Thyestiida

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Thyestiida
Origin of Vertebrates Fig 013.jpg
Thyestes verrucosus, natural size. The Origin of Vertebrates by Walter Holbrook Gaskell 1908, Fig. 13, from Woodward)
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Osteostraci
Order: Thyestiida
Janvier 1996
Families

Thyestiida is an order of bony-armored jawless fish in the extinct vertebrate class Osteostraci. [2]

The osteostracans reconstructed here belong to the major clade Cornuata, whose generalised morphology is exemplified by the zenaspidid Zenaspis (bottom left). Some highly derived head-shield morphologies are exemplified by the benneviaspidids Hoelaspis (top right) and Tauraspis (top left), or the thyestiid Tremataspis (bottom right). The latter, of the family Tremataspididae, has lost the paired fins, possibly as a consequence of an adaptation to burrowing habits. Osteostraci Janvier.gif
The osteostracans reconstructed here belong to the major clade Cornuata, whose generalised morphology is exemplified by the zenaspidid Zenaspis (bottom left). Some highly derived head-shield morphologies are exemplified by the benneviaspidids Hoelaspis (top right) and Tauraspis (top left), or the thyestiid Tremataspis (bottom right). The latter, of the family Tremataspididae, has lost the paired fins, possibly as a consequence of an adaptation to burrowing habits.
Thyestiida
Thyestiida

Illemoraspis [4]

Procephalaspis

Auchenaspis [5]

Thyestes

Witaaspis

Tremataspidoidea

Saaremaspis

Tyriaspis

Aestiaspis [6]

Dartmuthia

Timanaspis

Oeselaspis

Tremataspis

Dobraspis [1]

Sclerodus

Tannuaspis

Kiaeraspidoidea

Didymaspis

Kiaeraspis

Norselaspis

Nectaspis

Axinaspis

Acrotomaspis

Gustavaspis

Cladogram, according to Sansom, 2009 [7]

Related Research Articles

Agnatha Infraphylum of fishes

Agnatha is an infraphylum of jawless fish in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, consisting of both present (cyclostomes) and extinct species. Among recent animals, cyclostomes are sister to all vertebrates with jaws, known as gnathostomes.

Gnathostomata Infraphylum of vertebrates

Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates. The term derives from Greek: γνάθος "jaw" + στόμα "mouth". Gnathostome diversity comprises roughly 60,000 species, which accounts for 99% of all living vertebrates. In addition to opposing jaws, living gnathostomes have teeth, paired appendages, and a horizontal semicircular canal of the inner ear, along with physiological and cellular anatomical characters such as the myelin sheaths of neurons. Another is an adaptive immune system that uses V(D)J recombination to create antigen recognition sites, rather than using genetic recombination in the variable lymphocyte receptor gene.

Cephalaspidomorphi Extinct clade of jawless fishes

Cephalaspidomorphs are a group of jawless fishes named for Cephalaspis of the osteostracans. Most biologists regard this taxon as extinct, but the name is sometimes used in the classification of lampreys, because lampreys were once thought to be related to cephalaspids. If lampreys are included, they would extend the known range of the group from the Silurian and Devonian periods to the present day. They are the closest relatives of jawed fishes, who emerged from within them and they would survive if the jawed fish are included.

Placodermi Class of fishes (fossil)

Placodermi is a class of armoured prehistoric fish, known from fossils, which lived from the Silurian to the end of the Devonian period. Their head and thorax were covered by articulated armoured plates and the rest of the body was scaled or naked, depending on the species. Placoderms were among the first jawed fish; their jaws likely evolved from the first of their gill arches. Placoderms are thought to be paraphyletic, consisting of several distinct outgroups or sister taxa to all living jawed vertebrates, which originated among their ranks. This is illustrated by a 419-million-year-old fossil, Entelognathus, from China, which is the only known placoderm with a type of bony jaw like that found in modern bony fishes. This includes a dentary bone, which is found in humans and other tetrapods. The jaws in other placoderms were simplified and consisted of a single bone. Placoderms were also the first fish to develop pelvic fins, the precursor to hindlimbs in tetrapods, as well as true teeth. Paraphyletic groupings are problematic, as one can not talk precisely about their phylogenic relationships, characteristic traits, and complete extinction. 380-million-year-old fossils of three other genera, Incisoscutum, Materpiscis and Austroptyctodus, represent the oldest known examples of live birth. In contrast, one 2016 analysis concluded that placodermi are likely monophyletic, though these analyses have been further dismissed with more transitional taxa between placoderms and modern gnathosthomes solidying their paraphyletic status.

Ostracoderm Armored jawless fish of the Paleozoic

Ostracoderms are the armored jawless fish of the Paleozoic Era. The term does not often appear in classifications today because it is paraphyletic and thus does not correspond to one evolutionary lineage. However, the term is still used as an informal way of loosely grouping together the armored jawless fishes.

Anaspida Group of extinct jawless vertebrates

Anaspida is an extinct group of primitive jawless vertebrates that lived primarily during the Silurian period, and became extinct soon after the start of the Devonian. They were classically regarded as the ancestors of lampreys. Anaspids were small marine agnathans that lacked a heavy bony shield and paired fins, but have a striking highly hypocercal tail. They first appeared in the early Silurian, and flourished until the early Devonian, when they disappear from the fossil record.

Osteostraci Extinct class of jawless fishes

The class Osteostraci is an extinct taxon of bony-armored jawless fish, termed "ostracoderms", that lived in what is now North America, Europe and Russia from the Middle Silurian to Late Devonian.

Cyclostomi Superclass of jawless fishes

Cyclostomi, often referred to as Cyclostomata, is a group of vertebrates that comprises the living jawless fishes: the lampreys and hagfishes. Both groups have jawless mouths with horny epidermal structures that function as teeth called ceratodontes, and branchial arches that are internally positioned instead of external as in the related jawed fishes. The name Cyclostomi means "round mouths". It was named by Joan Crockford-Beattie.

<i>Cephalaspis</i> Genus of extinct jawless fish

Cephalaspis is a possibly monotypic genus of extinct osteostracan agnathan vertebrate. It was a trout-sized detritivorous fish that lived in the early Devonian.

<i>Boreaspis</i> Extinct genus of jawless fishes

Boreaspis is an extinct genus of osteostracan agnathan vertebrate that lived in the Devonian period.

<i>Tulerpeton</i> Extinct genus of amphibians

Tulerpeton is an extinct genus of Devonian four-limbed vertebrate, known from a fossil that was found in the Tula Region of Russia at a site named Andreyevka. This genus and the closely related Acanthostega and Ichthyostega represent the earliest tetrapods.

Carnivoramorpha Extinct clade of carnivores

Carnivoramorpha ("carnivora-shaped") is a clade of placental mammals that includes the modern order Carnivora and its extinct stem-relatives.

Cornuata Extinct subclass of jawless fishes

Cornuata is an extinct taxon of jawless fish that lived in the Early Silurian to Late Devonian.

Benneviaspidida Order of fossil fishes

Benneviaspidida is an order of osteostracan jawless fishes which lived in the Early Devonian. The fishes in order Benneviaspidida have a flat headshield and are dorsoventrally depressed. The first canal to lateral sensory field bifurcates near the orbit.

Evolution of fish Origin and diversification of fish through geologic time

The evolution of fish began about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion. It was during this time that the early chordates developed the skull and the vertebral column, leading to the first craniates and vertebrates. The first fish lineages belong to the Agnatha, or jawless fish. Early examples include Haikouichthys. During the late Cambrian, eel-like jawless fish called the conodonts, and small mostly armoured fish known as ostracoderms, first appeared. Most jawless fish are now extinct; but the extant lampreys may approximate ancient pre-jawed fish. Lampreys belong to the Cyclostomata, which includes the extant hagfish, and this group may have split early on from other agnathans.

This list of fossil fish species is a list of taxa of fish that have been described during the year 2012. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.

<i>Janaspis</i> Extinct genus of jawless fishes

Janaspis is an extinct genus of osteostracan, that lived in the early Devonian period in Britain. It is characterised by a number of features of its armoured headshield, including the presence of raised rims around its eyes, the shape of its lateral and median fields, its prominent dorsal spine, fairly long cornual processes and ornamentation. Janaspis was fairly small compared with other osteostracans, with a headshield measuring less than 60mm.

Zenaspididae Extinct family of jawless fishes

Zenaspididae is an extinct family of jawless fish in the order Zenaspida.

Ateleaspididae Family of jawless fishes

Ateleaspididae is a prehistoric jawless fish family in the class Osteostraci.

This list of fossil fishes described in 2020 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and other fishes of every kind that were described during the year 2020, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleoichthyology that occurred in 2020.

References

  1. 1 2 A new tremataspidid (Vertebrata, Osteostraci, Thyestiida) from the Devonian of northern Urals, with remarks on tannuaspidids. Elga Mark-Kurik and Philippe Janvier, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 01/1997; 206(3), pages 405-421
  2. The origin and early evolution of the Osteostraci (Vertebrata): A phylogeny for the Thyestiida. Robert S. Sansom, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, Volume 6, Issue 3, 2008, pages 317-332, doi : 10.1017/S1477201907002386
  3. Janvier, Philippe (1997) Osteostraci The Tree of Life Web Project.
  4. The anatomy, affinity and phylogenetic significance of Ilemoraspis kirkinskayae (Osteostraci) from the Devonian of Siberia. Robert S. Sansom, Sergei A. Rodygin and Philip C. J. Donoghue, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Volume 28, Issue 3, 2008, pages 613-625, doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[613:TAAAPS]2.0.CO;2
  5. A review of the problematic Osteostracan genus Auchenaspis and its role in Thyestidian evolution. Robert Sansom, Palaeontology, Volume 50, Issue 4, pages 1001–1011, July 2007, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00686.x
  6. New data on the exoskeleton of the osteostracan genus Aestiaspis (Agnatha) from the Silurian of Saaremaa Island (Estonia) and the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia). O. B. Afanassieva and T. Märss, Paleontological Journal February 2014, Volume 48, Issue 1, pages 74-78, doi:10.1134/S003103011401002X
  7. Sansom, R. S. (2009). "Phylogeny, classification and character polarity of the Osteostraci (Vertebrata)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 7: 95–115. doi:10.1017/S1477201908002551.