Umfolozi River

Umfolozi River
Umfolozi River
	Satellite image of the Umfolozi and Hluhluwe River rivers converging at the St. Lucia estuary in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, in northern KwaZulu-Natal
	Location of the Umfolozi River mouth
Native name	imFolozi (Zulu)
Location
Country	South Africa
Province	KwaZulu-Natal
Physical characteristics
Mouth
• location	KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
• coordinates	28°23′32″S32°25′27″E / 28.39222°S 32.42417°E

Last updated May 10, 2024

The Umfolozi River (also uMfolozi, Imfolozi or Mfolozi) is a river in KwaZulu-Natal, a province of South Africa. It is formed by the confluence of the Black (Imfolozi emnyama) and White Umfolozi (Imfolozi emhlope) Rivers near the southeastern boundary of the Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve. The isiZulu name imFolozi is generally considered to describe the zigzag course followed by both tributaries, though other explanations have been given.^[1]

The river flows in an easterly direction to the Indian Ocean at Maphelana, a coastal resort just south of the St Lucia River mouth. It originally meandered over the Monzi Flats, where it split into numerous slow-flowing channels before entering the St. Lucia Estuary at Honeymoon Bend. The slow-moving water and reed beds in channels operated as a natural filtering system that removed silt from the Umfolozi floodwaters and created a rich habitat for numerous species.

Ecology

During the 1950s, the Umfolozi Landowners Association contained and artificially channelled the river through the Monzi Flats to develop sugarcane farms. The new Umfolozi canal resulted in the unfiltered water depositing its silt load after entering the slower moving St. Lucia Estuary. This caused the estuary mouth to rapidly silt up. There had only been one record of this occurring until that time, during the sustained drought during the 1930s.

At 28°20′58″S31°58′46″E / 28.34944°S 31.97944°E / -28.34944; 31.97944 the Black Umfolozi River and the White Umfolozi River, join to form the Umfolozi.

Characteristics

It is a meandering river, with a catchment area of 11,068 km³. It is 38 metres wide near its mouth, with a slope gradient of 0.36 m/km. The average diameter of the bed material is 0.35 mm (sand).^[2]

Sediment problems

The river transports carries annually 1.4 million tonnes of suspended sediment to the ocean.^[2] The government started a costly dredging operation in the estuary mouth area, but it proved ineffective. After years of dredging, the next plan was to prevent the Umfolozi River from entering the St Lucia estuary. The Umfolozi River was canalised straight out to sea at Maphelana. The impact of this decision continues; the silt plume from the river is often blown by strong south winds as far north as Sodwana Bay, 100 km away. The changes threaten the coral reefs, which provide fish habitat and protect the shore. In addition, it jeopardises the associated good snorkelling available at Cape Vidal, part of iSimangaliso Wetland Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Fish

The scaly yellowfish (Labeobarbus natalensis) is a fish found in the Umfolozi River System as well as in the Umzimkulu, Umkomazi, Tugela and the Mgeni. It is a common endemic species in KwaZulu-Natal Province and it lives in different habitats between the Drakensberg foothills and the coastal lowlands.^[3]

Aerial photos

The Mfolozi Rivers are seen converging on the iSimangaliso Wetland Park
The old and new courses near the mouth, with the Msunduzi converging from the left (i.e. south), enclosing a wetland. Also note the silt plume at sea.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hluhluwe</span> Place in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

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The White Umfolozi River originates just west of Vryheid, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa and has a confluence with the Black Umfolozi River at 28°20′58″S31°58′46″E to form the Umfolozi River, which flows eastward towards the Indian Ocean.

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The Black Umfolozi River is one of the two main tributaries to the Umfolozi River in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. It forms part of the Upper Umfolozi – the Lower Umfolozi being the area downstream of its confluence with the White Umfolozi. It main source is in KwaMnyathi area in Vryheid and flows through most areas in Zululand till it confluence with White Umfolozi near Hlabisa

The iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area is a coastal and offshore marine protected area in KwaZulu-Natal from the South Africa-Mozambique border in the north to Cape St Lucia lighthouse in the south.

References

↑ du Plessis, E.J. (1973). Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername. Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town. p. 273. ISBN 0-624-00273-X.
1 2 Hanibal Lemma, and colleagues (2019). "Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia". Journal of Hydrology. 577: 123968. Bibcode:2019JHyd..57723968L. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968. S2CID 199099061.
↑ "Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-06-29. Retrieved 2012-03-29.

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[1] u Plessis, E.J. (1973). Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername. Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town. p. 273. ISBN 0-624-00273-X.

[hani-2] 1 2 Hanibal Lemma, and colleagues (2019). "Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia". Journal of Hydrology. 577: 123968. Bibcode:2019JHyd..57723968L. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968. S2CID 199099061.

[3] "Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-06-29. Retrieved 2012-03-29.

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