Djaru people

Last updated • 7 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

The Djaru people are an Aboriginal Australian people of the southern Kimberley region of Western Australia.

Contents

Language

Djaru is a member of the Ngumbin language family, and is related to Walmajarri.

Country

The Djaru people ranged along Margaret River as far as the Mary River Junction. Their land took in the headwaters of Christmas Creek, ran eastward to Cummins Range, Sturt Creek Station [lower-alpha 1] up to the border with the Northern Territory. Its northern boundary lay in the vicinity of the Nicholson Station homestead, and the headwaters of the Ord River above the Dixon Range, and including the areas east of Alice Downs as far as Halls Creek and the Margaret River gorge. In Norman Tindale's estimation the total land range encompassed something like 13,000 square miles (34,000 km2). [1] The area is now known as the Kutjungka Region. [2]

Trade

The Djaru, like the Gija, much admired the composite spears, fitted with barbed pegs, of their southern neighbours, fashioned from mulga hardwood and witjuti bush shrubs and to obtain them would exchange them for stone knives and pressure-flaked spear blades (tjimbala), and pearl shells [3] which filtered down from the coast where they had been collected by the distant Jawi. [4]

History of contact

Massacres of Aboriginal people in the Kimberleys were commonplace as the land was cleared for settlement and pastoral stations. An early massacre at Hangman's Creek, otherwise undocumented in colonial archives, remains undated but is associated with the name of Sergeant Richard Henry Pilmer. [lower-alpha 2] [lower-alpha 3]

Djaru had been responsible for killing in separate incidents four outsiders, a stockman, a surveyor, a miner, and a Chinaman at Ruby Plains Station. Native tradition holds that Pilmer rode out in a buggy and rounded up a mob of Djaru to get them to dig a "well". Once that work was completed, he then strung them all up on a walarri [lower-alpha 4] gum tree and buried them in the well. The place thereby earned the name of Hangman's Creek. [5] The primary victims of that particular slaughter were, according to Norman Tindale, the Margaret River Djaru. [1]

In September 1922, two settlers, Joseph Condren and Tim O'Sullivan, were murdered at Billiluna homestead. According to one account, a Guluwaring man Goose Hill near Kununurra, [6] known as Banjo, [lower-alpha 5] seized a gun and shot first Sullivan, and then Condren, while the latter two were branding cattle with the assistance of several natives. The reason given for the murder was Banjo acting to revenge himself on Sullivan who had taken away his wife, Topsy. The other blacks, who tried to intervene, were held at bay by Banjo, who threatened them with the rifle. [7]

According to indigenous traditions, the first massacre that ensued in retaliation for the killings took place at Kaningarra between wells 48 and 49 on the Canning Stock Route. The incident is undocumented and relies on the testimony of the three sons of Riwarri, the only adult survivor. [lower-alpha 6] In this account, a police punitive expedition came across an encampment in which Aboriginal people were cooking camel meat, and they kept shooting into it until they ran short of ammunition. Those who survived were led off tethered by neckchains to a site called the "Goat Yard" at Denison Downs. [8] A police party, led by Constable J.J. Cooney, engaged ostensibly in a search for the culprit, was in the Walmajarri area from 12 to 31 October at the time of the reported slaughter. [9]

The second incident, soon afterward, took place at the former Denison Downs homestead on the Sturt Creek Station, in a site referred to as Chuall Pool where many Djaru, together with Walmajarri, were murdered. The victims were the survivors of the Kaningarra massacre. A recent archaeological study of two sites, identified by the tribal custodians, as the goat yard and the women and children's site, turned up ample evidence of calcinated bone fragments that were the residue of exposure to prolonged extreme heat, which was created by a fire accelerant like kerosene wholly atypical of hunter-gatherer hearths. [10] On the other hand, the "well-digging" story, it was inferred, cannot have been accurate since the indicated well had been constructed before then. Otherwise, the archaeological study confirmed the likelihood that police had massacred an unknown number of Aboriginal people at this second site. [11]

Alternative names

Source: Tindale 1974 , pp. 240–241

Some words

Notes

  1. "The Sturt Creek valley in the region of Sturt Creek Station is known locally as 'mix-up' country, that is, country that is accessed by members of adjacent language groups usually because of the need to share resources and the sacred/significant sites along Sturt Creek." (Smith 2016, p. 4)
  2. Pilmer's tour of duty at the Fitzroy Crossing Police Station lasted from 1894 to 1902, during which he massacred people on Bunuba lands. There is some doubt whether the Hangman's Creek massacre recounted here could have occurred at that time. He was, however, charged with patrolling the Roebourne district, with a huge extension from Port Hedland to the Northwest Cape over to the South Australian border from 1905 onwards. Tomlinson argues that would have made his name familiar to the Aboriginal people of the East Kimberley area. (Tomlinson 2008, p. 81, n.18)
  3. In his memoirs, Pilmer would write that he was outraged on encountering the practice of white men flogging Aboriginal people but later took on the practice as part of his duties and received 10 shillings per flogging.(Olive 2007, p. 88)
  4. Perhaps either Corymbia bella or Corymbia grandifolia. (Meakins & Nordlinger 2014, p. 462)
  5. Banjo was a trusted stockman and had been wounded by a spear thrown by other blacks in 1917-1918. In retribution, according to another station hand, Grant Ngabidj, seven whites, including four policemen from Hall's Creek, came across a mob of Aboriginal people and "They did not tie them up or take them to the jail house; they murdered the whole lot of them, shot them all: Balgo mob, Sturt Creek mob and Billiluna mob; women, piccaninnies, dogs, old people, young people, middle-sized people - finished them." (Smith 2016, p. 50)
  6. Milner Sturt, Boxer Milner and Speiler Sturt. (Smith 2016, p. 2)
  7. Smith treats the Nyining as a separate tribe [12] following a distinction made by Ronald Berndt. Tindale dismissed this distinction as incorrect, writing that "the name Njining applies to all Djaru people and seems to be a true alternative name. It is more in use at Flora valley than it is farther west." (Tindale 1974, p. 240)

Citations

  1. 1 2 Tindale 1974, p. 240.
  2. Smith 2016, p. 1.
  3. Tindale 1974, pp. 82–83.
  4. Tindale 1974, pp. 82–84.
  5. Tomlinson 2008, pp. 81–82.
  6. Smith 2016, p. 122, n.16.
  7. Smith 2016, p. 51.
  8. Smith 2016, p. iv.
  9. Smith 2016, pp. vii, pp-52–54, 122.
  10. Smith 2016, p. 124.
  11. Smith 2016, p. 126.
  12. Smith 2016, p. ii.
  13. Tomlinson 2008, p. 80, n.10.

Sources

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canning Stock Route</span> Track in Western Australia

The Canning Stock Route is a track that runs from Halls Creek in the Kimberley region of Western Australia to Wiluna in the mid-west region. With a total distance of around 1,850 km (1,150 mi) it is claimed to be the longest historic stock route in the world.

Gija, also spelt Gidja and Kija, alternatively known as the Lungga, refers to Aboriginal Australians from the East Kimberley area of Western Australia, about 200 km south of Kununurra. In the late 19th century pastoralists were fiercely resisted by Gija people, many of whom now live around localities such as Halls Creek and Warmun.

The Tjurabalan (Jura-palan) is a nomadic desert tribe from the edge of the Tanami Desert near Sturt Creek and The Paraku Lake system, Lake Gregory in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Gregory (Western Australia)</span> Lake in Western Australia

Lake Gregory, or Paraku in the Walmajarri language, is a permanent brackish lake located in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, situated between the Great Sandy Desert and the Tanami Desert. Following monsoonal rains it may hold fresh water, but becomes more saline after a number of dry years.

The Djargurd Wurrong are Aboriginal Australian people of the Western district of the State of Victoria, and traditionally occupied the territory between Mount Emu Creek and Lake Corangamite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gadubanud</span> Aboriginal Australian group from the Cape Otway area in Victoria

The Gadubanud (Katubanut), also known as the Pallidurgbarran, Yarro waetch or Cape Otway tribe (Tindale), are an Aboriginal Australian people of the state of Victoria. Their territory encompasses the rainforest plateau and rugged coastline of Cape Otway. Their numbers declined rapidly following the onset of European colonisation, and little is known of them. However, some may have found refuge at the Wesleyan mission station at Birregurra, and later the Framlingham mission station, and some people still trace their descent from them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moola Bulla</span> Pastoral lease in Western Australia

Moola Bulla Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. It is approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of Halls Creek and 150 kilometres (93 mi) south of Warmun, and occupies an area of 6,600 square kilometres (2,548 sq mi). It bisects the watershed of the Fitzroy River and Ord Rivers.

The Yapurarra or Jaburara, also rendered Yaburara, are an Aboriginal Australian people whose traditional lands are in the Pilbara region of Western Australia and the Dampier Archipelago.

The Mangarla, or Mangala, are an Aboriginal Australian people of Western Australia. The Mangarla people traditionally lived in the north-western area of the Great Sandy Desert, west of the Karajarri people, east of the Walmajarri, with the Juwaliny and Yulparija to the south. Many Mangarla people now live in Jarlmadangah and Bidyadanga.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Billiluna Station</span> Pastoral lease in Western Australia

Billiluna Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station in Western Australia.

The Barindji, also written Parrintyi, are an indigenous Australian people of the state of New South Wales. They are to be distinguished from the Paaruntyi, who spoke a similar language but whom they called the spitting people.

The Gooniyandi, also known as the Konejandi, are an Aboriginal Australian people in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.

The Bilinarra, also spelt Bilingara and Bilinara, are an Aboriginal Australian people of the Northern Territory.

The Kwiambal are an Aboriginal Australian people of New South Wales.

The Walmadjari (Walmajarri) people, also known as Tjiwaling and Wanaseka, are an Aboriginal Australian people of the Kimberley region of Western Australia.

The Malngin are an Aboriginal Australian people of the Kimberley region of Western Australia. The Malngin language was a dialect of Gurindj.

The Gudanji, otherwise known as the Kotandji or Ngandji, are an indigenous Australian people of the Northern Territory.

The Wambaya people, also spelt Umbaia, Wombaia and other variants, are an Aboriginal Australian people of the southern Barkly Tableland of the Northern Territory. Their language is the Wambaya language. Their traditional lands have now been taken over by large cattle stations.

The Mudburra, also spelt Mudbara and other variants, are an Aboriginal Australian people of the Northern Territory.