The Fiery Trial

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The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery
The Fiery Trial.jpg
Hardcover edition
Author Eric Foner
LanguageEnglish
Subject Abraham Lincoln
Slavery in the United States
Genre Non-fiction
PublishedOctober 4, 2010
Publisher W. W. Norton & Company
Publication placeUnited States
Media typePrint, e-book
Pages448
ISBN 0-393-06618-5

The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery is a historical non-fiction book written by American historian Eric Foner. Published in 2010 by W. W. Norton & Company, the book serves as a biographical portrait of United States President Abraham Lincoln, discussing the evolution of his stance on slavery in the United States over the course of his life. [1] The Fiery Trial, which derives its title from Lincoln's Annual Message to Congress of December 1, 1862, [2] was the 22nd book written by Foner, the DeWitt Clinton Professor of History at Columbia University. It was praised by critics and won the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for History, the Bancroft Prize, and the Lincoln Prize.

Contents

Synopsis

In the preface to The Fiery Trial, Eric Foner states his intention to trace "the evolution of Lincoln's ideas and policies about slavery from his early life through his career in the Illinois legislature in the 1830s, his term in Congress in the 1840s, his emergence as a leader of the new Republican party in the 1850s, and his presidency during the Civil War". [3] The book closely examines Lincoln's speeches and writings, and avoids direct engagement with previous Lincoln historians. [4]

The Fiery Trial begins with Lincoln's encounters with slavery in his early life, growing up in Kentucky and Indiana. He occasionally dealt with issues of slavery in his law practice in Illinois. The book also discusses Lincoln's position on slavery in the context of his political career. Lincoln was a moderate, attempting to bridge the gap between the abolitionist Radical Republicans and conservative Democrats, including those in the slave-holding states, whom he hoped would choose preserving the Union over steadfastly defending slavery. [1] Lincoln initially supported the idea of voluntary colonization of freed blacks to Africa, a stance supported by some politicians at the time, although considered unethical by many. [5] However, Lincoln eventually abandoned his moderate stance on slavery when he determined that to win the American Civil War, he needed to act to end slavery.

In the epilogue, Foner praises Lincoln's "capacity for growth, the essence of [his] greatness", and speculates that had he not been assassinated, he could have helped to prevent the disenfranchisement and segregation of blacks that followed emancipation. [6] Foner concludes with a quotation by abolitionist Lydia Maria Child:

I think we have reason to thank God for Abraham Lincoln ... With all his deficiencies, it must be admitted that he has grown continuously; and considering how slavery had weakened and perverted the moral sense of the whole country, it was great good luck to have the people elect a man who was willing to grow. [7]

Background

Eric Foner, the book's author Eric Foner, New York City, New York, September 15, 2009.jpg
Eric Foner, the book's author

Eric Foner, the book's author, is the DeWitt Clinton Professor of History at Columbia University. His specialties include the American Civil War and the subsequent Reconstruction Era. [8] The Fiery Trial was his 22nd book. Foner's 1989 book Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 won the Bancroft Prize of Columbia University, an award also given to The Fiery Trial. [9]

Before The Fiery Trial, several of Foner's works had discussed Lincoln, but this was the first of his books to study the president directly. Foner began the book because he believed "that it was still possible to say something new, despite the voluminous literature that's out there." [10]

The Fiery Trial was published in 2010 by W.W. Norton & Company. The book's title is a quotation from Lincoln's December 1, 1862, Annual Message to Congress (today the State of the Union address), in which he said of the Civil War: "Fellow citizens, we cannot escape history. We of this Congress and this administration, will be remembered in spite of ourselves.... The fiery trial through which we pass, will light us down, in honor or dishonor, to the latest generation." [11] [12]

Reception

The Fiery Trial was generally well received by critics, who praised its insights and lucidity. David S. Reynolds, reviewing for The New York Times , described the book as a "political biography of Lincoln", and concluded that "More cogently than any previous historian, Foner examines the political events that shaped Lincoln and ultimately brought out his true greatness." [13] James M. McPherson, a previous winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History, stated of the book that "No one else has written about [Lincoln's] trajectory of change with such balance, fairness, depth of analysis, and lucid precision of language." [14] Library Journal called it "an essential work for all Americans.... In the vast library on Lincoln, Foner's book stands out as the most sensible and sensitive reading of Lincoln's lifetime involvement with slavery and the most insightful assessment of Lincoln's—and indeed America's—imperative to move toward freedom lest it be lost." [15] David M. Shribman, writing in The Boston Globe, called Foner "perhaps the preeminent historian of the Civil War era" and the book "a masterwork that examines Lincoln's passage to Gettysburg and beyond". [16] In the San Francisco Chronicle , David W. Blight called The Fiery Trial "a distinctive and valuable book, showing persuasively that we should not understand Lincoln from the myth-glazed outcome reading backward, but from the beginning, through one transformative event after another, looking forward." [17]

In a review for The Historian , Lawrence Frederick Kohl wrote of the book that "Eric Foner's prodigious research and his deep knowledge of the era allow him to provide perhaps the best account of this subject available today. Even seasoned scholars will find facts in this volume that are new to them and fresh insights that they will want to consider." [18] Patrick Prendergast stated in The Irish Times that "For the interested but non-specialist reader Foner's book is a triumph, and he explains the progression in Lincoln's views of slavery in an accessible and exciting way." [19]

Reviewing for The Washington Post , Fred Kaplan was more critical. Though Kaplan stated that the "comprehensive review of mostly familiar material" would make The Fiery Trial "the book of first convenience to go to on the subject", he also argued that in contrast to Foner's thesis of growth, "a stronger argument can be made that Lincoln hardly 'grew' at all on the issue of slavery, that he responded to changing circumstances that he did not create...." [20]

The Fiery Trial won the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for History, [21] the Bancroft Prize, [22] and the Lincoln Prize. [23] The New York Times Book Review listed The Fiery Trial as one of its 100 Notable Books of 2010, writing, "Foner tackles what would seem an obvious topic, Lincoln and slavery, and sheds new light on it." [24]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abraham Lincoln</span> President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States, serving from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. He led the United States through the American Civil War, defending the nation as a constitutional union, defeating the Confederacy, playing a major role in the abolition of slavery, expanding the power of the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eric Foner</span> American historian (born 1943)

Eric Foner is an American historian. He writes extensively on American political history, the history of freedom, the early history of the Republican Party, African American biography, the American Civil War, Reconstruction, and historiography, and has been a member of the faculty at the Columbia University Department of History since 1982. He is the author of several popular textbooks, such as the Give Me Liberty series for high school classrooms. According to the Open Syllabus Project, Foner is the most frequently cited author on college syllabi for history courses. According to historian Timothy Snyder, Foner is the first to associate the storming of the Capitol on January 6, 2021 with section three of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alan Taylor (historian)</span> American historian

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abraham Lincoln and slavery</span>

Abraham Lincoln's position on slavery in the United States is one of the most discussed aspects of his life. Lincoln frequently expressed his moral opposition to slavery in public and private. "I am naturally anti-slavery. If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong," he stated. "I can not remember when I did not so think, and feel." However, the question of what to do about it and how to end it, given that it was so firmly embedded in the nation's constitutional framework and in the economy of much of the country, even though concentrated in only the Southern United States, was complex and politically challenging. In addition, there was the unanswered question, which Lincoln had to deal with, of what would become of the four million slaves if liberated: how they would earn a living in a society that had almost always rejected them or looked down on their very presence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lincoln's House Divided Speech</span> 1858 speech by Abraham Lincoln

The House Divided Speech was an address given by senatorial candidate and future president of the United States Abraham Lincoln, on June 16, 1858, at what was then the Illinois State Capitol in Springfield, after he had accepted the Illinois Republican Party's nomination as that state's US senator. The nomination of Lincoln was the final item of business at the convention, which then broke for dinner, meeting again at 8 pm. "The evening session was mainly devoted to speeches", but the only speaker was Lincoln, whose address closed the convention, save for resolutions of thanks to the city of Springfield and others. His address was immediately published in full by newspapers, as a pamphlet, and in the published proceedings of the convention. It was the launching point of his unsuccessful campaign for the senatorial seat held by Stephen A. Douglas; the campaign would climax with the Lincoln–Douglas debates. When Lincoln collected and published his debates with Douglas as part of his 1860 presidential campaign, he prefixed them with relevant prior speeches. The "House Divided" speech opens the volume.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Militia Act of 1862</span> Military draft legislation of the American Civil War

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Compensated emancipation</span> Form of abolishing slavery in which former slaveowners were paid

Compensated emancipation was a method of ending slavery, under which the enslaved person's owner received compensation from the government in exchange for manumitting the slave. This could be monetary, and it could allow the owner to retain the slave for a period of labor as an indentured servant. In practice, cash compensation rarely was equal to the slave's market value.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">David W. Blight</span> American historian (born 1949)

David William Blight is the Sterling Professor of History, of African American Studies, and of American Studies and Director of the Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition at Yale University. Previously, Blight was a professor of History at Amherst College, where he taught for 13 years. He has won several awards, including the Bancroft Prize and Frederick Douglass Prize for Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, and the Pulitzer Prize and Lincoln Prize for Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom. In 2021, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

James Oakes is an American historian, and is a Distinguished Professor of History and Graduate School Humanities Professor at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York where he teaches courses on the American Civil War and Reconstruction, Slavery, the Old South, Abolitionism, and U.S. and World History. He taught previously at Princeton University and Northwestern University.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harold Holzer</span> American academic (born 1949)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abraham Lincoln's Lyceum address</span> 1838 speech by Abraham Lincoln

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<i>First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln</i> 1864 painting

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References

  1. 1 2 Dionne, E. J. (October 20, 2011). "An example for Obama in evolution of Lincoln". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
  2. ↑ Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
  3. ↑ Foner 2010, p. xvi.
  4. ↑ Foner 2010, pp. xvii–xviii.
  5. ↑ "Lincoln's Evolving Thoughts On Slavery, And Freedom". NPR. October 11, 2010. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
  6. ↑ Foner 2010, pp. 333–336.
  7. ↑ Foner 2010, p. 336.
  8. ↑ "Eric Foner". Columbia University. Archived from the original on August 15, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  9. ↑ "Columbia University Announces the Winners of the 2011 Bancroft Prize". Columbia University. March 24, 2011. Archived from the original on December 21, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  10. ↑ "Eric Foner Thinks Anew About Lincoln and Slavery". The Record. Columbia University. Archived from the original on December 22, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  11. ↑ Foner 2010, p. xiii.
  12. ↑ "President Abraham Lincoln's Annual Message to Congress, December 1, 1862". Visitthecapitol.gov. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
  13. ↑ Reynolds, David S. (September 30, 2010). "Learning to Be Lincoln". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 26, 2024. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  14. ↑ McPherson, James M. (November 25, 2010). "The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  15. ↑ Library Journal (2010), quoted in Ohio Wesleyan University Press Release, August 29, 2012
  16. ↑ Shribman, David M (October 10, 2010). "A victory of better angels amid an evolving world view, riddled with inconsistencies on race and slavery". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on May 9, 2018. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  17. ↑ Blight, David W. (October 24, 2010). "'The Fiery Trail,' by Eric Foner". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  18. ↑ Kohl, Lawrence Frederick (March 22, 2012). "The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery". The Historian. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  19. ↑ Prendergast, Patrick (April 16, 2011). "Master Abe, the president to whom Obama is compared". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  20. ↑ Kaplan, Fred (November 28, 2010). "Eric Foner's book on Lincoln and slavery, reviewed by Fred Kaplan". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  21. ↑ "People in the news - April 19, 2011". UPI.com. April 19, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
  22. ↑ "Historian Foner among 3 winners of Bancroft Prize". Associated Press. March 24, 2011. Archived from the original on July 10, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  23. ↑ "Historian Eric Foner honored for Lincoln biography". Associated Press. February 10, 2011. Archived from the original on July 10, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  24. ↑ "100 Notable Books of 2010". The New York Times. November 24, 2010. Archived from the original on June 6, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2013.

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