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Biolex Therapeutics was a biotechnology firm in the Research Triangle of North Carolina which was founded in 1997 and raised $190 million from investors. It filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy on July 5,2012.
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Komagataella is a methylotrophic yeast within the order Saccharomycetales. It was found in the 1960s as Pichia pastoris,with its feature of using methanol as a source of carbon and energy. In 1995,P. pastoris was reassigned into the sole representative of genus Komagataella,becoming Komagataella pastoris. Later studies have further distinguished new species in this genus,resulting in a total of 7 recognized species. It is not uncommon to see the old name still in use,as of 2023;in less formal use,the yeast may confusingly be referred to as pichia.
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Biotechnology is the application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological agents to provide goods and services. From its inception,biotechnology has maintained a close relationship with society. Although now most often associated with the development of drugs,historically biotechnology has been principally associated with food,addressing such issues as malnutrition and famine. The history of biotechnology begins with zymotechnology,which commenced with a focus on brewing techniques for beer. By World War I,however,zymotechnology would expand to tackle larger industrial issues,and the potential of industrial fermentation gave rise to biotechnology. However,both the single-cell protein and gasohol projects failed to progress due to varying issues including public resistance,a changing economic scene,and shifts in political power.
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John McCafferty is a British scientist,one of the founders of Cambridge Antibody Technology alongside Sir Gregory Winter and David Chiswell. He is well known as one of the inventors of scFv antibody fragment phage display,a technology that revolutionised the monoclonal antibody drug discovery. McCafferty and his team developed this process following failures previously generating antibodies by immunizing mice. Later improvements of antibody phage display technology enables the display of millions of different antibody fragments on the surface of filamentous phage and subsequent selection of highly specific recombinant antibodies to any given target. This technology is widely exploited in pharmaceutical industry for the discovery and development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies to treat mainly cancer,inflammatory and infectious diseases. One of the most successful was HUMIRA (adalimumab),discovered by Cambridge Antibody Technology as D2E7 and developed and marketed by Abbott Laboratories. HUMIRA,an antibody to TNF alpha,was the world's first phage display derived fully human antibody,which achieved annual sales exceeding $1bn therefore achieving blockbuster status. Humira went on to dominate the best-selling drugs lists - in 2016:The best selling drugs list researched by Genetic Engineering &Biotechnology News,published in March 2017,details that Humira occupied the number 1 position for 2015 and 2016. Whilst for 2017,Abbvie reports that Humira achieved $18.427billion of sales in 2017
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Professor Peter Gray is a bioengineer who has played a key role in the development of modern industrial biotechnology in Australia. He was Professor and Head of Biotechnology at the University of New South Wales (UNSW),Sydney,from 1988 –2003,and was the inaugural Director of the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) at The University of Queensland in Brisbane,Australia from 2003 –2015.
Kevin Donald Lustig is an American scientist and entrepreneur and founder of three life science companies:the pharmaceutical company Kalypsys in 2001;the online research marketplace Scientist.com in 2007;and the non-profit lab incubator Bio,Tech and Beyond in 2013.
Creative Biolabs,Inc. is a life-science company which produces and supplies biotech products and services for early drug discovery and development,including various phage display libraries such as pre-made libraries,phage display services,antibody sequencing,and antibody humanization. Customers include pharmaceutical companies,academic institutions,government agencies,clinical research organizations and biotechnology companies.
Transient expression,more frequently referred to "transient gene expression",is the temporary expression of genes that are expressed for a short time after nucleic acid,most frequently plasmid DNA encoding an expression cassette,has been introduced into eukaryotic cells with a chemical delivery agent like calcium phosphate (CaPi) or polyethyleneimine (PEI). However,unlike "stable expression," the foreign DNA does not fuse with the host cell DNA,resulting in the inevitable loss of the vector after several cell replication cycles. The majority of transient gene expressions are done with cultivated animal cells. The technique is also used in plant cells;however,the transfer of nucleic acids into these cells requires different methods than those with animal cells. In both plants and animals,transient expression should result in a time-limited use of transferred nucleic acids,since any long-term expression would be called "stable expression."
Host cell proteins (HCPs) are process-related protein impurities that are produced by the host organism during biotherapeutic manufacturing and production. During the purification process,a majority of produced HCPs are removed from the final product. However,residual HCPs still remain in the final distributed pharmaceutical drug. Examples of HCPs that may remain in the desired pharmaceutical product include:monoclonal antibodies (mAbs),antibody-drug-conjugates (ADCs),therapeutic proteins,vaccines,and other protein-based biopharmaceuticals.
ChoKyun Rha was a Korean-born American food technologist,inventor,and professor of biomaterials science and engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She was the first Asian woman awarded tenure at MIT.
Ram Sasisekharan is an Indian-American researcher and bioengineer the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Best known for leading the international team that identified oversulfated chondroitin sulfate as a contaminant in the US heparin supply in 2007 and 2008,he had developed antibodies for dengue,yellow fever,Zika and SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Additional references
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