David Steel

Last updated

(1 of 7 Regional MSPs)
Judith MacGregor
(m. 1962)
The Lord Steel of Aikwood
Official portrait of The Lord Steel of Aikwood.jpg
Official portrait, 2020
Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament
In office
12 May 1999 7 May 2003
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byGeorge Reid
In office
6 May 1999 31 March 2003
Children3
Parent David Steel
Alma mater University of Edinburgh
Signature David Steel signature.svg

David Martin Scott Steel, Baron Steel of Aikwood, KT , KBE , PC (born 31 March 1938) is a retired Scottish politician. [1] Elected as Member of Parliament for Roxburgh, Selkirk, and Peebles, followed by Tweeddale, Ettrick, and Lauderdale, he served as the final leader of the Liberal Party, from 1976 to 1988. His tenure spanned the duration of the alliance with the Social Democratic Party, which began in 1981 and concluded with the formation of the Liberal Democrats in 1988. [1]

Contents

Steel served as a Member of the UK Parliament for 32 years, from 1965 to 1997, and as a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) from 1999 to 2003, during which time he was the parliament's Presiding Officer. He was a member of the House of Lords as a life peer from 1997 to 2020. Steel resigned from the House of Lords after the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse accused him of an "abdication of responsibility" over his failure to investigate allegations of child sex abuse against the former Liberal MP Sir Cyril Smith. [2]

Early life and education

Steel was born in Kirkcaldy, Fife, the son of a Church of Scotland minister also called David Steel, who would later serve as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. He was brought up in Scotland and Kenya, and educated at Dumbarton Academy; James Gillespie's Boys' School, Edinburgh; the Prince of Wales School, Nairobi; and George Watson's College, Edinburgh, [3] followed by the University of Edinburgh, where he first took an active part in Liberal politics, and was elected Senior President of the Students' Representative Council, and graduated in Law. [4]

Political career

After university, Steel worked for the Scottish Liberal Party, and then the BBC, before being elected to the House of Commons as the MP for Roxburgh, Selkirk, and Peebles at the 1965 by-election, just before his 27th birthday, becoming the "Baby of the House". He represented this seat until 1983, when he was elected in Tweeddale, Ettrick, and Lauderdale, a new constituency covering much of the same territory. From 1966 to 1970, Steel was president of the British Anti-Apartheid Movement campaign. [5] [6]

As an MP, Steel was responsible for introducing, as a Private member's bill, the Abortion Act 1967, and has argued for greater liberalisation of this legislation in recent years (see Abortion in the United Kingdom). [7] He also became the Liberal Party's spokesman on employment, and, in 1970, its Chief Whip.

Leader of Liberal Party

In 1976, following the downfall of Jeremy Thorpe, and a short period in which Jo Grimond acted as caretaker leader, he won the Liberal leadership by a wide margin over John Pardoe. At only 38 years old, he was one of the youngest party leaders in British history. In March 1977, he led the Liberals into the "Lib–Lab pact". The Liberals agreed to support the Labour government, whose narrow majority since the general election in October 1974 had been gradually eroded and left them as a minority government, in power, in return for a degree of prior consultation on policy. This pact lasted until August 1978. [8]

Steel was criticised, both then and since, for not driving a harder bargain. However, Steel's defenders contend that the continuing scandal surrounding Thorpe left the party in a very weak state to face an early general election, and Steel was wise to buy himself some time from Prime Minister James Callaghan. At the same time, the growing unpopularity of the Labour government impaired the Liberals' performance, and Steel's first election as leader, the 1979 general election, saw a net two-seat loss for the Liberals.

SDP–Liberal Alliance

In 1981, a group of Labour moderates left their party to form the Social Democratic Party. They were joined by the former Labour deputy leader, Chancellor and Home Secretary Roy Jenkins, who had previously had discussions with Steel about joining the Liberals. Under Jenkins' leadership, the SDP joined the Liberals in the SDP–Liberal Alliance. In its early days, the Alliance showed so much promise that for a time, it looked like the Liberals would be part of a government for the first time since 1945. Opinion polls were showing Alliance support as high as 50% by late 1981. Steel was so confident that he felt able to tell delegates at the Liberal Assembly that year: "Go back to your constituencies, and prepare for government." [9] In the wake of the 1981 Croydon North West by-election, where Liberal candidate Bill Pitt came from third position to easily gain the Alliance's first by-election victory, Steel's reaction to the result was to state that his belief "that we are now unstoppable." [10]

Steel had genuine hopes at that stage that the Alliance would win the next general election and form a coalition government. However, the beginning of the Falklands War the following spring radically shifted the attitude of the electorate, and the Conservatives regained the lead in polls from the Alliance by a wide margin. [11] The Alliance secured more than 25% of the vote at the 1983 general election, almost as many votes as Labour. However, its support was spread out across the country, and was not concentrated in enough areas to translate into seats under the first past the post system. This left the Alliance with only 23 seats — 17 for the Liberals, and six for the SDP. Steel's dreams of a big political breakthrough were left unfulfilled. [12]

Shortly afterwards, the former Labour Foreign Secretary David Owen replaced Jenkins as leader of the SDP, and the troubled leadership of the "Two Davids" was inaugurated. It was never an easy relationship—Steel's political sympathies were well to the left of Owen's. Owen had a marked antipathy towards the Liberals, though he respected Steel's prior loyalty to his own party contrasting it with Jenkins' lack of interest in preserving the SDP's independence. The relationship was also mercilessly satirised by Spitting Image which portrayed Steel as a squeaky voiced midget, literally in the pocket of Owen. Steel has often stated that he feels this portrayal seriously damaged his image. [13] This portrayal of Steel as weaker than Owen was also present in other satires, such as Private Eye 's Battle for Britain strip. The relationship finally fell apart during the 1987 general election when the two contradicted each other, both on defence policy and on which party they would do a deal with in the event of a hung parliament.

Two parties merge

Steel addressing the Liberal Party assembly in Harrogate on merger in 1987 DavidSteel1987 cropped.jpg
Steel addressing the Liberal Party assembly in Harrogate on merger in 1987

Steel was convinced the answer to these difficulties was a single party with a single leader, and was the chief proponent of the 1988 merger between the Liberals and the SDP. He emerged victorious in persuading both parties to accept merger in the teeth of opposition from Owen and radical Liberals such as Michael Meadowcroft, but badly mishandled the issuing of a joint policy document. Steel had often been criticised for a lack of interest in policy, and it appeared he had agreed to the document – drawn up by politically naive SDP advisers – without reading it. His colleagues rejected it immediately and demanded a redraft, fatally wounding his authority.

Steel was briefly joint interim leader of the Social and Liberal Democrats (as the new party was at first called) in the run-up to elections in which he did not stand, before becoming the party's foreign affairs spokesman. In 1989, he accepted an invitation from Italian Liberals to stand for the European Parliament in the 1989 election as a Pan-European gesture, but was not elected. [14]

Steel became President of the Liberal International in 1994, holding the office until 1996. [15]

Life peerage and Scottish Parliament

Steel retired from the House of Commons at the 1997 general election and was made a life peer as Baron Steel of Aikwood, of Ettrick Forest in the Scottish Borders, on 6 June 1997. [16] He campaigned for Scottish devolution, and in 1999 was elected to the Scottish Parliament as a Liberal Democrat MSP for Lothians. He became the first Presiding Officer (speaker) of the Scottish Parliament on 12 May 1999. [17]

In this role, he used the style "Sir David Steel", despite his peerage. He suspended his Liberal Democrat membership for the duration of his tenure as Presiding Officer, believing that the post, like the Speaker of the UK House of Commons, should be strictly nonpartisan. All subsequent Presiding Officers have followed this practice.

Steel stepped down as an MSP when the parliament was dissolved for the 2003 election, but remained as Presiding Officer until he had supervised the election of his successor George Reid on 7 May of that year. He was appointed Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in both 2003 and 2004.[ citation needed ]

Cyril Smith child sex abuse scandal

On 14 March 2019, Steel was suspended by the Liberal Democrats after an admission that discussions he had conducted in 1979 with the then Liberal MP for Rochdale Cyril Smith, at a time when Steel was leader of the Liberal Party, had led him to conclude that Smith had been a sexual abuser of children in the 1960s and that Steel nonetheless failed to instigate any assessment by the party of whether Smith was an on-going risk to children. Richard Scorer, representing victims at the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse, called for him to be stripped of his peerage. [18] On 14 May 2019, the Liberal Democrats ruled that there were "no grounds for action" against Steel and reinstated him to party membership. [19]

On 25 February 2020, Steel announced his resignation from the Liberal Democrats and subsequently his position as a member of the House of Lords, after admitting that during his leadership of the Liberal Party he "assumed" that Smith had been a child abuser, and failed to investigate claims made by Private Eye against Smith, dating from before Smith was a party member. [20] This came about after the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse accused Steel of an "abdication of responsibility" over allegations against Smith. He retired officially from the House of Lords on 27 March 2020. [21]

Honours and awards

Coat of arms of David Steel
Coronet of a British Baron.svg
Steel of Aikwood Escutcheon.png
Crest
A jaguar salient Proper
Escutcheon
Azure in chief two furisons Or in base a tower Argent port and windows Sable on a chief Argent dexter on a gonfannon Purpure a saltire equisee Argent the gonfannon pendent from a pole fessways Purpure between two chords each Purpure and Argent and sinister a portcullis chained Sable.
Supporters
Dexter a Masai warrior sinister a border reiver Proper.
Motto
Vir Tamen Aurum Est (The Man's The Gold For A'That) [22]
Steel's stall in the Thistle Chapel, St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh. His arms can be seen on the right, with the crest of a springing jaguar. Edinburgh - St Giles Catherdal - Stall plates of Knights of the Thistle 13.JPG
Steel's stall in the Thistle Chapel, St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh. His arms can be seen on the right, with the crest of a springing jaguar.

Steel was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1990 New Year Honours for political and public service. [23] On 30 November 2004, Queen Elizabeth created Lord Steel a Knight of the Order of the Thistle, the highest honour in Scotland. [24]

He has also received numerous foreign honours, including: Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit (Germany) in 1992; Chevalier in the Légion d'Honneur (France) in 2003; and Honorary Knight of the Order of St. George (Habsburg-Lorraine) in 2016. [25]

Steel has received a number of Honorary Doctorates from many universities including Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Stirling. [26] [27]

Personal life and family

Steel married fellow law graduate Judith Mary MacGregor in October 1962. They resided at Aikwood Tower in the Borders of Scotland for twenty years, but now live in Selkirk. They have two sons and a daughter, and nine grandchildren. [4] In 1995, his elder son Graeme was convicted for growing cannabis at his house, and sent to prison for nine months. [28] One of his granddaughters, Hannah, was elected to Scottish Borders Council (representing the Galashiels and District ward) in the 2022 Scottish local elections. [29]

His recreations are angling and classic car rallying: he won the bronze medallion in 1998 for London to Cape Town. He is a member of the National Liberal and Royal Over-Seas League clubs. [1]

Steel was featured in his own episode of the Channel 4 documentary series Empire's Children (2007) which explored his family background, particularly his father's attempt to save the African people from British internment camps during the Mau Mau rebellion. [30]

Further reading

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of the United Kingdom</span>

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy which, by legislation and convention, operates as a unitary parliamentary democracy. A hereditary monarch, currently King Charles III, serves as head of state while the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, currently Sir Keir Starmer since 2024, serves as the elected head of government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1983 United Kingdom general election</span> British 1983 election

The 1983 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday 9 June 1983. It gave the Conservative Party under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher the most decisive election victory since that of the Labour Party in 1945, with a majority of 144 seats and the first of two consecutive landslide victories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1987 United Kingdom general election</span>

The 1987 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday 11 June 1987, to elect 650 members to the House of Commons. The election was the third consecutive general election victory for the Conservative Party, who won a majority of 102 seats and second landslide under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher, who became the first Prime Minister since the Earl of Liverpool in 1820 to lead a party into three successive electoral victories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SDP–Liberal Alliance</span> Electoral alliance in the United Kingdom

The SDP–Liberal Alliance was a centrist and social liberal political and electoral alliance in the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Owen</span> British politician (born 1938)

David Anthony Llewellyn Owen, Baron Owen, is a British politician and physician who served as Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs as a Labour Party MP under James Callaghan from 1977 to 1979, and later led the Social Democratic Party (SDP). He was a Member of Parliament for 26 years, from 1966 to 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bill Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank</span> British politician (born 1928)

William Thomas Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank, is a British politician and life peer. As a Labour Party member of Parliament, he served as Secretary of State for Transport from 1976 to 1979, and was one of the "Gang of Four" of senior Labour politicians who defected to form the Social Democratic Party (SDP). He subsequently helped to lead the SDP into the merger that formed the Liberal Democrats in 1988, and later served as the party's leader in the House of Lords between 1997 and 2001.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Scotland</span>

The politics of Scotland operate within the constitution of the United Kingdom, of which Scotland is a country. Scotland is a democracy, being represented in both the Scottish Parliament and the Parliament of the United Kingdom since the Scotland Act 1998. Most executive power is exercised by the Scottish Government, led by the First Minister of Scotland, the head of government in a multi-party system. The judiciary of Scotland, dealing with Scots law, is independent of the legislature and the Scottish Government. Scots law is primarily determined by the Scottish Parliament. The Scottish Government shares some executive powers with the Scotland Office, a British government department led by the Secretary of State for Scotland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jim Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness</span> Scottish politician (born 1954)

James Robert Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness, is a Scottish politician serving as a Liberal Democrat life peer in the British House of Lords since 2007 and Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland from 2021 to 2022. He served as the Deputy First Minister of Scotland from 1999 to 2005, and during that time he served twice as acting First Minister, in 2000, in the aftermath of Donald Dewar's death and in 2001, following Henry McLeish's resignation. He was formerly Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats from 1992 to 2005 and Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords from 2013 to 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ken Macintosh</span> Scottish Independent politician

Kenneth Donald Macintosh is a Scottish politician who served as the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament from 2016 to 2021. Elected as a member of Scottish Labour, he suspended his party membership on becoming Presiding Officer. Macintosh was a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) from 1999 to 2021, representing the Eastwood constituency from 1999 to 2016, and then the West Scotland region from 2016 to 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicol Stephen</span> British politician (born 1960)

Nicol Ross Stephen, Baron Stephen is a Scottish politician who served as Deputy First Minister of Scotland and Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning from 2005 to 2007. A member of the Scottish Liberal Democrats, he was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Aberdeen South from 1999 to 2011, and was leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats from 2005 to 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jeremy Purvis</span> British politician (born 1974)

Jeremy Purvis, Baron Purvis of Tweed is a Scottish Liberal Democrat politician. He was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Tweeddale, Ettrick and Lauderdale from 2003 to 2011. In August 2013 it was announced that he would be elevated to the House of Lords.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Social Democratic Party (UK, 1988–1990)</span> Political party in the United Kingdom (1988–90)

The Social Democratic Party (SDP) formed in 1988 was a political party in the United Kingdom led by David Owen, which lasted for only two years. A successor party to the original Social Democratic Party (SDP), it was known informally as the 'continuing' SDP.

The Scottish Liberal Democrats is a liberal, federalist political party in Scotland, part of UK Liberal Democrats. The party holds 4 of the 129 seats in the Scottish Parliament and 6 of the 57 Scottish seats in the House of Commons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Willie Rennie</span> Former Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats

William Cowan Rennie is a Scottish politician who served as the Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats from 2011 to 2021. He has served as the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for North East Fife since 2016, and previously as a list MSP for Mid Scotland and Fife and as Member of Parliament (MP) for Dunfermline and West Fife.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Welsh Liberal Democrats</span> Welsh state party of the Liberal Democrats

The Welsh Liberal Democrats is a liberal, federalist political party in Wales, part of UK Liberal Democrats. The party is led by Jane Dodds, who has served as an MS for Mid and West Wales since May 2021. The party currently has one elected member in the Senedd and one Welsh seat in the UK House of Commons. It also has several members of the House of Lords. The party had 69 local councillors serving in principal authorities as of the 2022 local authority elections, up 10 from 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 Scottish Parliament election</span>

The 2011 Scottish Parliament election was held on Thursday, 5 May 2011 to elect 129 members to the Scottish Parliament.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liberal Democrats (UK)</span> British political party

The Liberal Democrats are a liberal political party in the United Kingdom, founded in 1988. The current leader of the party is Ed Davey. They are the third-largest party in the United Kingdom, with 72 members of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Commons. They have 79 members of the House of Lords, four members of the Scottish Parliament, one member in the Welsh Senedd, and more than 3,000 local council seats. The party holds a twice-per-year Liberal Democrat Conference, at which party policy is formulated. In contrast to its main opponents' rules, the Liberal Democrats grant all members attending the conference the right to speak in debates and vote on party policy, under a one member, one vote system. The party also allows its members to vote online for its policies and in the election of a new leader.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chic Brodie (politician)</span> Scottish politician (1944–2022)

Charles Gilchrist Brodie, better known as Chic Brodie, was a Scottish politician. He served as a Scottish National Party (SNP) Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the South Scotland region from 2011 until 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Social Democratic Party (UK)</span> Political party in the United Kingdom (1981–88)

The Social Democratic Party (SDP) was a centrist to centre-left political party in the United Kingdom. The party supported a mixed economy, electoral reform, European integration and a decentralised state while rejecting the possibility of trade unions being overly influential within industrial relations. The SDP officially advocated social democracy, and unofficially for social liberalism as well.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Steel of Aikwood, Baron, (David Martin Scott Steel) (born 31 March 1938)". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u36053. ISBN   978-0-19-954088-4 . Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  2. "David Steel quits Lib Dems after child abuse inquiry report". The Guardian. 25 February 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  3. "Liberal Democrat History Group". Liberalhistory.org.uk. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  4. 1 2 "David Steel: Lord Steel of Aikwood". Liberal Democrats. 22 January 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  5. "Anti-Apartheid News Summer 2009 - ACTSA" (PDF). Anti-Apartheid News. Summer 2009. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  6. Henley, Jon (13 March 2014). "The Anti-Apartheid Movement goes online: a unique archive of the struggle". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  7. Bowditch, Gillian (17 January 2016). "Why we need to rethink outdated laws on abortion" . The Sunday Times.
  8. "BBC Politics 97". Bbc.co.uk. 3 May 1979. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  9. Stone-Lee, Ollie (10 September 2003). "Conference season's greatest hits". BBC News. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
  10. Parkhouse, Geoffrey (23 October 1981). "Alliance triumph at Croydon". The Glasgow Herald. p. 1. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  11. "Top Ten: Lib Dem 'breakthrough moments'". ePolitix.com. 24 April 2010. Archived from the original on 12 May 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  12. "1983: Thatcher triumphs again". BBC News. 5 April 2005.
  13. Verkaik, Robert (20 February 2006). "Politicians beware! 'Spitting Image' set to return". The Independent . London. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  14. "Europee 18/06/1989". Eligendo (in Italian). Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  15. "Liberal Democrat History Group". Liberalhistory.org.uk. Archived from the original on 16 July 2010. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
  16. "No. 54812". The London Gazette . 20 June 1997. p. 7187.
  17. "Previous MSPs: Session 1 (1999-2003): Sir David Steel". Scottish Parliament. 8 April 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  18. Syal, Rajeev (14 March 2019). "David Steel suspended from Lib Dems over Cyril Smith revelation". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  19. "Lib Dems find 'no grounds for action' against Sir David Steel". BBC News. 14 May 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  20. Former leader Lord Steel quits Liberal Democrats BBC News 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020
  21. "Parliamentary career for Lord Steel of Aikwood - MPs and Lords - UK Parliament". members.parliament.uk. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  22. Debrett's Peerage. 2019. p. 4455.
  23. "No. 51981". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1989. p. 7.
  24. "No. 57482". The London Gazette . 1 December 2004. p. 15127.
  25. "www.dodspeople.com" . Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  26. "Blue Planet Financials Growth and Income Investment Trusts PLC:David Steel". Reuters . 2012. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
  27. "Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh: Honorary Graduates". www1.hw.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  28. Arlidge, John (28 October 1995). "David Steel's son jailed over drugs". The Independent. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  29. Rocks, Chelsea (11 May 2022). "Council elections: The stories behind some of Scotland's new councillors". BBC News. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  30. Booth, Samantha (12 July 2007). "MY FATHER'S COURAGE IN KENYA REDUCED ME TO TEARS". Daily Record. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles
19651983
Constituency abolished
New constituency Member of Parliament for Tweeddale, Ettrick and Lauderdale
19831997
Succeeded by
Preceded by Baby of the House
1965–1966
Succeeded by
Preceded by President of the Liberal International
1994–1996
Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Liberal Party Chief Whip
1970–1976
Succeeded by
Preceded by Leader of the Liberal Party
1976–1988
Party merged with SDP
New political party Leader of the Social and Liberal Democrats
1988
with Robert Maclennan
Succeeded by
Scottish Parliament
New creation Member of the Scottish Parliament for Lothians
1999–2003
Succeeded by
Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament
1999–2003
Succeeded by
Academic offices
Preceded by Rector of the University of Edinburgh
1982–1985
Succeeded by
Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom
Preceded by Gentlemen
Baron Steel of Aikwood
Followed by