This article needs additional citations for verification .(August 2021) |
Tiatr is a type of musical theatre that is popular in the state of Goa on the west coast of India, as well as in Mumbai and among expatriate communities in the Middle East, United Kingdom, and other cities with a significant presence of Konkani speakers. The dramas are primarily performed in the Romi Konkani dialects and incorporate elements such as music, dance, and singing. Individuals who perform in tiatr are referred to as tiatrists.
The word tiatr comes from the Portuguese word for theatre, teatro. Earlier variations of the word were theatro, thiatro, and tiatro. [1]
Tiatr today revolves around social, religious, and political themes. It is considered to be a mirror of Goan culture. The drama consists of six or seven acts called pordhe. These acts are interspersed with songs, which are not necessarily directly linked to the content or issues of the main drama. Typically, there are two or three songs between each of the acts.
Tiatrists have always demonstrated a very high degree of social awareness.[ citation needed ] Most of the themes of tiatr are concerned with social problems confronting the people. Despite centuries of Portuguese suppression and post-liberation neglect from the state governments, tiatr as an art form has not just survived but thrived and reinvented itself in many ways. [ citation needed ]
The tiatr as a dramatic form has been traditionally dominated and patronised by the Christian community, but over the years several young Hindu artists have been performing in the tiatr, which are also seen by people from the Hindu community. [1]
Songs integral to the plays are known as kants. [1] Other songs, called kantaram, are generally either comedic or based on topical, political and controversial issues that are interspersed through the performance. These musical interludes are independent of the main theme of the play. The songs are often satirical and unsparing of the politics and politicians of Goa. The music is provided by a live band including keyboard, trumpet, saxophone, bass guitar and drums.[ citation needed ]
Besides the regular commercial shows, tiatrs are held as part of the celebrations of nearly every church and chapel feast in the state. The Goa Kala Academy organises a state-level tiatr competition every year while the Tiatr Academy organises a popular tiatr competition for dramas which has exceeded 25 performances. Tiatr songs and performances are recorded and sold on CD and DVD in Goan and Middle Eastern markets.[ citation needed ] Although efforts have been made to preserve the art form as a tradition of Goa, there have been calls for greater recognition of Mumbai-based tiatrists. [2] [3]
There is another version of the tiatr called the khell tiatr, whose performance is restricted to the festivals of Carnival, Intruz and Easter. It differs from the Konkani tiatr in another respect, that is, that its songs are integrated with the main drama and do not deviate in content from it.[ citation needed ]
Prior to the emergence of tiatr, entertainment in Konkani was mainly through zagors and khells. Both of them had their distinct style. While the zagor was more lyrical, the khell had dialogues and while the former was more popular in Bardez; the latter was firmly entrenched in Salcete.
Costancio Lucasinho Caridade Ribeiro, better known as Lucasinho Ribeiro, who was from Assagao, was seeking employment in Bombay. Passionate about the performing arts, he was highly impressed with the stylised Italian operas performed there. He took up a job for an Italian opera troupe which was touring Indian cities at the time, staging an opera called Italian Boy. When the troupe left India, Lucasinho Ribeiro [ spelling? ] bought the costumes used in the play with the intention of staging a Konkani play on the style of the Italian Opera. His collaborators in the effort were Caetaninho Fernandes of Taleigao and João Agostinho Fernandes of Borda, Margao.
On Easter Sunday, 17 April 1892, the first-ever tiatr performance, Italian Bhurgo, adapted from the Italian play, was staged at the New Alfred Theatre, Bombay. [4] This day is celebrated as Tiatr Dis (Tiatr Day). Hence, the Goan art form of tiatr was the product of the meeting of Goan culture and the opera of Italy. Since there were many different scenes in this tiatr and it required different stage sets, they thought of dropping the curtain and performing songs and dances in front of it. This was needed to entertain the audience while the stage setting was being done behind the curtain. These songs and dances did not have any relevance to the theme of the play.
The first original tiatr script was written and directed by João Agostinho Fernandes in 1895 in Bombay and was titled Belle de Cavel or Sundori Cavelchi. For all his consistent devotion and encouragement over fifty years, Fernandes was conferred the title Pai Tiatrist (Father Tiatrist). [5] Regina Fernandes, wife of the playwright João Agostinho Fernandes, became the first female tiatr actor in Bhattkara on 22 November 1904. Divorce, a tiatr written and directed by Airistides Dias, was the first konkani tiatr to complete 100 performances on 5 October 1980.
However, as time passed, the standard of zagor as well as Khell deteriorated in quality with the introduction of elements of vulgarity. Educated people stopped patronising the zagor as well as the khell. While tiatr was making its presence felt, its original form – the zagors and the khells – were dying a slow death and the zagor finally stopped being performed while the khells continued.
In 1956 the khell underwent a dramatic change. Given its state at that time, Antonio Moraes thought it fit to take the khell from the street performance to a stage performance. Helped by his friend and colleague Antonio Marian, the khell was performed on a stage for the first time with a backdrop and other paraphernalia associated with theatre. The first khell tiatr, Sandlolo Put, written and directed by Antonio Moraes, was staged on the third day of Carnival of March 1956. However, this form became very popular only in the 1970s when Rosario Rodrigues coined the term khell tiatr and came up with extremely successful shows. Thus, the ground-based plays known as khells evolved onto the stage and further into 'non-stop dramas'. They have now generally dropped this label and are generally referred to as tiatrs.
Tiatr contributed to keeping the Konkani language alive during Portuguese colonial rule, when Konkani was suppressed. Tiatrists played a major role in the struggle to make Konkani the official language of Goa.
In 2007, the Government of Goa started the Tiatr Academy of Goa to facilitate the development of tiatr. In 2008 legislation was approved granting 15 lakh (1,500,000) rupees to the newly formed Tiatr Academy of Goa. [4] [6]
Some of these names are from an article on the GoaWorld.com website. [7]
|
|
|
|
John Claro Fernandes, known professionally as John Claro, is an Indian writer, theatre director, playwright, and actor. Throughout his extensive career, he has made crucial contributions to the development and advancement of Goan tiatr. His noted research on the history of tiatr led to the discovery that the inaugural tiatr production, titled Italian Bhurgo, took place on 17 April 1892, at the New Alfred Theatre in Bombay, presently occupied by the Police Commissioner headquarters.
João Agostinho Fernandes, popularly known as Pai Tiatrist, was a Goan playwright, theatre actor, and former chemist, known for his contribution to staging the first teatro Italian Bhurgo, on 17 April 1892 in Bombay at the New Alfred Theatre, along with playwright Lucasinho Ribeiro, Caitaninho Fernandes, and Agostinho Mascarenhas. Referred to as the "Father of Konkani tiatr", Fernandes continued the tiatr tradition when his mentor Ribeiro quit being part of the Konkani stage during the early 20th century. Over a span of more than fifty years, he created 30 plays, with the majority being original works crafted by him, totaling 26, while the remaining four were adaptations from external sources.
Regina Fernandes was a Goan theatre actress known as the first lady of the Konkani stage. The wife of Goan playwright João Agostinho Fernandes, she first took to the stage at the age of 24 in her husband's theatro Batcara, which was staged at Gaiety Theatre in Bombay on 22 November 1904.
Costâncio Lucasinho Caridade Ribeiro was a Goan playwright, theatre director, actor, singer, and composer known for staging the first teatro Italian Bhurgo on 17 April 1892 in Bombay. Known as the originator of Konkani tiatr, he also staged the first teatro at Assagão, Goa on 1 January 1894.
Jacinto Castor Vaz was an Indian comedian, actor, singer, composer, and playwright known for his work in Konkani films and tiatr productions. Referred to as the "Charlie Chaplin of the Konkani stage," he was a leading comedian during the golden phase of tiatr, and has acted in over 4000 tiatrs.
Thomas Fernandes, known professionally as Miss Marekin, was an early 20th-century Goan theatre actor, female impersonator, and tailor who worked on the Konkani stage.
Domingos José Rocha, known professionally as Saib Rocha or A. J. Rocha, was an Indian playwright, theatre director, and actor who worked on the Konkani stage.
Augusto Remédios Souza, known professionally as A. R. Souza Ferrão, was an Indian actor, playwright, theatre director, producer, singer, and composer known for his work in Konkani films and tiatr productions.
Antonio Francisco Souza Ferrão, known professionally as A. F. Souza Ferrão, was an Indian actor, playwright, theatre director, and businessman known for his work in Konkani films and tiatr productions.
Robin Vaz was an Indian playwright, actor, singer, and dancer known for his work in Konkani films, tiatr productions, and Goan folk music.
Sebastião Gabriel de Sousa, known mononymously as Karachiwala, was an early 20th-century Goan playwright, theatre director, theatrical producer, singer, and composer who worked on the Konkani stage.
Francisco Boavida Fernandes, known professionally as Francis Tembo, was an Indian stage actor and composer known for his work in zomnivoilo fell and khell tiatr productions.
Orlando Jeremias Gomes, was an Indian theatre critic and writer known for his work on the Konkani stage. While employed by The Times of India, he contributed to English and Konkani language publications such as Evening News, The Goa Times, Gulab, and The Goan Review. His contributions included previews, reviews, and free advertisements of Konkani tiatrs.
Eusebia Feliciana "Sabina" Fernandes is an Indian actress, singer, theatrical producer, and theatre director known for her work in Konkani films and tiatr productions.
Ambrose Carlisto Piedade Fernandes known professionally as A. M. B. Rose, was an Indian theatre actor, singer, theatre director, and playwright who worked on the Konkani stage. One of the early character actors of the Konkani tiatr stage, he gained fame during the golden phase of tiatr from the 1930s to 1970s. The patriarch of the 'Rose family', his son Alfred Rose followed in his footsteps to become a Konkani singer. Fernandes's family talents extended to his daughter-in-law Rita Rose, who made similar contributions to the Konkani stage like her husband Alfred, which inturn helped their children to become Konkani singers.
Antonio Moraes, known professionally as A. Moraes, was an Indian playwright, theatre director, trumpeter, bandleader, and composer known for his work in khell, folk plays, and tiatr (theatre) productions.
Rosario Lourenço Santana Rodrigues was an Indian playwright, theatre director, comedian, and composer known for his work in khell tiatr productions and non-stop dramas. Referred to as the "Goan Shakespeare" and "Father of khell tiatr", he founded the "non-stop drama" format, alike to one-act play of three hours duration in the 1970s, from the traditional two act plays of khell tiatr. His drama format had its peak period between 1970 and 2000.
Querobina Costa Carvalho is an Indian comedian, actress, and singer based in Kuwait. She is known for her work in tiatr productions.
Tomás António "Tommy" Afonso, known professionally as Jr. Nelson, is a Portuguese singer, theatre actor, composer, and playwright based in Southall, England. He is known for his work in tiatr productions, having initially earned fame as a member of the Trio Kings, a musical trio. The son of singer Nelson Afonso, he is involved in promoting amateur tiatrists in the UK.
Osvi Sebastião Cruz Lourdes Viegas is an Indian singer, composer, theatre actor, playwright, and theatre director who works on the Konkani stage.