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The Western Xia or the Xi Xia (Chinese: 西夏; pinyin: Xī Xià; Wade–Giles: Hsi1 Hsia4), officially the Great Xia (大夏; Dà Xià; Ta4 Hsia4), also known as the Tangut Empire, and known as Mi-nyak to the Tanguts and Tibetans, was a Tangut-led Buddhist imperial dynasty of China that existed from 1038 to 1227. At its peak, the dynasty ruled over the modern-day northwestern Chinese provinces of Ningxia, Gansu, eastern Qinghai, northern Shaanxi, northeastern Xinjiang, and southwest Inner Mongolia, and southernmost Outer Mongolia, measuring about 800,000 square kilometres (310,000 square miles).
The Tangut people were a Sino-Tibetan people that founded and inhabited the Western Xia dynasty. The group initially lived under Tuyuhun authority, but later submitted to the Tang dynasty. After the collapse of Tang dynasty, the Tanguts established the Western Xia. They spoke the Tangut language, which was previously believed to be one of the Qiangic languages or Yi languages which belong to the Tibeto-Burman family." Phylogenetic and historical linguistic accounts, however, reveal that Tangut belonged instead to the Gyalrongic branch of Tibeto-Burman. Western Xia was annihilated by the Mongol Empire in 1227, most of its written records and architecture were destroyed. Today the Tangut language and its unique script are extinct, only fragments of Tangut literature remain.
The Monguor, the Tu people, the White Mongol or the Tsagaan Mongol, are Mongolic people and one of the 56 officially recognized ethnic groups in China. The "Tu" ethnic category was created in the 1950s.
Jiaxing, alternately romanized as Kashing, is a prefecture-level city in northern Zhejiang province, China. Lying on the Grand Canal of China, Jiaxing borders Hangzhou to the southwest, Huzhou to the west, Shanghai to the northeast, and the province of Jiangsu to the north. As of the 2020 census, its population was 5,400,868 and its built-up area made of 2 urban districts was home to 1,518,654 inhabitants.
Yinchuan is the capital of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China, and was the capital of the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty. It has an area of 8,874.61 km2 (3,426.51 sq mi) and a total population of 2,859,074 according to the 2020 Chinese census, and its built-up area was home to 1,901,793 inhabitants spread between three urban districts. The city's name literally means "silver river".
Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia (1003–1048), born Li Yuanhao or Tuoba Yuanhao, also known as Zhao Yuanhao (趙元昊), Weiming Yuanhao (嵬名元昊) and Weiming Nangxiao (嵬名曩霄), was the founding emperor of the Western Xia dynasty of China, reigning from 1038 to 1048. He was the eldest son of the Tangut ruler Li Deming.
Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia (1177–1206), born Li Chunyou, was the sixth emperor of the Western Xia dynasty of China, reigning from 1193 to 1206.
Zhongxing may refer to:
Xingqing District is one of three urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Yinchuan, the capital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Northwest China, bordering Inner Mongolia to the east. It has a total area of 757.6 km2 (292.5 sq mi), and, according to the 2010 China Census, a population of 678,306 people. The 2023 Yinchuan gas explosion occurred in the district.
Xing County or Xingxian is a county in the west of Shanxi province, China, bordering Shaanxi province to the west across the Yellow River. It is the northernmost county-level division of the prefecture-level city of Lüliang. Xing County was formerly known as Linwei (臨蔚縣) since the Northern and Southern dynasties. Xing County was formally established in the second year of the Hongwu era (1368–1398) of the Ming dynasty.
Shi Jinbo is a Chinese linguist and Tangutologist.
The Mongol conquest of Western Xia was a series of conflicts between the Mongol Empire and the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty in northwestern China. Hoping to gain both plunder and a vassal state, the Mongol leader Genghis Khan commanded some initial raids against Western Xia before launching a full-scale invasion in 1209. This marked both the first major invasion conducted by Genghis and the first major Mongol invasion of China.
Xiazhou or Xia Prefecture was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China centering on modern Jingbian County, Shaanxi, China. It existed (intermittently) from 487 to early 13th century, when the Mongolian Yuan dynasty destroyed Western Xia (1038–1227). In the 10th-, 11th and 12th-centuries it was mostly controlled by the Tangut people as part of Western Xia or its precursor, the Dingnan Jiedushi.
Yinzhou or Yin Prefecture was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China centering on modern Hengshan County, Shaanxi, China. It existed (intermittently) from 563 to 1106. In the 10th- and 11th-centuries it was mostly controlled by the Tangut people as part of Western Xia (1038–1227) or its precursor, the Dingnan Jiedushi. In 1081 it became territory of the Song dynasty.
Suizhou or Sui Prefecture was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China centering on modern Suide County, Shaanxi, China. It existed (intermittently) from 552 to 1069. In the 10th- and 11th-centuries it was mostly controlled by the Tangut people as part of Western Xia (1038–1227) or its precursor, the Dingnan Jiedushi, although it became Song dynasty territory again in 1067.
Xingzhou or Xing Prefecture (興州) was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China, centering on modern Lüeyang County, Shaanxi, China. It existed (intermittently) from 554 until 1207.
Xiuzhou or Xiu Prefecture was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China, centering on modern Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China. Its administrative area contained most of modern Shanghai. It was created by the Wuyue kingdom in 938; in 1195, the Song dynasty renamed it Jiaxing Prefecture.
Duanzhou or Duan Prefecture was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China in modern Guangdong, China, centering on modern Zhaoqing. Duan Prefecture was a major production center of inkstones.
Xinghua Prefecture (興化軍府) was a Song dynasty military prefecture created in 979, under the administration of Fujian Circuit. It was abolished by the Mongol Yuan dynasty in 1277.
The Western Xia was a Tangut-led Chinese dynasty which ruled over what are now the northwestern Chinese subdivisions of Ningxia, Gansu, eastern Qinghai, northern Shaanxi, northeastern Xinjiang, southwest Inner Mongolia, and southernmost Outer Mongolia from 1032 until 1227 when they were destroyed by the Mongols. The country was established by the Tangut people; likewise its earliest coins were escribed with Tangut characters, while later they would be written in Chinese. Opposed to Song dynasty coins that often read top-bottom-right-left, Western Xia coins exclusively read clockwise. Despite the fact that coins had been cast for over a century and a half, very little were actually produced and coins from Western Xia are a rarity today. Although the Western Xia cast their own coins barter remained widely used.
References
- Shi Weile, ed. (2005). Zhongguo Lishi Diming Da Cidian (中国历史地名大词典)[Large Dictionary of Chinese Historical Place Names] (in Chinese). China Social Sciences Press. ISBN 7-5004-4929-1.
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