Yindjibarndi people

The Yindjibarndi are an Aboriginal Australian people of the Pilbara region of Western Australia. They form the majority of Aboriginal people around Roebourne (the Millstream area). ^[1] Their traditional lands lie around the Fortescue River. ^[2]

Language

Yindjibarndi, with around 1000 speakers, has been called the most innovative descendant of then proto-Ngayarta language. ^[3] It is mutually intelligible with Kurruma. Due to their displacement in the colonisation process, which forced them into Roebourne, many speakers are Ngarluma people who have adopted Yindjibarndi. Their spatial concepts regarding landscape of do not translate with any equivalent conceptual extension into English. ^{[4] [5]}

Country

Yindjibarndi ancestral territory has been estimated to cover approximately 5,000 square miles (13,000 km²). It is located on the lower Hamersley Range plateau south of the Pialin at the junction of Portland Creek with the Fortescue River, east along a line formed by the edge of the scarp facing the eastern headwaters of Yule River; east along the Fortescue River to Marana Pool , about 10 miles west of Kudaidari . South to the clifflike north-facing scarp of the higher Hamersley Range plateau roughly along a line from Mount Elvira east-southeast to Mount George . The southern boundary is marked by the change from open porcupine grass country to the densely thicketed mulga country extending south. ^[6]

Ecology

Traditionally, until the arrival of Europeans, the Yindjibarndi lived along the middle sector of the valley through which the Fortescue River runs, and the nearby uplands. Beginning in the 1860s pastoralists established cattle stations on their homeland, and the Yindjibarndi were herded into settlements. Today most of them are congregated in and around the traditional Ngarluma territory whose centre is Roebourne. ^[7]

Native title

Further information: Native title in Australia

The Yindjibardni people, alongside the Ngarluma people, are a party to the land access agreement for the Woodside-operated North West Shelf Venture, ^[8] executed in 1998. Under the agreement, Ngarluma and Yindjibarndi people remain the traditional owner representatives for the North West Shelf Venture area, which includes the Karratha Gas Plant.^{[ citation needed ]} The 1998 agreement established the Ngarluma Yindjibarndi Foundation Ltd, which operates out of Roebourne. ^[9]

The mining magnate Andrew Forrest, head of Fortescue Metals Group (FMG), which extracts ore at the Solomon iron ore hub on the Yindjibarndi's traditional land, waged a 14-year legal battle to assert the company's rights over use of the land. In 2017, the Federal Court of Australia recognised that the Yindjibarndi had exclusive native title rights over some 2,700 square kilometres (1,000 sq mi), and the court reaffirmed its decision in 2020 when FMG appealed to have the determination overturned. ^[10] In 2022 the Yindjibarndi Aboriginal Corporation (YAC) asked the Federal Court to rule on compensation, after attempts to negotiate an Indigenous land use agreement had stalled. ^[11] As of 2023 ^[update] YAC continues its battle in the courts for compensation. They are seeking unpaid royalties of more than A$500 million, as well as damages that could amount to more hundreds of millions, for "loss of sacred sites and spiritual connection to the land". The claim was initially discussed at a meeting between FMG and YAC in March 2011. The Western Australian Government may also bear responsibility for allowing the mining to take place without the permission of the Yindjibarndi people. The lawyer acting for the YAC sees it as a landmark case, as it would be "the first case that sets down the benchmark for compensation to be paid under the Native Title Act by a miner". ^[12]

Notes

Citations

1. Rodan 2004, p. 112, n.38.
2. Traditional Country n.d.
3. O'Grady & Hale 2004, p. 71.
4. Mark & Turk 2003, pp. 29–45.
5. Turk et al. 2012, pp. 368–391.
6. Tindale 1974, p. 241.
7. Turk et al. 2012, p. 373.
8. "Ngarluma Yindjibarndi Foundation". Business News. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
9. NYFL (2022). "Ngarluma and Yindjibarndi Foundation Ltd". NYFL. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
10. Jenkins 2020.
11. Robinson, Tom (6 November 2022). "Yindjibarndi people ask for landmark Fortescue Metals case to be heard on-country in remote WA". ABC News (Australia) . Retrieved 26 November 2022.
12. Mercer, Daniel (14 August 2023). "Legal fight between Yindjibarndi and Andrew Forrest cuts to the heart of Australia's native title rights". ABC News. Retrieved 13 August 2023.

Sources

• "AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia". AIATSIS . Retrieved 22 March 2022.
• Jenkins, Keira (29 May 2020). "Fortescue Metals Group has lost a High Court appeal to overturn Native Title rights over 2,700 square kilometres (1,000 sq mi) of land in the Pilbara, including the site of an iron ore mine". SBS . NITV.
• Mark, David M.; Turk, Andrew G (2003). "Landscape Categories in Yindjibarndi: Ontology, Environment and Language". In Kuhn, Werner; Worboys, Michael F.; Timpf, Sabine (eds.). Spatial Information Theory. Foundations of Geographic Information Science . Springer. pp.  29–45. ISBN   978-3-540-20148-9 – via Internet Archive.
• O'Grady, Geoff; Hale, Kenneth L. (2004). "The Coherence and distinctiveness of the Pama-Nyungan language family within the Australian linguistic phylum". In Bowern, Claire; Koch, Harold James (eds.). Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 69–91. ISBN   978-9-027-24761-2.
• Rodan, Debbie (2004). Identity and Justice: Conflicts, Contradictions and Contingencies. Peter Lang. ISBN   978-9-052-01197-4.
• "Tindale Tribal Boundaries" (PDF). Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Western Australia. September 2016.
• Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Indjibandi (WA)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University. ISBN   978-0-708-10741-6. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020.
• Turk, Andrew G; Mark, David M.; O'Meara, Caroline; Stea, David (2012). "Geography: Documenting Terms for Landscape Features". In Thieberger, Nick (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Fieldwork. Oxford University Press. pp. 368–391. ISBN   978-0-199-57188-8.
• "Yindjibarndi: The People and their Traditional Country". Wangka Maya Pilbara Aboriginal Language Centre. n.d. Retrieved 22 March 2022.