| UN Security Council Resolution 2093 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Date | 6 March 2013 | |
| Meeting no. | 6,929 | |
| Code | S/RES/2093 (Document) | |
| Subject | The situation in Somalia | |
Voting summary |
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| Result | Adopted | |
| Security Council composition | ||
Permanent members | ||
Non-permanent members | ||
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 2093 was unanimously adopted on 6 March 2013.
Upon assuming office, President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud and his Cabinet in the new Federal Government of Somalia resumed efforts by Somali and international stakeholders to end the 21-year UN arms embargo on Somalia, [1] which was at the time the oldest such global weapons blockade. [2] The Security Council had imposed the prohibition in 1992, shortly after the start of the civil war and the toppling of the Siad Barre regime, in order to stop the flow of weapons to feuding militia groups. [1] An eventual repeal of the embargo had been among the future objectives of the signatories in the transitional Roadmap political process of 2011-2012. [3] Mohamud's government, Somali security analysts and military experts argued that lifting the ban on the procurement of arms would facilitate the Somali authorities' attempts at strengthening the Somali Armed Forces, and would more effectively equip the military to quash the remnants of the Islamist insurgency. [4] The United States, [1] African Union, [4] Arab League, [5] and Intergovernmental Authority on Development all backed the proposal. [6] In March 2013, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon likewise urged Security Council members to vote to remove the sanctions so as to help the Somali authorities fortify their security apparatus and consolidate military gains. [7]
Although the United Kingdom and France reportedly expressed reservations over increasing the general flow of arms into Somalia, UK officials began drafting a resolution to ease the embargo on weapons purchases by the Somali government for a provisional period of one year. [1] The draft resolution would require either the Somali authorities or the state supplying the military equipment to notify the council "at least five days in advance of any deliveries of weapons and military equipment[...] providing details of such deliveries and assistance and the specific place of delivery in Somalia". Additionally, the proposal mandates that the Somali government should routinely provide updates on the army's structural status, as well as information on the extant infrastructure and protocols designed to ensure the weaponry's safe delivery, storage and maintenance. [7]
At its 6 March 2013 meeting, the 15-member UN Security Council unanimously approved resolution 2093 to suspend the arms embargo on Somalia for a one year period. The endorsement officially lifts the purchase ban on light weapons, but retains certain restrictions on the procurement of heavy arms such as surface-to-air missiles, howitzers and cannons. [2] It stipulates that the blockade "shall not apply to deliveries of weapons or military equipment or the provision of advice, assistance or training, intended solely for the development of the security forces of the Federal Government of Somalia, and to provide security for the Somali people, except in relation to deliveries of the items set out in the annex to this resolution." [8] The repeal adds that the arms will be supplied "solely for the development of the security forces of the Federal Government of Somalia may not be resold to, transferred to, or made available for use by, any individual or entity not in the service of the Security Forces of the Federal Government of Somalia." [8] It was slated to be reviewed in 2014. [7]
The resolution also extended the mandate of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) for another year, until 28 February 2014. [9] Similarly, it decided that the United Nations Political Office for Somalia (UNPOS) had fulfilled its mandate and should be replaced by a new expanded special political mission as soon as possible; that mission emerged as the United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) under Security Council resolution 2102 of 2 May 2013.
The Somali Armed Forces are the military forces of the Federal Republic of Somalia. Headed by the president as commander-in-chief, they are constitutionally mandated to ensure the nation's sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity.
The Somali Civil War is an ongoing civil war that is taking place in Somalia. It grew out of resistance to the military junta which was led by Siad Barre during the 1980s. From 1988 to 1990, the Somali Armed Forces began engaging in combat against various armed rebel groups, including the Somali Salvation Democratic Front in the northeast, the Somali National Movement in the northwest, and the United Somali Congress in the south. The clan-based armed opposition groups overthrew the Barre government in 1991.
An arms embargo is a restriction or a set of sanctions that applies either solely to weaponry or also to "dual-use technology." An arms embargo may serve one or more purposes:
The African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) was a Multinational force operated by the African Union with the approval of the United Nations Security Council. It was mandated to support transitional governmental structures, implement a national security plan, train the Somali security forces, and to assist in creating a secure environment for the delivery of humanitarian aid. As part of its duties, AMISOM supported the Federal Government of Somalia's forces in their battle against Al-Shabaab militants.
Various international and local diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in the Somali Civil War have been in effect since the conflict first began in the early 1990s. The latter include diplomatic initiatives put together by the African Union, the Arab League and the European Union, as well as humanitarian efforts led by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), UNICEF, the World Food Programme (WFP), the Puntland Maritime Police Force (PMPF) and the Somali Red Crescent Society (SRCS).
Somalia–United States relations are bilateral relations between the Federal Republic of Somalia and the United States of America. Somalia has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and the United States maintains an embassy in Mogadishu which was reopened in late 2019.
The Somali civil war (2009–present) is the ongoing phase of the Somali civil war which is concentrated in southern and central Somalia. It began in late January 2009 with the present conflict mainly between the forces of the Federal Government of Somalia assisted by African Union peacekeeping troops and al-Shabaab militants who pledged alliegence to al-Qaeda during 2012.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1863, adopted unanimously on January 16, 2009, after recalling resolutions 733 (1992), 751 (1992), 1356 (2001), 1425 (2002), 1519 (2003), 1725 (2006), 1744 (2007), 1772 (2007), 1801 (2008), 1811 (2008), 1814 (2008), 1831 (2008) and 1844 (2008) on the situation in Somalia, the Council its intention to establish a peace-keeping force in war-torn Somalia and called on Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to develop, by April 15, 2009, a mandate for the proposed mission, which would replace the existing African Union force in the country (AMISOM).
The United Nations Support Office for AMISOM (UNSOA) was a field support operation led by the United Nations Department of Field Support (DFS). It was located in Mogadishu and Nairobi in East Africa, focused on support of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM).
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1916, adopted unanimously on March 19, 2010, after recalling resolutions 733 (1992), 1519 (2003), 1558 (2004), 1587 (2004), 1630 (2005), 1676 (2006), 1724 (2006), 1744 (2007), 1766 (2007), 1772 (2007), 1801 (2008), 1811 (2008), 1844 (2008), 1853 (2008), 1862 (2009), 1894 (2009) and 1907 (2009), the Council extended the term of the Monitoring Group for 12 months and expanded its mandate to include the monitoring of the arms embargo on Eritrea in addition to Somalia.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1724, adopted unanimously on November 29, 2006, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Somalia, particularly resolutions 733 (1992), 1519 (2003), 1558 (2004), 1587 (2005), 1630 (2006) and 1676 (2006), the Council re-established a group to monitor the arms embargo against the country for a further six months and condemned an increase in the flow of weapons to the country.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1801 was unanimously adopted on 20 February 2008.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1814 was unanimously adopted on 15 May 2008. The resolution called for the United Nations to provide economic, political and technical support to Somalia, with a possible UN peacekeeping force.
The Puntland Maritime Police Force (PMPF) is a security force based in Puntland, an autonomous region in northeastern Somalia. As of May 2024, the PMPF had around 4800 personnel. The force is eventually expected to comprise 10,000 personnel.
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud is a Somali politician who has served as the president of Somalia since May 2022, having previously held the office from 2012 to 2017. He is the founder and current chairman of the Union for Peace and Development Party. He was indirectly elected as President of the Federal Republic of Somalia on 15 May 2022, defeating the incumbent president Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed. A civil and political rights activist, Hassan was previously a university professor and dean at SIMAD University, which he co-founded.
On 14 August 2006, Galmudug declared autonomy in central Somalia.
The Political history of Somalia covers the development of the Somali government and institutional systems following the collapse of the Siad Barre regime in 1991.
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud's tenure as the 8th President of Somalia began with his inauguration on 16 September, 2012 and ended on 16 February, 2017.
Division "12 April" is a division/area command of the Somali National Army. It was established in 2014, supervising Somali troops in the areas of AMISOM Sectors 1 and 5 around Mogadishu.
