Thomaskantor

Thomaskantor of Thomanerchor
Incumbent Andreas Reize since 2021
Type	Director of music
Reports to	Leipzig
Formation	1518 (1518)
First holder	Georg Rhau

Thomaskantor (Cantor at St. Thomas) is the common name for the musical director of the Thomanerchor , now an internationally known boys' choir founded in Leipzig in 1212. The official historic title of the Thomaskantor in Latin, Cantor et Director Musices, describes the two functions of cantor and director. As the cantor, he prepared the choir for service in four Lutheran churches, Thomaskirche (St. Thomas), Nikolaikirche (St. Nicholas), Neue Kirche (New Church) and Peterskirche (St. Peter). As director, he organized music for city functions such as town council elections and homages. Functions related to the university took place at the Paulinerkirche. Johann Sebastian Bach was the most famous Thomaskantor, from 1723 to 1750.

Position

Leipzig has had a university dating back to 1409, and is a commercial center, hosting a trade fair first mentioned in 1165. It has been mostly Lutheran since the Reformation. The position of Thomaskantor at Bach's time has been described as "one of the most respected and influential musical offices of Protestant Germany. ^[1]

The readings and required music of the Lutheran services in Leipzig were regulated in detail. The Church Book (Complete Church / Book / Containing / The Gospels and Epistles / For Every Feast-, Sun-, and Apostle Day Of the Entire Year ...) lists the prescribed readings, repeated every year. ^[2] The church year began with the First Sunday in Advent and was divided in feast days, fasting periods and the feast-less time after Trinity Sunday. For music, there was mainly no concert music such as a cantata during the fasting times of Advent and Lent. Modest music was performed during the second half of the church year, and rich music with more complex instrumentation and more services per day on feast days. Christmas, Easter and Pentecost were celebrated for three days each, and many other feast days were observed. ^[3] The library of St. Thomas contained works in vocal polyphony from the fifteenth century onward. ^[4]

The Thomaskantor reported to the city council, the rector of the Thomasschule and the church superintendent. ^[5] He had the duty to prepare the choir for service in the city's four Lutheran churches: ^[6] the main churches Thomaskirche (St. Thomas) and the Nikolaikirche (St. Nicholas), ^[7] and also the Neue Kirche (New Church) and the Peterskirche (St. Peter). ^{[8] [9]}

As cantor, the Thomaskantor had to compose and take care of copying, rehearsals and performances. ^[10] He also had to teach music and general subjects. ^[6] He took part in the admission process for new students to the school. ^[11] The choir was divided in groups: the most advanced singers performed a cantata every Sunday, alternating between St. Thomas and St. Nicholas, a second group sang at the other church, beginners on feast days at the smaller churches. On high holidays, the cantata was performed in both churches, a morning service in one and a vespers service in the other. To earn additional funding, the choir performed also for weddings and funerals. ^[12]

As director of music, the Thomaskantor was Leipzig's "senior musician", responsible for the music on official occasions such as town council elections and homages. ^[6] Functions related to the university took place at the Paulinerkirche.

Today, the Thomaskantor leads the music in services at the Thomaskirche, including weekly afternoon services called Motette which often contain a Bach cantata. He also conducts the choir in recordings and on tours.

• 
  Thomaskirche,
  1885
• 
  Nikolaikirche, ca. 1850
• 
  Neue Kirche,
  1749
• 
  Peterskirche, before 1886
• 
  Paulinerkirche,
  1749

Known holders of the position

The following table shows the names of the known people in the position, and their time of service, in chronological order from the Reformation to now.

No.	No. after Bach	Image	Name	Tenure	Born	Died	Notes
1			Georg Rhau	1518–1520	c. 1488 in Eisfeld	6 August 1548 in Wittenberg
2			Johannes Galliculus	1520–1525	c. 1490 in Dresden	c. 1550 in Leipzig
3			Valerian Hüffeler	1526–1530
4			Johannes Hermann	1531–1536	1515 in Zittau	22 April 1593 in Freiberg
5			Wolfgang Jünger	1536–1539	c. 1517 in Sayda	4 March 1564 in Großschirma
6			Johannes Bruckner	1539–1540
7			Ulrich Lange	1540–1549		1549 in Leipzig
8			Wolfgang Figulus	1549–1551	c. 1525 in Naumburg	1589 in Meißen
9			Melchior Heger	1553–1564	in Brüx (today Most)
10			Valentin Otto	1564–1594	1529 in Markkleeberg	April 1594
11			Sethus Calvisius	1594–1615	21 February 1556 in Gorsleben	24 November 1615 in Leipzig
12			Johann Hermann Schein	1615–1630	20 January 1586 in Grünhain	19 November 1630 in Leipzig
13			Tobias Michael	1631–1657	13 June 1592 in Dresden	26 June 1657 in Leipzig
14			Sebastian Knüpfer	1657–1676	6 September 1633 in Asch	10 October 1676 in Leipzig
15			Johann Schelle	1677–1701	6 September 1648 in Geising	10 March 1701 in Leipzig
16			Johann Kuhnau	1701–1722	6 April 1660 in Geising	5 June 1722 in Leipzig
17 [lower-alpha 1]			Johann Sebastian Bach	1723–1750	21 March 1685 in Eisenach	28 July 1750 in Leipzig
18	1		Gottlob Harrer	1750–1755	1703 in Görlitz	9 July 1755 in Karlsbad
19	2		Johann Friedrich Doles	1756–1789	23 April 1715 in Steinbach-Hallenberg	8 February 1797 in Leipzig	Longest-serving in the role.
20	3		Johann Adam Hiller	1789–1801	25 December 1728 in Wendisch-Ossig	16 June 1804 in Leipzig	1781–1785 Gewandhauskapellmeister
21	4		August Eberhard Müller	1801–1810	13 December 1767 in Northeim	3 December 1817 in Weimar	1810–1817 Großherzoglich-Sächsischer Hofkapellmeister
22	5		Johann Gottfried Schicht	1810–1823	29 September 1753 in Reichenau	16 February 1823 in Leipzig
23	6		Christian Theodor Weinlig	1823–1842	25 July 1780 in Dresden	7 March 1842 in Leipzig	1814–1817 Kreuzkantor
24	7		Moritz Hauptmann	1842–1868	13 October 1792 in Dresden	3 January 1868 in Leipzig
25	8		Ernst Friedrich Richter	1868–1879	24 October 1808 in Großschönau	9 April 1879 in Leipzig
26	9		Wilhelm Rust	1880–1892	15 August 1822 in Dessau	2 May 1892 in Leipzig
27	10		Gustav Schreck	1893–1918	8 September 1849 in Zeulenroda	22 January 1918 in Leipzig
28	11		Karl Straube	1918–1939	6 January 1873 in Berlin	27 April 1950 in Leipzig
29	12		Günther Ramin	1939–1956	15 October 1898 in Karlsruhe	27 February 1956 in Leipzig
30	13		Kurt Thomas	1957–1960	25 May 1904 in Tönning	31 March 1973 in Bad Oeynhausen
31	14		Erhard Mauersberger	1961–1972	29 December 1903 in Mauersberg / Marienberg	11 December 1982 in Leipzig
32	15		Hans-Joachim Rotzsch	1972–1991	25 April 1929 in Leipzig	24 September 2013 in Leipzig
33	16		Georg Christoph Biller	1992–2015	20 September 1955 in Nebra	27 January 2022
34	17		Gotthold Schwarz	2016–2021	2 May 1952 in Zwickau
35	18		Andreas Reize	2021	19 May 1975 in Solothurn, Switzerland		First Swiss and the first Catholic

Notes

1. Bach could theoretically be considered the 18th Thomaskantor, as after Kuhnau's death on 11 August 1723, the Leipzig city council proposed Georg Philipp Telemann as his successor. Telemann, however, was already Kantor at the local Johanneum Lateinschule in Hamburg; he immediately negotiated a salary rise with their city council, thus remaining in that post until his death. ^[13] After Telemann declined Leipzig council's offer, a new list of candidates was proposed, headed by Kauffmann and A.C. Tufen, then Graupner and finally Bach. Even though Graupner was formally approved by the Leipzig council, he could not take up the post, because his resignation as court Hofkapellmeister was refused by the Landgrave of Darmstadt. ^[14]

References

1. Wolff 1991, p. 8.
2. Petzoldt 2013, p. 1.
3. Petzoldt 2013, p. 5–6.
4. Wolff 1991, p. 93.
5. Wolff 1991, p. 38.
6. Wolff 1991, p. 30.
7. Dürr 1971, p. 219.
8. Peter 2015.
9. Wolff 2002, p. 251–252.
10. Wolff 1991, p. 39.
11. Wolff 2002, p. 247.
12. Wolff 2002, p. 246.
13. Basso, Alberto (2018). Frau Musika, la vita e le opere di J.S. Bach, 1 : le origini familiari, l'ambiente luterano, gli anni giovanili, Weimar e Köthen (1685–1723) (in Italian). Torino: EDT. p. 547. ISBN   978-88-592-4742-5. OCLC   1043531226.
14. Wolff 2002, p. 224.

Bibliography

• Dürr, Alfred (1971). Die Kantaten von Johann Sebastian Bach (in German). Vol. 1. Bärenreiter-Verlag. OCLC   523584.
• Petzoldt, Martin (2013). "Liturgy and Music in Leipzig's Main Churches" (PDF) (in German). bach-cantatas.com.
• Wolff, Christoph (1991). Bach: Essays on His Life and Music. Harvard University Press. ISBN   978-0-674-05926-9.
• Wolff, Christoph (2002). Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN   978-0-393-32256-9.
• "Peterskirche Leipzig / Geschichte" (in German). St. Peter, Leipzig. 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
• Stefan Altner: Das Thomaskantorat im 19. Jahrhundert. Bewerber und Kandidaten für das Leipziger Thomaskantorat in den Jahren 1842 bis 1918. Quellenstudien zur Entwicklung des Thomaskantorats und des Thomanerchors vom Wegfall der öffentlichen Singumgänge 1837 bis zur ersten Auslandsreise 1920. Passage-Verlag, Leipzig 2006, ISBN   3-938543-15-9.
• Johann Gottfried Stallbaum: Über den innern Zusammenhang musikalischer Bildung der Jugend mit dem Gesammtzwecke des Gymnasiums. Eine Inauguralrede, nebst biographischen Nachrichten über die Cantoren an der Thomasschule zu Leipzig. Fritzsche, Leipzig 1842.
• Corinna Wörner: Zwischen Anpassung und Resistenz. Der Thomanerchor Leipzig in zwei politischen Systemen. Studien und Materialien zur Musikwissenschaft, Bd. 123. Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim 2023. (Abstract) ISBN 978-3-487-16232-4.

External links

• Ordnung / Der Schule / zu S. Thomæ, Leipzig 1723 (PDF, in German)
• The Leipzig City Council’s Statutes for St. Thomas School, Leipzig 1723 (PDF)