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Ahmed I was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1603 to 1617. Ahmed's reign is noteworthy for marking the first breach in the Ottoman tradition of royal fratricide; henceforth, Ottoman rulers would no longer systematically execute their brothers upon accession to the throne. He is also well known for his construction of the Blue Mosque, one of the most famous mosques in Turkey.
Mehmed II, commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror, was twice the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from August 1444 to September 1446 and then later from February 1451 to May 1481.
Murad II was twice the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1444 and from 1446 to 1451.
Murad III was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death in 1595. His rule saw battles with the Habsburgs and exhausting wars with the Safavids. The long-independent Morocco was for a time made a vassal of the empire but regained independence in 1582. His reign also saw the empire's expanding influence on the eastern coast of Africa. However, the empire was beset by increasing corruption and inflation from the New World which led to unrest among the Janissary and commoners. Relations with Elizabethan England were cemented during his reign as both had a common enemy in the Spanish. He was also a great patron of the arts, commissioning the Siyer-i-Nebi and other illustrated manuscripts.
The fall of Constantinople, also known as the conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. The city was captured on 29 May 1453 as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April.
The Karamanids, also known as the Emirate of Karaman and Beylik of Karaman, was one of the Anatolian beyliks, centered in South-Central Anatolia around the present-day Karaman Province. From the mid 14th century until its fall in 1487, the Karamanid dynasty was one of the most powerful beyliks in Anatolia.
Mustafa Selaniki, also known as Selanıkî Mustafa Efendi, was an Ottoman scholar and chronicler, whose Tarih-i Selâniki described the Ottoman Empire of 1563–1599. He was a secretary of the Imperial Divan but his Tarih was not servile and included criticisms of the Sultans directly. The Tarih-i Selâniki is considered one of the most individualistic accounts of 16th century Ottoman life. It also offered one of the most detailed accounts of the cold and famine in Anatolia in the 1590s related to the Little Ice Age.
İbrahim Peçevi or Peçuyli İbrahim Efendi or (in Bosnian)Ibrahim Alajbegović Pečevija (1572–1650) was an Ottoman Bosnian historian-chronicler of the Ottoman Empire.
Mustafa Naima was an Ottoman bureaucrat and historian who wrote the chronicle known as the Tārīḫ-i Na'īmā. He is often considered to be the first official historian of the Ottoman Empire, although this formal office was probably not created until the time of his successor, Rashid.
Dervish Ahmed, better known by his pen name Âşıki or family name Aşıkpaşazade, was an Ottoman historian, a prominent representative of the early Ottoman historiography. He was a descendant of mystic poet dervish Aşık Pasha (1272–1333). He was born in the region of Amasya and studied in various Anatolian towns before going to Hajj and stayed some time in Egypt. He later took part in various Ottoman campaigns, such as the Battle of Kosovo (1448), Fall of Constantinople and witnessed the circumcision festivities of Mustafa and Bayezid II the sons of Mehmed the Conqueror. Later in his life he started to write his famous history work Tevārīḫ-i Āl-i ʿOsmān.
Mahmud Pasha Angelović was the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1456 to 1466 and from 1472 to 1474. He also wrote Persian and Turkish poems under the pseudonym Adni.
The Ottomans laid siege to the city of Eger which launched a siege of Eger, that lasted from September 20 to October 12, 1596, as part of the Long War, successfully conquering it after the 7,000 defenders of the fortress, mostly foreign mercenaries, were killed by the Ottoman forces commanded by the Sultan Mehmed III himself who had arrived with the main Ottoman Army from Constantinople.
Sara Khatun was an influential woman of the Aq Qoyunlu state, as the political adviser of her son, Uzun Hasan. She was a successful and well-respected diplomatic mediator.
Şemseddin Ahmed (1469–1534), better known by his pen name Ibn Kemal or Kemalpaşazâde, was an Ottoman historian, Shaykh al-Islām, jurist and poet.
Mevlânâ Mehmed Neşri, also commonly referred to as Neshri, was an Ottoman historian, a prominent representative of the early Ottoman historiography.
Solakzade Mehmed (1592–1658), using the pen name Hemdemi, was an Ottoman historian and music composer. He wrote a famous Ottoman history titled Tarih-i Solakzade. He seems to have been the son of a Solak, a janissary bowman of the sultan's personal guard, and was born in Constantinople.
Minnetoğlu Mehmed Bey was an Ottoman Bosnian general and the first governor of the Sanjak of Bosnia, serving Sultan Mehmed II. He was of Turkish origin.
Ughurlu Muhammad Beg or Ughurlu Mehmed was a prince of the Aq Qoyunlu, son of Uzun Hassan and Jan Khatun. As the eldest son to Uzun Hasan, he governed the city of Shiraz and desired to be the ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu after the death of his father. Nevertheless, his stepmother Seljuk Shah Khatun, another wife of Uzun Hasan, prevented this. She always slandered Ughurlu Muhammad to Uzun Hasan to favor her own son, Khalil. Afterwards, he rebelled against his father and took refuge to the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed the Conqueror welcomed him and got him married to his daughter Gevherhan Hatun. Ahmad Beg was born from this marriage. Mehmed II gave him Sivas to rule, but was killed near Erzincan in the year 1477.
Ahmad Göde or Gövde Ahmad, born Sultanzade Ahmed and commonly known as Ahmad Beg or Sultan Ahmad, was a ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu.
After the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the sultans of the Ottoman Empire laid claim to be the legitimate Roman emperors, in succession to the Byzantine emperors who had previously ruled from Constantinople. Based on the concept of right of conquest, the sultans at times assumed the styles kayser-i Rûm and basileus. The assumption of the heritage of the Roman Empire also led the Ottoman sultans to claim to be universal monarchs, the rightful rulers of the entire world.
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