 11 (7). doi:10.1002/advs.202302696. ISSN   2198-3844. PMC   10870030 . PMID   38072671.
  17. ↑ Ivanov, Yurii P.; Sarac, Baran; Ketov, Sergey V.; Eckert, Jürgen; Greer, A. Lindsay (2022). "Direct Formation of Hard-Magnetic Tetrataenite in Bulk Alloy Castings". Advanced Science. 10 (1): e2204315. doi:10.1002/advs.202204315. PMC   9811435 . PMID   36281692. S2CID   253108234.
  18. ↑ Ivanov, Yurii P.; Sarac, Baran; Ketov, Sergey V.; Eckert, Jürgen; Greer, A. Lindsay (2022-10-25). "Direct Formation of Hard‐Magnetic Tetrataenite in Bulk Alloy Castings". Advanced Science. 10 (1): 2204315. doi:10.1002/advs.202204315. ISSN   2198-3844. PMC   9811435 . PMID   36281692. S2CID   253108234.
  19. ↑ "Method of tetratenite production and system therefor".
  20. ↑ Paddy Hirsch (8 November 2022). "They made a material that doesn't exist on Earth. That's only the start of the story". NPR. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  21. ↑ Woodgate, Christopher D.; Patrick, Christopher E.; Lewis, Laura H.; Staunton, Julie B. (2023-10-28). "Revisiting Néel 60 years on: The magnetic anisotropy of L10 FeNi (tetrataenite)". Journal of Applied Physics. 134 (16). arXiv: 2307.15470 . doi: 10.1063/5.0169752 . ISSN   0021-8979.
  22. ↑ Einsle, Joshua F.; Eggeman, Alexander S.; Martineau, Ben H.; Saghi, Zineb; Collins, Sean M.; Blukis, Roberts; Bagot, Paul A. J.; Midgley, Paul A.; Harrison, Richard J. (2018-12-04). "Nanomagnetic properties of the meteorite cloudy zone". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (49): E11436–E11445. Bibcode:2018PNAS..11511436E. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1809378115 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   6298078 . PMID   30446616.


This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.