Wexford Croppie Pikemen | |
Location | N25 road to New Ross |
---|---|
Designer | Éamonn O'Doherty |
Material | Bronze |
Completion date | 1798 |
Dedicated to | 1798 Rising |
The Wexford Rebellion refers to the events of the Irish Rebellion of 1798 in County Wexford. From 27 May until 21 June 1798, Society of United Irishmen rebels revolted against British rule in the county, engaging in multiple confrontations with Crown forces. The most successful and destructive rising in all the counties of Ireland, United Irishmen rebels experienced a number of early successes in the county despite being seen as a relatively loyal county by the Dublin Castle administration due to a series of military victories. However, the tide soon turned against the United Irishmen in Wexford as Crown forces poured into the region, engaging in a brutal counterinsurgency which indiscriminately targeted suspected rebels and eventually suppressed all rebel activities in the county. [1]
The County Wexford branch of the Society of United Irishmen had remained relatively intact during the government repression by the Dublin Castle administration which saw neighbouring branches in other counties of Ireland severely weakened. However, in May 1798, just as the Irish Rebellion of 1798 erupted in County Kildare, militia troops arrested yeomanry veteran and senior United Irishmen leader Anthony Perry in Inch, County Wexford. Perry was taken to Gorey and interrogated; after enduring a session of torture, including pitchcapping, he identified a number of people as United Irishmen leaders, including Bagenal Harvey, all of whom were arrested by Crown forces.[ citation needed ]
News of the arrests and of the Dunlavin Green executions in County Wicklow spread throughout Wexford, and on the night of 26 May, rebels (known as Croppies for their short haircut) mobilised throughout north county Wexford and attacked military and loyalist targets for arms. The government rushed in troops, generally known as "Yeomen". Next morning the rebels gathered at Oulart Hill and Ballyminaun Hill. At Ballyminaun the rebels were crushed, but they won a significant victory at Oulart Hill, led by Father John Murphy and others, defeating a company of soldiers. On the way to Enniscorthy the Croppies increased their numbers to about 6,000. They won victory in Enniscorthy on 28 May, and two days later took Wexford town from one Colonel Maxwell. When the rebels entered Enniscorthy on 28 May they found that one of the leading merchants, William Barker, had been a captain in Walsh's Regiment of the Irish Brigade in the service of King Louis XVI and had returned to the town to manage the family business on the dissolution of the Irish Brigade at the Revolution in 1798. They persuaded him to join them. Following the Battle of Three Rocks, the seizure of Wexford town and county on 30 May by the United Irishmen Insurgent forces under Colonel Thomas Cloney closed the first phase of the Wexford Rising and increased the rebels' numbers to 10,000.
The second phase of the Rising occurred between 1 June and 21 June 1798. The citizens of County Wexford established a republican regime with civilian leadership. This republic decided to split up the rebels of Wexford; one group was to move north toward Dublin, the other west toward New Ross. The group sent toward New Ross suffered nearly 2,000 deaths. They attacked on 5 June and took most of the town. Fierce street fighting commenced with huge casualties. The Croppies retreated after a counterattack when they ran out of ammunition. This group was practically dismantled after the Battle of New Ross and gradually dwindled.
John Kelly of Killanne was under orders from Bagenal Harvey to attack military outposts held by Crown forces around New Ross but on no account to attack the town itself. The rebels outnumbered the Crown forces and so a messenger was sent out under a white flag to give them a chance to surrender. When this messenger was shot carrying the white flag the rebels attacked.
Kelly's column of 800 men attacked and broke through New Ross's "Three Bullet Gate" and into the town. Kelly was wounded in the groin as they retreated. He was brought to his sister's house in Wexford, but after the fall of Wexford on 21 June, he was dragged from his bed, and was hanged on 25 June 1798 along with seven other rebel leaders, on Wexford Bridge. His body was decapitated, the trunk thrown into the River Slaney and the head kicked through the streets before being set on display on a spike. According to Jonah Barrington's memoirs, Kelly's sister looked out through her lace curtains on hearing a commotion and saw the Yeomen playing football with her brother's head.
It was after this battle that the infamous massacre of Scullabogue occurred. Rebel soldiers had previously gathered approximately 200 civilian men women and children in an outbuilding on a farm close to the battle, suspecting them of being loyal to the Crown. Word came from New Ross that the Yeomen had attacked and burned rebel first aid stations in New Ross. On hearing this, one of the prisoners is said to have played the mocking tune Croppies Lie Down on the uilleann pipes. Some of the rebels barred the doors and set the barn alight, burning to death all but two of those trapped inside. After several victories, the second rebel group was defeated at Arklow, which would have been a significant victory, but was lost on 9 June due to a lack of ammunition. [1]
The Wexford Croppies finally faced defeat after General Lake launched several attacks. As rain poured on the county for the first time since the rebellion began, General Lake's men entered the county from five points: Duncannon, New Ross, Newtownbarry, Carnew and Arklow. By 20 June, the surviving rebels were pushed back to Vinegar Hill. During this period one of the rebel leaders, Thomas Dixon, based in Wexford Town, killed 100 local people suspected of being loyalists, rounding them up on Wexford bridge and running them through with pikes and throwing their corpses in the river.
General Lake took Enniscorthy and Vinegar Hill on 21 June despite a gallant defence led by William Barker and Fr Moses Kearns and eventually pushed all the way into Wexford town where the republic was dismantled and rebels fled. Many of the significant leaders of the Rising, both politically and on the battlefield were captured and executed. This included Father John Murphy who was hanged at Tullow, Matthew Keogh the rebel governor of Wexford Town, hanged on Wexford bridge on 25 June, and Bagenal Harvey the commander-in-chief in Wexford, Cornelius Grogan and John Henry Colclough who were hanged on Wexford Bridge on 28 June 1798. [2] William Barker escaped back to France. [3]
Local historian William Sweetman published a collection of the transcripts of the 1798 trials in 2013.
After the suppression of the rebellion by the British Crown, it was widely held in Ireland that the Wexford Rebellion was fuelled by sectarian tensions between Catholics and Protestants. [4] However, throughout the rebellion, prominent rebel leaders claimed that the rebellion was motivated by purely political reasons and not an issue of religion. Although some massacres that occurred throughout the duration of the rebellion do suggest sectarian tensions as motives, the fact that the United Irishmen were both Protestant and Catholic in addition to the republic formed in county Wexford suggests that this rebellion was indeed political. Grain prices collapsed in 1797 and 1798, in part due to the imposition of new taxes on the malt industry, causing hardship in many regions, but Wexford especially. Primarily, the rebels fought for a reform of legislature and the redistribution of political power.
The Irish Rebellion of 1798 was a popular insurrection against the British Crown in what was then the separate, but subordinate, Kingdom of Ireland. The main organising force was the Society of United Irishmen. First formed in Belfast by Presbyterians opposed to the landed Anglican establishment, the Society, despairing of reform, sought to secure a republic through a revolutionary union with the country's Catholic majority. The grievances of a rack-rented tenantry drove recruitment.
The Battle of New Ross was a military engagement which took place in New Ross, County Wexford during the Irish Rebellion of 1798. It was fought between the Society of United Irishmen rebels and government forces garrisoning the town. The attack on the town of New Ross on the River Barrow, was an attempt by the recently victorious rebels to break out of county Wexford across the river Barrow and to spread the rebellion into county Kilkenny and the outlying province of Munster.
The Battle of Vinegar Hill was a military engagement during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 on 21 June 1798 between a force of approximately 13,000 government troops under the command of Gerard Lake and 16,000 United Irishmen rebels led by Anthony Perry. The battle, a major rebel defeat, took place on 21 June 1798 on a large rebel camp on Vinegar Hill and in the streets of Enniscorthy, County Wexford and marked the last major attempt by the rebels to hold and control territory taken in Wexford.
The Battle of Oulart Hill took place on 27 May 1798 when a rebel gathering of between 4,000 and 5,000 annihilated a detachment of 110 militia sent from Wexford town to stamp out the spreading rebellion in County Wexford.
The Battle of Three Rocks was a United Irish victory during the Wexford Rebellion, a part of the 1798 rebellion, against a British artillery column marching to reinforce Wexford town against anticipated rebel attack.
John Kelly lived in the town of Killanne in the parish of Rathnure, west of Enniscorthy, in County Wexford in Ireland, and was a United Irish leader who fought in the Irish Rebellion of 1798. Kelly was obviously well known to rebels and loyalists alike during the short duration of the Wexford Rebellion but almost nothing is known of him outside this time. He was one of the leaders of the rebel victory at the Battle of Three Rocks which led to the capture of Wexford town but was later seriously wounded while leading a rebel column at the Battle of New Ross.
Anthony Perry, known as the "screeching general" was one of the most important leaders of the United Irish Wexford rebels during the 1798 rebellion.
Killanne is a rural village roughly 12 kilometres (7 mi) west of Enniscorthy, County Wexford, Ireland.
John Murphy was an Irish Roman Catholic priest of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ferns, who is mainly remembered for his central role in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 in County Wexford, which is sometimes known as the Wexford Rebellion. He led the rebels to one of their initial victories over a government militia at Oulart Hill, and in the following weeks became one of the rebellion's main leaders.
Events from the year 1798 in Ireland.
"Boolavogue" is an Irish ballad commemorating the campaign of Father John Murphy and his army in County Wexford during the Irish Rebellion of 1798. It was composed by Patrick Joseph McCall in 1898, the centenary of the Rebellion.
The Battle of the Harrow took place on 26 May 1798 and was the first clash of the Irish Rebellion of 1798 in County Wexford. It was fought between government forces and United Irishmen insurgents under the leadership of a local priest, John Murphy who had mobilized following reports of atrocities by the yeomanry during the rebellion led by the United Irishmen revolutionary organisation.
Beauchamp Bagenal Harvey was a barrister and a commander of the United Irishmen in the Battle of New Ross during the 1798 Rebellion.
Fr. Michael Murphy was an Irish Roman Catholic priest and United Irishmen leader during the Irish Rebellion of 1798.
The Battle of Enniscorthy was a land battle fought during the Irish Rebellion of 1798, on 28 May 1798, when an overwhelming force of rebels assailed the town of Enniscorthy, County Wexford, which was defended only by a 300-strong garrison supported by loyalist civilians. On the previous day at nearby Oulart, several thousand rebels led by Fr John Murphy had massacred a detachment of the North Cork militia, amounting to 110 officers and men.
Philip Roche was an Irish Roman Catholic priest who in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 commanded insurgents in Wexford and was subsequently executed.
Cornelius Grogan (1738?–1798), was a United Irishman and commissary-general in the insurgent army of Wexford in the Rebellion of 1798.
John Henry Colclough was a United Irishman, who was executed in Wexford following the Irish Rebellion of 1798.
Wexford Bridge is a road bridge in Wexford, the county town of County Wexford in Ireland. It crosses the mouth of the River Slaney from Wexford town on the west bank to Ferrybank on the east bank. It carries the R741 road from Wexford towards Dublin and the north. The bridge consists of 7 spans of maximum length 63 metres and 12 metres wide, made of continuous steel girders carrying composite concrete slabs. Including the approach roads, the total length of the bridge is 590 metres, of which 380 metres are over water.
Matthew Keogh or Keugh or Keough was the United Irish governor of Wexford town during the Irish rebellion of 1798. Held responsible for a massacre of loyalists in the town, he was hanged following its recapture by Crown forces.