The Women's Liberal Federation was an organisation that was part of the Liberal Party in the United Kingdom.
The Women's Liberal Federation was an organisation that was part of the Liberal Party in the United Kingdom.
The Women's Liberal Federation (WLF) was formed on the initiative of Sophia Fry, who in 1886 called a meeting at her house of fifteen local Women's Liberal Associations. [1] The establishment of a national organisation was agreed, and this occurred in 1887, when members of forty associations met in London. [2] It was reported that the federation membership was about 6,000, [3] but this grew rapidly, reaching 75,000 in 1892. [4] By 1904 there were 494 affiliated associations and a membership of approximately 67,600. [3] By 1907 there were 613 affiliated association, and a membership of 83,000. [5]
Although the Women’s Liberal Federation (WLF) was initiated by Lady Sophia Fry Pease in 1886, the federation was under the presidency of the daughter of Gladstone, Catherine. Around the turn of the century, the Women’s Liberal Federation (WLF) had approximately 500 branches that were local and approximately 60,000 active members. Active members of the Women’s Liberal Federation were often related to Liberal Members of Parliament or Liberal MP’s. This gave these women an advantage since they knew how to work their way around politics.
One of the active members who was related to a Liberal MP was Violet Bonham Carter. Violet was known to be a British politician as well as a diarist. Violet Bonham Carter was the daughter of Asquith, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the years of 1908 to 1916. Another active member of the Women’s Liberal Federation (WLF) was Megan George, the daughter of Lloyd George, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922 and the last Liberal to hold the office. Megan George was said to be among the 50 greatest Welsh women and men of all time.[ citation needed ] Megan was a Welsh politician who became the first female Parliament Member or MP (Member of Parliament) for a Welsh Constituency. She subsequently became a Labour Member of Parliament.
Apart from being members of the Women’s Liberal Federation (WLF), women also participated in outside organizations or societies. Lady Carlisle for instance supported a campaign that fought for the rights for women to vote. Various members of the Women’s Liberal Federation were a part of the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies. However many members became dissatisfied with the Women’s Suffrage Society because they apparently opposed the rights for women to vote. In fact. Lady Carlisle was the one who first brought up the topic of dissatisfaction.
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The Women’s Liberal Federation was a subset of the Liberal political party in the United Kingdom. Members of the Women’s Liberal Federation had predominately progressive political views. The party collectively shared the same contemporary attitudes towards women in their society that the other women’s suffrage movements and the Liberal party itself upheld.
They sought out to combat the prejudiced and outdated Victorian views still present at the time. It was still commonly believed that men and women took on different societal and personal roles, with men being active and productive members of society, while women were expected to become mothers and homemakers. While men were to be working in business or in political spheres, women were to be subservient to their husbands. It was believed that women were too emotional, irrational, and indecisive to uphold positions in government roles, and instead should focus on the family rather than a career. It was also often believed that women were inherently opposed to politics, so a woman’s political views were to be represented by the man of the household’s vote. The society of the time also strongly believed that the group of women campaigning for women’s suffrage was an incredibly small minority. In turn, the Women’s Liberal Federation actively worked to overcome these ideas and values upheld in the society.
These values also posed another issue for the women’s suffrage movement and the Liberal government in the United Kingdom. From 1832 to 1884, the voting system in the United Kingdom was not very inclusive for women or for men. Before 1832, only around 8% of men had the right to vote, and after 1884, only around 60% of men had the right to vote. After 1884 and before 1918, the right to vote was based on a number of factors, ranging from someone’s property value to their overall wealth. Not only did the suffragette movement seek to gain the right to vote themselves, but the Women’s Liberal Federation also eventually began to attempt to rectify this voting system for all people, on the basis of men and women alike.
The Liberal government also worked alongside other women’s suffrage groups to petition Parliament and create more inclusive bills and laws. These petitions for new laws and bills, however, were not the most well-received, as the governments of the time did not usually vote in favor of women’s rights.
The Women’s Liberal Federation also strongly believed in improving women’s democratic rights in society. Throughout a 40 year period, numerous changes were made in the law that enacted more democratic rights for women. The United Kingdom suffrage movement, including the WLF, worked to make strides in ensuring these rights. Prior to the formation of the Women’s Liberal Federation, the suffrage movement in the United Kingdom helped to form the 1869 Municipal Franchise Act, the 1870 Education Act, the 1875 Public Health Act, and the 1882 Married Women’s Property Act. After the creation of the WLF, the political party also helped to create the 1888 County Council Act and the 1907 Qualification of Women Act.
Other than working towards equality in the voting system and in the government, the Liberal government and the women’s suffrage movement groups, including the Women’s Liberal Federation, also focused on attempting to rectify some of the social issues present at the time. As a whole, the government and these groups were in favor of raising taxes for the general public as a way to fund workers’ sickness and unemployment benefits. However, when they faced backlash and opposition to this potential bill, these suffragette campaigns aimed to work even harder and even stronger in order to gain success.
After 1916, the Liberal government began to work on political reformation after the war. Because of the war, many elements within the society had changed. Not only were men affected by these societal changes, but it quickly became apparent that women provided a large contribution to war efforts, including raising the women’s employment rate over 10%, primarily in work forces otherwise dominated by men. The suffragette movement groups used this knowledge to remind the society that the war could not have been carried out without the help of these women. This information influenced the production of the Representation of the People Act of 1918, which would grant nearly all men and women the right to vote under certain circumstances. Though this act was denied at first, 10 years later, in 1928, women finally gained the right to vote on the same basis as men. [6]
Regardless, the Women’s Liberal Federation (WLF) did succeed in one very important thing. The Women’s Liberal Federation (WLF) were persistent in actually obtaining a bill to pass that gave women the right to vote. This bill was passed in June in the year 1914. Not only that, but the Women’s Liberal Federation (WLF) also obtained the Cambridge Resolution to pass which stated clearly that they as a whole would withdraw support from candidates who in any way did not support the adoption of the women’s suffrage. Throughout their journey, the Women’s Liberal Federation (WLF) had many roller coasters with increased and decreased in members leaving and joining the organization.
Until 1892, the group was divided between supporters of women's suffrage and those who stated that they were neutral on the matter. That year, William Gladstone wrote a letter opposing votes for women, and the group held a three day debate to establish a firm position. At the close of the debate, delegates votes to support suffrage; this led between 50 and 60 branches which did not support the policy to leave, consisting of 7,000 to 10,000 members. They formed the rival Women's National Liberal Association. [7]
The Women’s Liberal Federation took initiative in addressing many of the liberally-leaning issues that the main branch of the Liberal Party neglected. The Women’s Liberal Federation focused mainly on issues that more heavily impacted women and other non-voting populations. The goal of the Women’s Liberal Federation was to put pressure on the main branch of the Liberal Party to support women’s issues and give their support only to members of the party that were willing to support their agendas. [8] The federation addressed many issues of the time, supporting the Women’s Suffrage Movement, petitioning in favor of the Midwives Bill, backing the Infant Life Protection Bill, helping to establish the Anti-Vivisection Movement, and starting Anti-War initiatives against engagement in the Second Boer War.
During this era, the use of midwives in the birthing process was common, and a more accessible option for poor and rural individuals. However, the practice of being a midwife was not regulated by the British government. The Midwives Bill, published in 1891, proposed that anyone operating as a midwife needed to be recognised by the state and be licensed in the practice of midwifery, citing that “In other countries midwives were, as a rule, under state control, but here any woman might, call herself and practice as a midwife.” [9] The bill proposed that, in the interest of public safety, midwives and monthly nurses should be registered, formally assessed, and licensed by the state. The bill states that the midwives were often employed by lower-class families and that their role in poorer communities meant that, because they serviced higher-risk populations in the place of a medical man, there needed to be greater oversight in who was practicing midwifery. Likewise, the bill cited that, because midwives had more than one patient (mother and child), that they had a greater responsibility to their patients, and as such, needed more regulation for the benefit of the community at large.
Among their many publications, one included the Protection of Child Life, published in October 1890. The publication, distributed by the Executive Committee of the Women’s Liberal Federation, and prepared by Mrs. Broadly Reid, argues in favor of the enactment of The Infant Life Protection Bill and the Children’s Life Insurance Bill. [10] These bills were favored by the Women’s Liberal Federation because it was believed that they would assist in combating child cruelty, neglect, and infanticide. The publication states that “a large number of cases of cruelty to children have been brought before judges, magistrates, and coroners in all parts of the country”. The goal of the act was to prevent the neglect, abuse, and exploitation of children by advocating for the registration and inspection of baby farms as well as limit the acquisition of illegitimate children in hopes of preventing insurance fraud which was often perpetuated in these circumstances.
The Women’s Liberal Federation played a part in the Anti-Vivisection Movement. Many members of the Women’s Liberal Federation argued for Anti-Vivisection legislation, petitioning against cruelty towards animals and the use of animals in the fields of medicine and science. [11] The National Anti-Vivisection Society was founded in 1875 and fought to limit the use of animals in scientific settings. “They believed with unfaltering faith that to torture animals was unjustifiable and immoral, and that the profession of the most lofty motives did not justify the committal of acts which were in themselves immoral.”
From early on, the Women’s Liberal Federation opposed the nation’s engagement in the Second Boer War. From 1899 to 1902, groups such as the Women’s Liberal Federation maintained pacifist ideals, opposing the war in the Transvaal Republic, citing “what it perceived to be a dangerous spirit of militarism and jingoism abroad in the land.” [12] The spirit of colonial ideals was burning bright in Britain, and members of the Women’s Liberal Federation feared what war would do to the nation regardless of whether they won or lost. Likewise, the lack of voting rights that women had fanned the flame for taxpaying women who had no political say in matters of war. It was during this time that the Women’s Liberal Federation solidified its stance on the suffrage movement and the enfranchisement of women.
As of 1905, the WLF's objectives included promoting just legislation for women, through the introduction of votes for women at local and parliamentary elections, on the same basis as men. [3]
In 1908 the Women's Liberal Federation invited David Lloyd George to speak at the Royal Albert Hall. The Women's Social and Political Union suspected that Lloyd George was going to make no promises and threatened to disrupt the meeting if he made no substantive commitment to giving votes to women. He didn't and they did. Helen Ogston was notably assaulted as she was evicted. She tried to defend herself with a dog whip and caused a storm in the newspapers. Lloyd George refused to allow women in to his future public events. [13]
In 1988, when the Liberal Party merged with the SDP to form the Liberal Democrats, the WLF was wound up.
The WLF President was elected annually, and served for a one-year term. [14]
| From | To | Name |
|---|---|---|
| 1887 | 1893 | Catherine Gladstone |
| 1893 | 1894 | Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon |
| 1894 | 1902 | Rosalind Howard |
| 1902 | 1906 | Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon |
| 1906 | 1915 | Rosalind Howard |
| 1915 | 1919 | Laura McLaren |
| 1919 | 1921 | Hilda Runciman |
| 1921 | 1923 | The Viscountess Cowdray |
| 1923 | 1925 | Violet Bonham Carter |
| 1925 | 1927 | Margaret Wintringham |
| 1927 | 1929 | Margery Corbett Ashby |
| 1929 | 1931 | Lady Acland |
| 1931 | 1932 | Catherine Alderton |
| 1932 | 1934 | Margaret Wintringham |
| 1934 | 1936 | Alison Garland |
| 1936 | 1938 | Megan Lloyd George |
| 1938 | 1939 | Viscountess Dorothy Gladstone |
| 1939 | 1945 | Violet Bonham Carter |
| 1945 | 1947 | Megan Lloyd George |
| 1947 | 1949 | Eleanor Layton, Lady Layton |
| 1949 | 1950 | Ethel Strudwick |
| 1950 | 1952 | Doreen Gorsky |
| 1952 | 1955 | Malys Thompson |
| 1955 | 19?? | Sybil Mary Whitamore |
| 1958 | 19?? | Lady Ruth Abrahams |
| by 1961 | 1962 | Heather Harvey |
| 1962 | 1964 or later | Winifred Grubb |
| as of 1965 | ? | Audrey Malindine |
| by 1966 | 1968 | Gaenor Heathcoat Amory |
| 1968 | 1970 | Stina Robson |
| 1970 | 1972 | Penelope Jessel |
| 1972 | 1974 | Joyce Rose |
| 1974 | 1977 | Baroness Seear |
| 1977 | 1978 | Nelia Penman |
| 1978 | 19?? | Meg Budd |
| 197? | 198? | Barbara Banks |
| 198? | 1983 | Elizabeth Sidney |
| 1983 | 1985 | Laura Grimond |
| 1986 | 1988 | Christina Baron |
Emmeline Pankhurst was a British political activist who organised the UK suffragette movement and helped women win the right to vote. In 1999, Time named her as one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century, stating that "she shaped an idea of objects for our time" and "shook society into a new pattern from which there could be no going back". She was widely criticised for her militant tactics, and historians disagree about their effectiveness, but her work is recognised as a crucial element in achieving women's suffrage in the United Kingdom.
Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. In the beginning of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vote, increasing the number of those parties' potential constituencies. National and international organizations formed to coordinate efforts towards women voting, especially the International Woman Suffrage Alliance.
The Prisoners Act 1913, commonly referred to as the Cat and Mouse Act, was an Act of Parliament passed in Britain under H. H. Asquith's Liberal government in 1913.
The Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) was a women-only political movement and leading militant organisation campaigning for women's suffrage in the United Kingdom from 1903 to 1918. Known from 1906 as the suffragettes, its membership and policies were tightly controlled by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia; Sylvia was eventually expelled.
The National Woman's Party (NWP) was an American women's political organization formed in 1916 to fight for women's suffrage. After achieving this goal with the 1920 adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the NWP advocated for other issues including the Equal Rights Amendment. The most prominent leader of the National Woman's Party was Alice Paul, and its most notable event was the 1917–1919 Silent Sentinels vigil outside the gates of the White House.
The National Union of Women Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), also known as the suffragists was an organisation founded in 1897 of women's suffrage societies around the United Kingdom. In 1919 it was renamed the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship.
The United Procession of Women, or Mud March as it became known, was a peaceful demonstration in London on 9 February 1907 organised by the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) in which more than 3,000 women marched from Hyde Park Corner to the Strand in support of women's suffrage. Women from all classes participated in what was the largest public demonstration supporting women's suffrage seen until then. It acquired the name "Mud March" from the day's weather since incessant heavy rain left the marchers drenched and mud-spattered.
Black Friday was a suffragette demonstration in London on 18 November 1910, in which 300 women marched to the Houses of Parliament as part of their campaign to secure voting rights for women. The day earned its name from the violence meted out to protesters, some of it sexual, by the Metropolitan Police and male bystanders.
Women's suffrage in New Zealand was an important political issue in the late nineteenth century. In early colonial New Zealand, as in European societies, women were excluded from any involvement in politics. Public opinion began to change in the latter half of the nineteenth century and after years of effort by women's suffrage campaigners, led by Kate Sheppard, New Zealand became the first nation in the world in which all women had the right to vote in parliamentary elections.
A movement to fight for women's right to vote in the United Kingdom finally succeeded through acts of Parliament in 1918 and 1928. It became a national movement in the Victorian era. Women were not explicitly banned from voting in Great Britain until the Reform Act 1832 and the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. In 1872 the fight for women's suffrage became a national movement with the formation of the National Society for Women's Suffrage and later the more influential National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). As well as in England, women's suffrage movements in Wales, Scotland and other parts of the United Kingdom gained momentum. The movements shifted sentiments in favour of woman suffrage by 1906. It was at this point that the militant campaign began with the formation of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU).
Women's suffrage in Japan can trace its beginnings back to democratization brought about by the Meiji Restoration, with the suffrage movement rising to prominence during the Taisho period. The prohibition of women from political meetings had been abolished in 1922 after demands from women's organizations led by activists such as Hiratsuka Raichō and Ichikawa Fusae. The movement suffered heavy setbacks during and after the Great Depression, when support for democracy began to wane and military influence over civilians increased dramatically. The first election by universal suffrage without distinction of sex was held in 1946, but it was not until 1947, when the constitution for post-war Japan came into effect, that universal suffrage was established In Japan.
A suffragette was a member of an activist women's organisation in the early 20th century who, under the banner "Votes for Women", fought for the right to vote in public elections in the United Kingdom. The term refers in particular to members of the British Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), a women-only movement founded in 1903 by Emmeline Pankhurst, which engaged in direct action and civil disobedience. In 1906, a reporter writing in the Daily Mail coined the term suffragette for the WSPU, derived from suffragist, in order to belittle the women advocating women's suffrage. The militants embraced the new name, even adopting it for use as the title of the newspaper published by the WSPU.
The 1908 Leeds South by-election was a parliamentary by-election for the House of Commons constituency of Leeds South in the West Riding of Yorkshire held on 13 February 1908.
Marie Corbett was an English suffragist, local government worker and supporter of the Liberal Party.
Women's suffrage in Wales has historically been marginalised due to the prominence of societies and political groups in England which led the reform for women throughout the United Kingdom. Due to differing social structures and a heavily industrialised working-class society, the growth of a national movement in Wales grew but then stuttered in the late nineteenth century in comparison with that of England. Nevertheless, distinct Welsh groups and individuals rose to prominence and were vocal in the rise of suffrage in Wales and the rest of Great Britain.
The Glasgow and West of Scotland Association for Women’s Suffrage was an organisation involved in campaigning for women’s suffrage, based in Glasgow, with members from all over the west of Scotland.
Jessie Cunningham Methven was a Scottish campaigner for women's suffrage. She was honorary secretary of the Edinburgh National Society for Women's Suffrage from the mid 1890s until 1906. She subsequently joined the more militant Women's Social and Political Union and described herself as an "independent socialist".
Mary Anne Baikie (1861–1950) was a Scottish suffragist who established the Orcadian Women's Suffrage Society (OWSS) and grew the membership and public interest in the debate, in the Orkney Isles, during the campaigns for Votes for Women.
The Men's Political Union for Women's Enfranchisement (MPU) was a political society founded on 13 January 1910 in the Eustace Miles Restaurant in London as part of the women's suffrage movement in the United Kingdom.
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