County Kildare

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County Kildare
Contae Chill Dara
County
County Kildare COA.svg
Coat of arms
Nickname: 
The Thoroughbred County
Motto(s): 
Meanma agus Misneach (Irish)
"Spirit and Courage"
Island of Ireland location map Kildare.svg
Location of County Kildare (dark green) in Ireland
Coordinates: 53°12′N6°48′W / 53.200°N 6.800°W / 53.200; -6.800
CountryIreland
Province Leinster
Region Eastern and Midland
Established1297 [1]
County town Naas
Largest settlement Naas
Government
 •  Local authority Kildare County Council
 •  Dáil constituencies Kildare North
Kildare South
 •  EP constituency Midlands–North-West
Area
 • Total1,695 km2 (654 sq mi)
 • Rank 24th
Highest elevation
(Cupidstown Hill)
379 m (1,243 ft)
Population
 (2022) [2]
 • Total246,977
 • Rank 7th
 • Density150/km2 (380/sq mi)
Time zone UTC±0 (WET)
 • Summer (DST) UTC+1 (IST)
Eircode routing keys
R14, R45, R51, W12, W23, W34, W91 (primarily)
Telephone area codes 01, 045, 059 (primarily)
ISO 3166 code IE-KE
Vehicle index
mark code 		KE
Website Official website OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
County Kildare

County Kildare (Irish : Contae Chill Dara) is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the Eastern and Midland Region. It is named after the town of Kildare. Kildare County Council is the local authority for the county, which had a population of 246,977 at the 2022 census. [2]

Contents

Geography and subdivisions

Kildare is the 24th-largest of Ireland's 32 counties in area and the seventh-largest in terms of population. It is the eighth largest of Leinster's twelve counties in size, and the second largest in terms of population. It is bordered by the counties of Carlow, Laois, Meath, Offaly, South Dublin and Wicklow. As an inland county, Kildare is generally a lowland region. The county's highest points are the foothills of the Wicklow Mountains bordering to the east. The highest point in Kildare is Cupidstown Hill on the border with South Dublin, with the better-known Hill of Allen in central Kildare.

Towns and villages

Physical geography

Looking east across the broad plains of South Kildare to the distant Wicklow Hills. Ireland - Plains of South Kildare.jpg
Looking east across the broad plains of South Kildare to the distant Wicklow Hills.

The county has three major rivers running through it: the Barrow, the Liffey and the Boyne. The Grand Canal crosses the county from Lyons on the east to Rathangan and Monasterevin on the west. A southern branch joins the Barrow navigation at Athy. The Royal Canal stretches across the north of the county along the border with Meath. Pollardstown Fen is the largest remaining calcareous fen in Ireland, covering an area of 220 hectares and is recognised as an internationally important fen ecosystem with unique and endangered plant communities, and was declared a National Nature Reserve in 1986.

The Bog of Allen is a large bog that extends across 958 km2 (370 sq mi) and into County Kildare, County Meath, County Offaly, County Laois, and County Westmeath. Kildare has 243 km2 (94 sq mi) of bog (almost 14% of Kildare's land area) mostly located in the south-west and north-west, a majority of this being Raised Bog. It is a habitat for over 185 plant and animal species.

There are 8,472 hectares (20,930 acres) of forested land in Kildare, accounting for roughly 5% of the county's total land area. 4,056 hectares (10,020 acres) of this is coniferous, while there is 2,963 hectares (7,320 acres) of broadleaf and the remaining area are unclassified species. Coillte and Dúchas currently own 47% of the forestry. Coillte runs Donadea Forest Park which is in North-Central Kildare. The forest covers 259 hectares (640 acres) of mixed woodland (60% broadleaf, 40% conifer) and is the largest forest park in Kildare.

History

Kildare was shired in 1297 [5] and assumed its present borders in 1832, following amendments to remove a number of enclaves and exclaves.

The county was the home of the powerful Fitzgerald family. Parts of the county were also part of the Pale area around Dublin.

Governance and politics

Local government

Kildare County Council is the local authority for the county. The council has 40 members, elected in the local electoral areas of: Athy (5 seats), Celbridge (4 seats), Leixlip (3 seats), Clane (5 seats), Maynooth (5 Seats), Kildare (5 seats), Newbridge (6 Seats) and Naas (7 Seats). These form the municipal districts of Athy, Celbridge–Leixlip, Clane–Maynooth, Kildare–Newbridge, and Naas. [6] The current council was elected in May 2019.

Kildare County Council nominates three councillors to the Eastern and Midland Regional Assembly, who are part of the Mid-East strategic planning area committee. [7]

Former districts

Kildare was formerly divided into the rural districts of Athy No. 1, Celbridge No. 1, Edenderry No. 2, and Naas No. 1, and the urban districts of Athy and Naas. [8] The rural districts were abolished in 1925. [9] Newbridge or Droichead Nua, within the former rural district of Naas No. 1, had town commissioners, and Leixlip was given that status too in 1988. [10] The urban districts of Athy and Naas and the town commissioners of Newbridge and Leixlip became town councils in 2002. [11] All town councils in Ireland were abolished in 2014. [12]

National elections

For elections to Dáil Éireann, there are two constituencies in the county: Kildare North (4 seats) and Kildare South (4 seats). [13] At the 2020 Irish general election, Kildare North returned Catherine Murphy (SD), Réada Cronin (SF), Bernard Durkan (FG), and James Lawless (FF), while Kildare South returned Sean Ó Fearghaíl (FF) (returned automatically as outgoing Ceann Comhairle), Patricia Ryan (SF), Martin Heydon (FG), and Cathal Berry (Ind).

For elections to the European Parliament, it is part of the Midlands–North-West constituency (4 MEPs).

Demographics

The county's population has nearly doubled to 186,000 from 1990 to 2005. The northeastern region of Kildare had the highest average per-capita income in Ireland outside County Dublin in 2003. East Kildare's population has increased rapidly, for example, the amount of housing in the Naas suburb of Sallins has increased sixfold since the mid-1990s.[ citation needed ]

As of 2022 the population of the county was 246,977. Ethnically, the 2016 census recorded County Kildare as 84% white Irish, 9% other white ethnicities, 2% black, 2% Asian, 1% of other ethnicities, and 2% not stated. For religion, the census recorded a population that was 80% Catholic, 9% of other stated religions, 10% with no religion and 2% not stated. [3]

Ethnic groups

Main immigrant groups, 2016 [14]
NationalityPopulation
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 10,527
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 6,869
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 1,550
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 1,156
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 1,120
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 1,088
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 1,082
Flag of India.svg  India 929
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 845
Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova 829

Urban areas and populations

Town [15] Population 2016Population 2022
Naas 21,39326,180 (+4,787)
Newbridge 22,74224,366 (+1,624)
Celbridge 20,28820,601 (+313)
Maynooth 14,58517,259 (+2,674)
Leixlip 15,50416,733 (+1,229)
Athy 9,67711,035 (+1,358)
Kildare 8,63410,302 (+1,668)
Kilcock 6,0938,674 (+2,581)
Clane 7,2808,152 (+872)
Sallins 5,8496,269 (+420)
Monasterevin 4,2465,307 (+1,061)
Kill 3,3483,818 (+470)
Kilcullen 3,7103,815 (+105)

Health care

County Kildare hospitals include Naas General Hospital and Clane General Hospital.

Transport

Road

County Kildare houses the hub of Ireland's network of major roads.

The N4 (M4) from Dublin to Sligo travels along the north of the county by-passing the towns of Leixlip, Maynooth and Kilcock.

The M7 from Dublin to Limerick runs through the county and bypasses the towns of Naas, Newbridge, Kildare and Monasterevin. This road is colloquially referred to as the "Naas Dual carriageway" because when it was originally up-graded in 1964 the road from Dublin to Naas was a double-lane carriageway, one of the first of its kind in Ireland.

The M9 is another motorway that commences at Kilcullen and ends at Waterford. It is motorway standard for its entire length.

Rail

The county is also served by the trains connecting with Dublin, southern Leinster, Munster and Connacht, with daily connections to Cork, Waterford, Limerick, and Galway. The principal Irish Rail InterCity train station in the county is Kildare, however, Newbridge, Sallins and Hazelhatch are also served by South Western Commuter services, while Maynooth, in northern County Kildare, is served by Western Commuter and Sligo InterCity services.

Waterway

River Barrow and White's Castle, Athy River Barrow and WhitesCastle Athy.JPG
River Barrow and White's Castle, Athy

Kildare is the centre of Ireland's Grand Canal network built in the late 18th century. This connects Kildare with Waterford, Dublin, Limerick and Athlone. The Royal Canal runs west from Dublin and parts of it form the boundary with County Meath.

Irish language

There are 4,491 Irish speakers in County Kildare; 2,451 attending the seven Gaelscoils (Irish language primary schools) and one Gaelcholáiste (Irish language secondary school). [16] According to the Irish Census 2006, 2,040 people in the county identify themselves as being daily Irish speakers outside the education system.

Education

Newbridge College Dominican College Newbridge.jpg
Newbridge College

Sport

GAA

Horses near Pollardstown Fen KildareHorses057.JPG
Horses near Pollardstown Fen

The nickname for the Kildare GAA team is the Lilywhites, as a result of its early jerseys being made from the bags of the Lilywhite Bakery. The all-white jerseys they wear are in reference to this.

In 1928, Kildare became the first team to win the Sam Maguire trophy for the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, defeating Cavan 2–6 to 2–5. However, since then Kildare has reached the All-Ireland Football Championship Final on four occasions, the last being in 1998, but has failed on all four attempts.

County Kildare is also known as the Shortgrass County which is a reference to how short the grass is on the commons of the Curragh.

Golf

The Michael Smurfit owned K Club, situated on the River Liffey near Straffan played host to the 2006 Ryder Cup.

Carton House Golf Club is located in Maynooth. The Golfing Union of Ireland, the longest established golf union in the world, have their national headquarters on the estate. This facility also comprises the GUI National Academy, an 8.9-hectare (22-acre; 89,000-square-metre) teaching facility for up-and-coming golfers, as well as being a facility available to all golfers in Ireland.

Other prominent courses are located at Knockanally and Clane.

Horse racing

Kildare is famous worldwide for its horse racing. [17] [18] The Curragh horse-racing course is the home to all five Irish Classic Flat races. Also located in County Kildare are two other courses, Punchestown Racecourse, home of the National Hunt Festival of Ireland, and Naas Racecourse, which runs both National Hunt and Flat meetings and is used by top racehorse trainers as a test for horses preparing for the Cheltenham festival.

The county is famous for the quality of horses bred in the many stud farms to which it is home, including the Irish National Stud and many other top studs such as Gilltown, Moyglare and Kildangan Stud, and race horse training establishments, such as the Osborne Stables.

Motorsports

Kildare is the home to Mondello Park, Ireland's only international motorsport venue. Established by Martin Birrane in 1968 on 45 hectares (110 acres), and redeveloped in 1999/2000, the facility incorporates 3.5 km (2.2 mi) of race track, 24 race garages and 12 Hospitality Suites. The Circuit also has 3 km (1.9 mi) of extreme off-road driving trails and a 2-hectare (5-acre) off-road activities centre and the Museum of Motorsport. Mondello Park was awarded the FIA International race track status in 2001. It is host to National and International Race events, Motor Shows, Car & Bike Track days, Training Schools and Corporate Events.

Soccer

Kildare County F.C. was a League of Ireland club from 2002 until 2009, based in Newbridge, where Leinster Senior League side Newbridge Town F.C. was invited to join the league in 2002, however, a broader Kildare-based franchise was created instead, playing out of Station Road, Newbridge.

Places of interest

Notable people

Sports

Writers, musicians, and entertainers

Twinning

County Kildare is twinned with the following places:

Both are major centres of the Thoroughbred breeding industry in their respective countries.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maynooth</span> University town in County Kildare, Ireland

Maynooth is a university town in north County Kildare, Ireland. It is home to Maynooth University and St Patrick's College, a Pontifical University and Ireland's sole Roman Catholic seminary. Maynooth is also the seat of the Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference and holds the headquarters of Ireland's largest development charity, Trócaire. Maynooth is located 24 kilometres west of central Dublin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naas</span> County town of Kildare, Ireland

Naas is the county town of County Kildare in Ireland. In 2022, it had a population of 26,180, making it the largest town in County Kildare and the fourteenth-largest urban centre in Ireland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Newbridge, County Kildare</span> Town in County Kildare, Ireland

Newbridge, officially known by its Irish name Droichead Nua, is a town in County Kildare, Ireland. While the nearby Great Connell Priory was founded in the 13th century, the town itself formed from the 18th century onwards, and grew rapidly alongside a military barracks which opened in the early 19th century. Taking on the name Newbridge in the 20th century, the town expanded to support the local catchment, and also as a commuter town for Dublin. Doubling in population during the 20 years between 1991 and 2011, its population of 24,366 in 2022 makes it the second largest town in Kildare and the sixteenth-largest in Ireland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Celbridge</span> Town in County Kildare, Ireland

Celbridge is a town and townland on the River Liffey in County Kildare, Ireland. It is 23 km (14 mi) west of Dublin. Both a local centre and a commuter town within the Greater Dublin Area, it is located at the intersection of the R403 and R405 regional roads. As of the 2022 census, Celbridge was the third largest town in County Kildare by population, with 20,601 residents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kildare North (Dáil constituency)</span> Dáil constituency (1997–present)

Kildare North is a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas. The constituency elects 4 deputies on the electoral system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater Dublin Area</span> Metropolitan area in Ireland

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clane</span> Town in County Kildare, Ireland

Clane is a town in County Kildare, Ireland, 35.4 km (22 mi) from Dublin. With a population of 8,152 in 2022, it is the ninth largest town in Kildare and the 66th largest in Ireland. The town is on the River Liffey. Clane gives its name to the associated townland, civil parish, electoral division and surrounding barony.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kildare GAA</span> County board of the Gaelic Athletic Association in Ireland

The Kildare County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), or Kildare GAA, is one of 12 county boards governed by the Leinster provincial council of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for the administration of Gaelic games in County Kildare. The Lillie's play in the second tier of county football.

County Kildare in the province of Leinster, Ireland, was first defined as a diocese in 1111, shired in 1297 and assumed its present borders in 1836. Its location in the Liffey basin on the main routes from Dublin to the south and west meant it was a valuable possession and important theatre of events throughout Irish history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clane GAA</span>

Clane GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) club in Clane, County Kildare, Ireland, winner of 17 Kildare county senior football championships, 16 county senior hurling championships and Kildare club of the year in 1975. Clane players are credited with bringing the handpass into Gaelic football. Richard Cribben was regarded as one of the best players in the game in the 1890s and played on the international team that played England at Stamford Bridge in 1896. Pa Connolly and Tommy Carew featured on the Kildare football team of the millennium. Martin Lynch was an All Stars Award winner in 1991.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maynooth GAA</span> Gaelic games club in County Kildare, Ireland

Maynooth GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) club in Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland. It caters for the sporting and social needs of residential areas adjacent to its location for all ages through the promotion of Gaelic games – Gaelic football, hurling, camogie and handball.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dublin Suburban Rail</span> Railway network in the Dublin area

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leixlip</span> Town in County Kildare, Ireland

Leixlip is a town in north-east County Kildare, Ireland. Its location on the confluence of the River Liffey and the Rye Water has marked it as a frontier town historically: on the border between the ancient kingdoms of Leinster and Brega, as an outpost of The Pale, and on Kildare's border with County Dublin. Leixlip was also a civil parish in the ancient barony of Salt North.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Midlands–North-West (European Parliament constituency)</span> Constituency of the European Parliament in Ireland

Midlands–North-West is a European Parliament constituency in Ireland. It elects 5 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) on the electoral system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Kildare County Council election</span> Part of the 2014 Irish local elections

An election to all 40 seats on Kildare County Council took place on 23 May 2014 as part of the 2014 Irish local elections, an increase from 25 seats at the 2009 election. County Kildare was divided into five local electoral areas (LEAs) to elect councillors for a five-year term of office on the electoral system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV). In addition, the town councils of Athy, Leixlip, Naas and Newbridge were all abolished.

The 2018 Kildare Senior Football Championship is the 125th edition of the Kildare GAA's premier club Gaelic football tournament for senior graded teams in County Kildare, Ireland. The tournament consists of 16 teams with the winner going on to represent Kildare in the Leinster Senior Club Football Championship. The championship had a different format this year, employing a random draw for the first round, followed by seeded groups and a knock-out stage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2019 Kildare County Council election</span> Part of the 2019 Irish local elections

An election to all 40 seats on Kildare County Council was held on 24 May 2019 as part of the 2019 Irish local elections. County Kildare was divided into 8 local electoral areas (LEAs) to elect councillors for a five-year term of office on the electoral system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

The 2019 Kildare Senior Football Championship is the 126th edition of the Kildare GAA's premier club Gaelic football tournament for senior graded teams in County Kildare, Ireland. The tournament consists of 16 teams with the winner going on to represent Kildare in the Leinster Senior Club Football Championship. The championship had a different format this year, employing a random draw for the first round, followed by seeded groups and a knock-out stage.

The 2024 Kildare Senior Hurling Championship was the 127th staging of the Kildare Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kildare County Board in 1888. The championship ran from 5 July to 3 November 2024.

References

  1. ↑ "A Brief History of Co.Kildare". kildare.ie. Archived from the original on 25 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 "Census of Population 2022 – Preliminary Results". Central Statistics Office (Ireland). 23 June 2022. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  3. 1 2 "Census 2016 Sapmap Area: County Kildare". Central Statistics Office (Ireland). Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  4. ↑ http://www.cso.ie/census Archived 20 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine for post 1821 figures, 1653 and 1659 figures from Civil Survey Census of those years, Paper of Mr Hardinge to Royal Irish Academy 14 March 1865, 1788 Estimate from survey by GP Bushe. |1813 estimate from Mason's Statistical Survey
  5. ↑ Otway-Ruthven, Annette Jocelyn (1980). A history of medieval Ireland. Routledge. p. 174. ISBN   0-510-27800-0. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  6. ↑ County of Kildare Local Electoral Areas and Municipal Districts Order 2018 ( S.I. No. 620 of 2018 ). Signed on 19 December 2018. Statutory Instrument of the Government of Ireland .Retrieved from Irish Statute Book .
  7. ↑ Local Government Act 1991 (Regional Assemblies) (Establishment) Order 2014 ( S.I. No. 573 of 2014 ). Signed on 16 December 2014. Statutory Instrument of the Government of Ireland .Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 29 January 2022.
  8. ↑ "1926 Census: Table 9: Population, Area and Valuation of urban and rural districts and of all towns with a population of 1,500 inhabitants or over, showing particulars of town and village population and of the number of persons per 100 acres" (PDF). Central Statistics Office. p. 21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  9. ↑ Local Government Act 1925, s. 3: Abolition of rural district councils ( No. 5 of 1925, s. 3 ). Enacted on 26 March 1925. Act of the Oireachtas .Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 22 December 2021.
  10. ↑ Towns Improvement (Ireland) Act 1854 (Leixlip) Order 1988 ( S.I. No. 103 of 1988 ). Signed on 18 May 1988. Statutory Instrument of the Government of Ireland .Retrieved from Irish Statute Book .
  11. ↑ Local Government Act 2001 , 6th Sch.: Local Government Areas (Towns) ( No. 37 of 2001, 6th Sch. ). Enacted on 21 July 2001. Act of the Oireachtas .Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 7 August 2022.
  12. ↑ Local Government Reform Act 2014 , s. 24: Dissolution of town councils and transfer date ( No. 1 of 2014, s. 24 ). Enacted on 27 January 2014. Act of the Oireachtas .Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 21 May 2022.
  13. ↑ Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2017, Schedule ( No. 39 of 2017, Schedule ). Enacted on 23 December 2017. Act of the Oireachtas .Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 8 August 2021.
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  17. ↑ "Passion for Horses, The New York Times". Newswoman.de. 16 April 1995. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  18. ↑ "Kildarehorse". Kildarehorse.ie. Archived from the original on 7 November 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  19. ↑ "The Arthur Guinness Story | Discover Celbridge". Discover Celbridge. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  20. ↑ "George Barrington (1755–1804)". Australian Dictionary of Biography . Vol. 1. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. 1966. ISBN   978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN   1833-7538. OCLC   70677943. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
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  22. ↑ Commemorative Biographical Record of the Upper Wisconsin Counties of Waupaca, Portage, Wood, Marathon, Lincoln, Oneida, Vilas, Langlade and Shawano. Chicago: J. H. Beers & Co. 1895. pp.  761–762. Retrieved 18 August 2015. Michael Gorman+Wisconsin.
  23. ↑ "John Vincent Holland V.C." Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  24. ↑ "The de Robecks of Gowran Grange, Co. Kildare". Turtle Bunbury. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  25. ↑ Fredriksen, John C (2001). America's military adversaries: from colonial times to the present. ABC-CLIO. p. 483. ISBN   978-1-57607-603-3.
  26. ↑ Ganatra, Shilpa (17 August 2019). "Damien Molony From Kildare To Top Of British TV" . The Irish Times . Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  27. ↑ Coates, Laura (8 March 2017). "10 awesome Kildare women making waves in the world". Leinster Leader. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  28. ↑ Armstrong, Maggie (11 January 2020). "Readers' expectations are the 'biggest source of anxiety' – Paul Mescal on tackling role of Connell in Normal People" . Irish Independent . Archived from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  29. ↑ Deming, Mark. "Luka Bloom". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  30. ↑ O'Toole, Leagues (2006). The Humours of Planxty. Ireland: Hodder Headline. ISBN   0-340-83796-9.
  31. ↑ Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 1854. ISBN   0-85112-939-0.
  32. ↑ "Jean Sophia Pigott | Hymnary.org". hymnary.org. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  33. ↑ "FAQ – Where was Damien born and where did he grow up?". DamienRice.com. n.d. Archived from the original on 2 May 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
  34. ↑ "County Twinning Committee". Kildare Twinning. 5 March 2019. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  35. ↑ "About the Lexington Sister Cities Commission". Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  36. ↑ "Sister Cities – U.S. Embassy Dublin, Ireland". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
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