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Fiqh is Islamic jurisprudence. Fiqh is often described as the human understanding and practices of the sharia, that is human understanding of the divine Islamic law as revealed in the Quran and the Sunnah. Fiqh expands and develops Shariah through interpretation (ijtihad) of the Quran and Sunnah by Islamic jurists (ulama) and is implemented by the rulings (fatwa) of jurists on questions presented to them. Thus, whereas sharia is considered immutable and infallible by Muslims, fiqh is considered fallible and changeable. Fiqh deals with the observance of rituals, morals and social legislation in Islam as well as economic and political system. In the modern era, there are four prominent schools (madh'hab) of fiqh within Sunni practice, plus two within Shi'a practice. A person trained in fiqh is known as a faqīh.
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The Hanafi school, Hanafism, or the Hanafi fiqh, is the oldest and one of the four traditional major Sunni schools (Fiqh) of Islamic Law (madhhab). It is named after the 8th century Kufan scholar, Abu Hanifa, a Tabi‘i whose legal views were preserved primarily by his two most important disciples, Imam Abu Yusuf and Muhammad al-Shaybani. It is considered one of the most widely accepted maddhab amongst Sunni Muslim community and is called the Madhhab of Jurists. A plurality of Hanafi Muslims follow and have followed the Maturidi school of theology.
The Hanbali school is one of the four major traditional Sunni schools (madhahib) of Islamic jurisprudence. It is named after the Arab scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal, and was institutionalized by his students. The Hanbali madhhab is the smallest of four major Sunni schools, the others being the Hanafi, Maliki and Shafi`i.
The Maliki school is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. It was founded by Malik ibn Anas in the 8th century. The Maliki school of jurisprudence relies on the Quran and hadiths as primary sources. Unlike other Islamic fiqhs, Maliki fiqh also considers the consensus of the people of Medina to be a valid source of Islamic law.
Muhammad ibn Isma'il al-Bukhari, commonly referred to as Imām al-Bukhāri or Imām Bukhāri, was a 9th-century Muslim muhaddith who is widely regarded as the most important hadith scholar in the history of Sunni Islam. Al-Bukhari's extant works include the hadith collection Sahih al-Bukhari, Al-Tarikh al-Kabir, and Al-Adab al-Mufrad.
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Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥammad ibn Idrīs ash-Shāfiʿī was a Muslim theologian, writer, and scholar, who was one of the first contributors of the principles of Islamic jurisprudence. Often referred to as 'Shaykh al-Islām', al-Shāfi‘ī was one of the four great Sunni Imams, whose legacy on juridical matters and teaching eventually led to the formation of Shafi'i school of fiqh. He was the most prominent student of Imam Malik ibn Anas, and he also served as the Governor of Najar. Born in Palestine, he also lived in Mecca and Medina in the Hejaz, Yemen, Egypt, and Baghdad in Iraq.
The Muwaṭṭaʾ or Muwatta Imam Malik of Imam Malik (711–795) written in the 8th-century, is one of the earliest collections of hadith texts comprising the subjects of Islamic law, compiled by the Imam, Malik ibn Anas. Malik's best-known work, Al-Muwatta was the first legal work to incorporate and combine hadith and fiqh.
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In Islam, Qirāʼah, are different linguistic, lexical, phonetic, morphological and syntactical forms permitted with reciting the holy book of Islam, the Quran. Differences between Qiraʼat are slight and include varying rules regarding the prolongation, intonation, and pronunciation of words, but also differences in stops, vowels, consonants, and less frequently entire words. Qiraʼat also refers to the branch of Islamic studies that deals with these modes of recitation.
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Abū Muṣʿab Aḥmad ibn Abī Bakr al-Qāsim ibn al-Ḥārith al-Zuhri, 767–856 CE / 150–242 AH, was a Muslim scholar and judge who was a student of Malik ibn Anas.
Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn Musa ibn al-Abbas ibn Mujahid al-Atashi was an Islamic scholar most notable for establishing and delineating the seven canonical Quranic readings (qira'at) in his work Kitāb al-sabʿa fī l-qirāʾāt. He was also notable for delivering the charge of heretical Quranic exegesis that reopened the trial of Mansur al-Hallaj, which ultimately led to his execution on the orders of the Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadir.
Yūsuf ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Abū ʿUmar al-Namarī al-Andalusī al-Qurṭubī al-Mālikī, commonly known as Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr was an eleventh-century Maliki scholar and Athari theologian who served as the Qadi of Lisbon. He died in December 2, 1071 (aged 93).
Muḥammad Shafī‘ ibn Muḥammad Yāsīn ‘Us̱mānī Deobandī, often referred to as Mufti Muhammad Shafi, was a Pakistani Sunni Islamic scholar of the Deobandi school of Islamic thought.
The Shafi'i school, or Madhhab al-Shāfiʿī, is one of the four major traditional schools of religious law (madhhab) in the Sunnī branch of Islam. It was founded by Arab theologian Muḥammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī, "the father of Muslim jurisprudence", in the early 9th century.
Al-Kaffarah is a term in Islamic law meaning the expiation of sin, referred to special sanction to compensate for the offense or sin when the particular for violation (evil-doing) or unintentional murder is committed. Kaffarah is paid violating some action like fasting, oath, ihram and unintentional murder and semi-unintentional murder.
According to Islamic tradition, the Quran was revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad by the angel Gabriel (Jibril) in seven ahruf, translated variously as "styles", "ways", "forms" and "modes". Islamic scholars agree that the ahruf were styles used by the early Muslims to recite the Quran. The Islamic Caliph Uthman compiled the Quran using one of the ahruf during the 7th century, and the other ahruf fell out of use. The ahruf are distinct from the qira'at, which are methods of pronouncing the Quran that also go back to Muhammad according to the Hadith.
References
- 1 2 "Azman Hashim Senior Research Fellow". www.oxcis.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
- ↑ "Arabic Language and Literature Staff". www.sll.uct.ac.za. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
- 1 2 "Professor Yasin Dutton | Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies". www.oxcis.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
- ↑ "Questions pertaining to the Way of Malik and to his perception of the 'Amal of Madina". www.masud.co.uk. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ↑ Fadel, M. (18 April 2010). "Original Islam: Malik and the Madhhab of Madina * By YASIN DUTTON". Journal of Islamic Studies. 21 (2): 273–275. doi:10.1093/jis/etq003.
- ↑ Motzki, Harald (2000–2001). "The Origins of Islamic Law: The Qur'an, the Muwatta' and Madinan 'Amal by Yasin Dutton". Journal of Law and Religion. 15 (1/2): 369–373. doi:10.2307/1051526. JSTOR 1051526. S2CID 166124242.
- ↑ Dutton, Yasin (1 January 1996). "ʿAmal V. ḥadīth in Islamic Law: The Case of Sadl Al-Yadayn (Holding One's Hands by One's Sides) when Doing the Prayer". Islamic Law and Society. 3 (1): 13–40. doi:10.1163/1568519962599159.
- ↑ Abou El Fadl, Khaled (November 2000). "YASIN DUTTON, The Origins of Islamic Law: The Quran, the Muwatta and Madinian Amal". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 32 (4): 531–532. doi:10.1017/S0020743800002683. S2CID 161723193.
- ↑ Origins of Islamic Law
- ↑ Original Islam
- ↑ Dutton, Yasin (1995). The codicology of Islamic manuscripts : proceedings of the second conference of Al-Furqān Islamic Heritage Foundation, 4-5 December, 1993 (2nd ed.). London: Al-Furqān Islamic Heritage Foundation. ISBN 978-1873992159.
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