Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is the combined presence of Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. Due to the close relationship between these two disorders, people with either are usually diagnosed with WKS as a single syndrome. The cause of the disorder is thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, which can cause a range of disorders including beriberi, Wernicke encephalopathy, and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. These disorders may manifest together or separately. WKS is usually secondary to alcohol abuse. It mainly causes vision changes, ataxia and impaired memory.
Korsakoff syndrome is an amnestic disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency associated with prolonged ingestion of alcohol. There is a similar condition seen in non-alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. The syndrome and psychosis are named after Sergei Korsakoff, the Russian neuropsychiatrist who discovered it during the late 19th century.
Wernicke encephalopathy (WE), also Wernicke's encephalopathy is the presence of neurological symptoms caused by biochemical lesions of the central nervous system after exhaustion of B-vitamin reserves, in particular thiamine. The condition is part of a larger group of thiamine deficiency disorders, that includes beriberi in all its forms, and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. When it occurs simultaneously with alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome it is known as Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome.
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP or ThPP), or thiamine diphosphate (ThDP), or cocarboxylase is a thiamine (vitamin B1) derivative which is produced by the enzyme thiamine diphosphokinase. Thiamine pyrophosphate is a cofactor that is present in all living systems, in which it catalyzes several biochemical reactions.
Polioencephalomalacia (PEM), also referred to as cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN), is a neurological disease seen in ruminants that is caused by disrupted thiamine production in the body. Thiamine is a key chemical in glucose metabolism that, when definicient, is most threatening to neurological activity. Cattles, sheep, goat, and other ruminants that are diagnosed with PEM or pre-PEM suffer opishotonus, cortical blindness, disoriented movement, and eventually fatality, if left untreated. Current data shows that the onset of PEM can range from birth to late adulthood.
Thiamine deficiency is a medical condition of low levels of thiamine. A severe and chronic form is known as beriberi. There are two main types in adults: wet beriberi, and dry beriberi. Wet beriberi affects the cardiovascular system resulting in a fast heart rate, shortness of breath, and leg swelling. Dry beriberi affects the nervous system resulting in numbness of the hands and feet, confusion, trouble moving the legs, and pain. A form with loss of appetite and constipation may also occur. Another type, acute beriberi, is found mostly in babies and presents with loss of appetite, vomiting, lactic acidosis, changes in heart rate, and enlargement of the heart.
Sulbutiamine (brand name: Arcalion) is a synthetic derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1). In France, it is used to treat symptoms of weakness or fatigue. It is also sold as a dietary supplement. Sulbutiamine was discovered in Japan as part of an effort to develop useful thiamine derivatives.
{{Drugbox | Verifiedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 449055379 | IUPAC_name = S-[2-{[(4-Amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl] (formyl)amino}-5-(phosphonooxy)pent-2-en-3-yl] benzenecarbothioate | image = Benfotiamine.svg | image2 = Benfotiamine ball-and-stick.png | tradename = Milgamma | Drugs.com = International Drug Names | pregnancy_AU = | pregnancy_US = | pregnancy_category = | legal_AU = | legal_CA = | legal_UK = | legal_US = | legal_status = OTC | routes_of_administration = Oral | bioavailability = | protein_bound = | metabolism = | elimination_half-life = | excretion = | CAS_number_Ref = | CAS_number = 22457-89-2 | ATC_prefix = A11 | ATC_suffix = DA03 | PubChem = 3032771 | ChEMBL_Ref = | ChEMBL = 1491875 | ChEBI_Ref = | ChEBI = 41039 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = | ChemSpiderID = 2297665 | UNII_Ref = | UNII = Y92OUS2H9B | synonyms = S-Benzoylthiamine O-monophosphate | C=19 | H=23 | N=4 | O=6 | P=1 | S=1 | molecular_weight = 466.448 g/mol | smiles = O=P(O)(O)OCCC(/SC c1ccccc1)=C(/N Cc2cnc C)C | StdInChI_Ref = | StdInChI = 1S/C19H23N4O6PS/c1-13(23 11-16-10-21-14 22-18 20)17(8-9-29-30 28)31-19(25)15-6-4-3-5-7-15/h3-7,10,12H,8-9,11H2,1-2H3,(H2,20,21,22)(H2,26,27,28)/b17-13- | StdInChIKey_Ref = | StdInChIKey = BTNNPSLJPBRMLZ-LGMDPLHJSA-N }}
Thiamine transporter 1, also known as thiamine carrier 1 (TC1) or solute carrier family 19 member 2 (SLC19A2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC19A2 gene. SLC19A2 is a thiamine transporter. Mutations in this gene cause thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome (TRMA), which is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by diabetes mellitus, megaloblastic anemia and sensorineural deafness.
Thiamine transporter 2 (ThTr-2), also known as solute carrier family 19 member 3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC19A3 gene. SLC19A3 is a thiamine transporter.
Thiamine-triphosphatase is an enzyme involved in thiamine metabolism. It catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a thiamine-diphosphate kinase is an enzyme involved in thiamine metabolism. It catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a thiamine diphosphokinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Thiamin pyrophosphokinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TPK1 gene.
Kefir or kephir, is a fermented milk drink similar to a thin yogurt that is made from kefir grains, a specific type of mesophilic symbiotic culture. The drink originated in the Caucasus, Eastern Europe and Russia, where it is prepared by inoculating cow, goat, or sheep milk with kefir grains.
The M74 syndrome is a reproduction disorder of salmon feeding in the Baltic Sea. M74 manifests as offspring mortality during the yolk-sac fry phase. Before dying, the yolk-sac fry display typical symptoms. Thiamine deficiency in eggs is the immediate cause of M74 mortality. The deficiency can be prevented by thiamine treatments. For the first time Bulgarian research team opines that with M74 syndrome are affected also male gametes and worsened parameters of the spermograme. The use of Bulgarian semen protective media 49282, 49283 and 49397 for trout sperm fertility improving was proposed.
Fursultiamine is a medication and vitamin used to treat thiamine deficiency. Chemically, it is a disulfide derivative of thiamine and is similar in structure to allithiamine.
Paul György (April 7, 1893 – March 1, 1976) was a Hungarian-born American biochemist, nutritionist, and pediatrician best known for his discovery of three B vitamins: riboflavin, B6, and biotin. Gyorgy was also well known for his research into the protective factors of human breast milk, particularly for his discoveries of Lactobacillus bifidus growth factor activity in human milk and its anti-staphylococcal properties. He was a recipient of the National Medal of Science in 1975 from President Gerald Ford.
Nido is a milk substitute powder and milk powder brand manufactured by Nestlé. It was introduced in 1944. The range claims to offer "nutrition solutions for each stage of childhood".
