Tugu inscription

Last updated

Tugu inscription
Prasasti tugu.jpg
Tugu inscription in National Museum of Indonesia
MaterialStone
Size1 metre
Writing Pallava script in Sanskrit
Createdearly 5th century
DiscoveredBatutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village, Koja, North Jakarta, Indonesia
Present location National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta
RegistrationD.124

The Tugu inscription is one of the early 5th century Tarumanagara inscriptions discovered in Batutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village, Koja, North Jakarta, in Indonesia. The inscription contains information about hydraulic projects; the irrigation and water drainage project of the Chandrabhaga river by the order of Rajadirajaguru, and also the water project of the Gomati river by the order of King Purnawarman in the 22nd year of his reign. The digging project to straighten and widen the river was conducted in order to avoid flooding in the wet season, and as an irrigation project during the dry season.

Contents

In 1911 by the initiative of P. de Roo de la Faille, the Tugu inscription was moved to Museum Bataviaasch genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen (now National Museum of Indonesia) with inventory number D.124. The inscription was carved on a round egg-like stone measuring about 1 metre.

Content

The Tugu inscription was written in Pallava script, arranged in the form of Sanskrit Sloka with Anustubh metrum, consisting of five lines that run around the surface of the stone. Just like other inscriptions from the Tarumanagara kingdom, the Tugu inscriptions do not mention the date of the edict. The date of the inscriptions was estimated and analyzed according to paleographic study which concluded that the inscriptions originated from the mid 5th century. The script of the Tugu inscription and the Cidanghyang inscription bear striking similarity, such as the script "citralaikha" written as "citralekha", leading to the assumption that the writer of these inscriptions was the same person.

The Tugu inscription is the longest Tarumanagara inscription pronounced by edict of Sri Maharaja Purnawarman. The inscription was made during the 22nd year of his reign, to commemorate the completion of the canals of the Gomati and Candrabhaga rivers. On the inscription there is an image of a staff crowned with Trisula straight to mark the separation between the beginning and the end of each sentence.

Original script

pura rajadhirajena guruna pinabahuna khata khyatam purim prapya candrabhagarnnavam yayau//
pravarddhamane dvavingsad vatsare sri gunau jasa narendradhvajabhutena srimata purnavarmmana//
prarabhya phalguna mase khata krsnastami tithau caitra sukla trayodasyam dinais siddhaikavingsakaih
ayata satsahasrena dhanusamsasatena ca dvavingsena nadi ramya gomati nirmalodaka//
pitamahasya rajarser vvidaryya sibiravanim brahmanair ggo sahasrena prayati krtadaksina//

English translation

"Long ago, the river named Candrabhaga had been dug by a noble Maharaja that have strong and tight arms, Purnawarman, to channel (water) flow to the sea, after the canal flow by his famous royal palace. In the 22nd year of His Majesty King Purnawarman's throne (reign) that shines brightly because of his intelligence and wisdom and has become the royal flag (leader) of all kings (and now) he ordered to dig the river (canal) with beautiful clear water, (the canal) named Gomati, after the canal flow through the middle of the residence of the noble elder (King Purnawarman's grandfather). The project was started in a fortunate day, date 8 half (moon) dark of the citrā asterism of the Phālguna month, and (the project) only took 21 days, with the canal is 6122 bows long. The ceremony was performed by Brahmins with 1000 cows given as the gift."

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cilincing</span> Neighborhood in Jakarta, Indonesia

Cilincing is a historic neighborhood of the coast of Jakarta, Indonesia. It is sandwiched between the Port of Tanjung Priok to the west and River Titram to the east. Cilincing has been for some decades one of the districts of North Jakarta which in turn encompasses as far as Marunda and some non-coastal hinterland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences</span>

The Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences was a Dutch learned society in Batavia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tarumanagara</span> Former kingdom in Indonesia

Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma was an early Sundanese Indianised kingdom, located in western Java, whose 5th-century ruler, Purnawarman, produced the earliest known inscriptions in Java, which are estimated to date from around 450 CE.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pontianak Sultanate</span> Former state in Indonesia

The Pontianak Kadriyah Sultanate was an Islamic Malay state that existed on the western coast of the island of Borneo from the late 18th century until its disestablishment in 1950. It was founded in 1771 by Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman Ibni Alhabib Husein bin Ahmad Alkadrie, allegedly a descendant of Sayidina Husain, in the area of the mouth of the triple junction of the small Kapuas River and the porcupine river which included a small area area ceded by the Sultan of Banten to the Dutch VOC. He had two political marriages in Kalimantan, the first to the princess of the Mempawah Kingdom, Utin Chandramidi, and the second in 1768 to Ratu Syahranum of the Banjar Sultanate, earning him the title Pangeran Nur Alam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Borobudur Temple Compounds</span> Historic site in Magelang, Central Java

Borobudur Temple Compounds is the World Heritage designation of the area of three Buddhist temples in Central Java, Indonesia. It comprises Borobudur, Mendut, and Pawon. The temples were built during the Shailendra dynasty around the 8th and 9th centuries CE and fall on a straight line.

Jan Gonda was a Dutch Indologist and the first Utrecht professor of Sanskrit. He was born in Gouda, in the Netherlands, and died in Utrecht. He studied with Willem Caland at Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht and from 1932 held positions at Utrecht and Leiden. He held the positions of Chair of Sanskrit succeeding Caland from 1929, as well as of Indology from 1932. He published scholarly articles on Indian Sanskrit and Indonesian Javanese texts for sixty years. In 1952, he published his monumental work on Sanskrit in Indonesia. His contributions to philology and Vedic literature has been oft-cited.

Kei is an Austronesian language spoken in a small region of the Moluccas, a province of Indonesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Padang Roco Inscription</span> Inscription found in West Sumatra, Indonesia

The Padang Roco Inscription, in Indonesian Prasasti Padang Roco, is an inscription dated 1286 CE, discovered near the source of Batanghari river, Padangroco temple complex, Nagari Siguntur, Sitiung, Dharmasraya Regency, West Sumatra, Indonesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minto Stone</span>

The Minto Stone or Sangguran Inscription, known in Indonesia as Prasasti Sangguran, is a 3 long tons (3.0 t), 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall epigraphy found in Malang, East Java province. In 1812, Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, then Lieutenant-Governor of the island of Java, removed it along with the so-called "Calcutta Stone" as a token of appreciation to his superior, then British Governor-General of India, Lord Minto. It consequently became part of the Minto family estate near Hawick, Roxburghshire, Scotland.

The Badaic languages are a group of three closely related Austronesian languages spoken in the North Lore and South Lore districts in Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, viz. Bada (Bada’), Behoa (Besoa), and Napu. The three languages are 80–91% lexically similar and to a great degree mutually intelligible, but their speakers are culturally distinct.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean Pierre Moquette</span>

Jean Pierre Moquette moved from the Netherlands to Java in 1873. He worked as a bookkeeper at the sugar plantation and factory 'Kremboeng', in Sidoarjo near Surabaya. He was also a stamp and coin dealer in Surabaya. He became known for the alterations of stamps and postal stationery. Besides philately, numismatics and his bookkeeping work in the sugar business, he was a researcher in the field of sugar cane. For his research of cane sowing and crossing he was in 1898 appointed Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau. In 1900 he founded the Indonesian Numismatic Cabinet in which he was active as curator. In the early 1900s he did ethnographic and historical research for which in 1924 he was appointed correspondent for the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in Amsterdam.

A good number of inscriptions written in Sanskrit language have been found in Malaysia and Indonesia. "Early inscriptions written in Indian languages and scripts abound in Southeast Asia. [...] The fact that southern Indian languages didn't travel eastwards along with the script further suggests that the main carriers of ideas from the southeast coast of India to the east - and the main users in Southeast Asia of religious texts written in Sanskrit and Pali - were Southeast Asians themselves. The spread of these north Indian sacred languages thus provides no specific evidence for any movements of South Asian individuals or groups to Southeast Asia.

Congresox talabonoides, the Indian pike conger, common eel, conger-pike eel, daggertooth pike-conger or Indian putyekanipa, is an eel in the family Muraenesocidae. It was described by Pieter Bleeker in 1853. It is a marine, tropical eel which is known from the Indo-Western Pacific, including Somalia, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, the Philippines, Hong Kong and Taiwan. It dwells at a depth range of 800 to 875 metres, and inhabits soft sediments in coastal waters and estuaries. Males can reach a maximum total length of 250 centimetres (98 in), but more commonly reach a TL of 180 centimetres (71 in).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tanjungpura Kingdom</span>

Tanjungpura Kingdom or Tanjompura was the name of an ancient 8th century kingdom that was located along the southwestern coast of Borneo facing the Java Sea, a region that today corresponds to the Ketapang Regency of West Kalimantan province of Indonesia. The kingdom experienced several moves of the royal capital, first located in Negeri Baru Ketapang Regency, then moved to Sukadana, since Rajanya Sorgi embraced Islam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Purnawarman</span> King of Tarumanagara

Purnawarman or Purnavarman was the 5th-century king of Tarumanagara, a Hindu Indianized kingdom, located in modern-day West Java, Jakarta and Banten provinces, Indonesia. Purnawarman reigned during the 5th century, and during his reign he created several stone inscriptions.

Kyai Ronggo Ngabehi Soero Pernollo, or Surapernala, born Han Tjien Kong, was a Chinese-Javanese nobleman, government official and ally of the Dutch East India Company. He founded the senior Muslim branch of the Han family of Lasem, a branch that became part of the Javanese priyayi, or aristocracy, and distinguished itself in the history of East Java.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ciaruteun inscription</span>

Ciaruteun inscription also written Ciarutön or also known as Ciampea inscription is a 5th-century stone inscription discovered on the riverbed of Ciaruteun River, a tributary of Cisadane River, not far from Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. The inscription is dated from the Tarumanagara kingdom period, one of the earliest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesian history. The inscription states King Purnawarman is the ruler of Tarumanagara.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kebon Kopi I inscription</span>

Kebon Kopi I also known as Tapak Gajah inscription, is one of several inscriptions dated from the era of Tarumanagara Kingdom circa 5th century. The inscription bearing the image of elephant footprint, which was copied from the elephant ride of King Purnawarman of Tarumanagara, which is equated with Airavata, the elephant vahana (vehicle) of Indra.

Daniel Anthony Overbeek was the last resident of Dutch Bengal between 1817 and 1825.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kali Bekasi</span> River in West Java, Indonesia

Kali Bekasi is a river that originates from a confluence of the Cikeas and Cileungsi rivers in the south of the border between the city of Bekasi and Bogor Regency. It flows northward, cutting through the city center of Bekasi towards the downstream area in Bekasi Regency, where it merges the flood control canal CBL (Cikarang-Bekasi-Laut), built during the era of President Soeharto's government in 1977 to prevent flooding in the northern coastal region of Bekasi. This canal intercepts numerous tributaries coming from the south, spanning from Cikarang to Bekasi. From the confluence point in the Babelan district, its flow is directed northwest until it meets the eastern of Jakarta Bay, part of the Java Sea.

References

  1. C.M. Pleyte, 1905/1906, "Uit Soenda’s Voortijd" Het Daghet: 176ff.
  2. H. Kern, 1910, "Een woord in ‘Sanskrit opschrift van Toegoe verbeterd", TBG [Tijschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, uitgegeven door het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen] LII: 123.
  3. N.J. Krom, 1914/1915, "Inventaris der Hindoe-oudheden", ROD [Rapporten van den Oudheidkundigen Dienst in Nederlandsch-Indië] no. 35: 19.
  4. N.J. Krom, 1931, Hindoe-Javaansche Geschiedenis, ‘s-Gravenhage, Martinus Nijhof: 79-81.
  5. J.Ph. Vogel, 1914, 1915, "The Earliest Sanskrit Inscriptions of Java" ROD: 28-35; plate 27.
  6. F.D.K. Bosch, 1951, "Guru, Drietand en Bron", BKI [Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde] 107 (2-3): 117-134. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90002457. English translation, 1961, "Guru, Trident and Spring" in Selected Studies in Indonesian Archaeology, The Hague: Martinus Nijhof: 164ff.
  7. J. Noorduyn and H.Th. Verstappen, 1972, "Purnavarman Riverworks Near Tugu" BKI 128 (2-3): 298-307.
  8. L.Ch. Damais, 1955, "Les Ecritures d’Origine Indienne en Indonesie et dans le Sud-Est Asiatique Continental’, Société des études indochinoises (Saigon), BSEI [Bulletin de la Société des études indochinoises] XXX(40): 365-382.