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The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people to the Americas. European slave ships regularly used the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage. Europeans established a coastal slave trade in the 15th century and trade to the Americas began in the 16th century, lasting through the 19th century. The vast majority of those who were transported in the transatlantic slave trade were from Central Africa and West Africa and had been sold by West African slave traders to European slave traders, while others had been captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids. European slave traders gathered and imprisoned the enslaved at forts on the African coast and then brought them to the Americas. Some Portuguese and Europeans participated in slave raids. As the National Museums Liverpool explains: "European traders captured some Africans in raids along the coast, but bought most of them from local African or African-European dealers." Many European slave traders generally did not participate in slave raids because life expectancy for Europeans in sub-Saharan Africa was less than one year during the period of the slave trade because of malaria that was endemic in the African continent. An article from PBS explains: "Malaria, dysentery, yellow fever, and other diseases reduced the few Europeans living and trading along the West African coast to a chronic state of ill health and earned Africa the name 'white man's grave.' In this environment, European merchants were rarely in a position to call the shots." The earliest known use of the phrase began in the 1830s, and the earliest written evidence was found in an 1836 published book by F. H. Rankin. Portuguese coastal raiders found that slave raiding was too costly and often ineffective and opted for established commercial relations.
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References
- ↑ FontesHistoriae Africanae
- ↑ Pindar, Ian (25 August 2007). "Review of The Inquisition: The Reign of Fear by Toby Green". The Guardian.
- ↑ "King's College London - Dr Toby Green". www.kcl.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ↑ "'A Fistful of Shells' wins 2019 Nayef Al-Rodhan Prize". Books+Publishing. 2019-10-31. Retrieved 2019-11-08.
- ↑ "Ronan Farrow, Emily Bazelon and Colson Whitehead among L.A. Times Book Prize finalists". Los Angeles Times . 19 February 2020.
- ↑ "Jurors hail works that "seek to illuminate…". January 2024.
- ↑ "Shortlist announced for £40k Wolfson History Prize". Books+Publishing. 2020-04-30. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
- ↑ "The British Academy welcomes 86 new Fellows in 2024". The British Academy. 2024-07-18. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
- 1 2 Green, Toby (2007). Inquisition : the Reign of Fear . New York: Thomas Dunne Books. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-312-53724-1.
- ↑ Archivo General de las Indias, Seville, Santa Fe 228, Expediente 63
- ↑ Archivo General de las Indias, Seville, Santa Fe 228, Expediente 81A, n.33
