You can't have your cake and eat it

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You can't have your cake and eat it (too) is a popular English idiomatic proverb or figure of speech. [1] The proverb literally means "you cannot simultaneously retain possession of a cake and eat it, too". Once the cake is eaten, it is gone. It can be used to say that one cannot have two incompatible things, or that one should not try to have more than is reasonable. The proverb's meaning is similar to the phrases "you can't have it both ways" and "you can't have the best of both worlds."

Contents

For those unfamiliar with it, the proverb may sound confusing due to the ambiguity of the word 'have', which can mean 'keep' or 'to have in one's possession', but which can also be used as a synonym for 'eat' (e.g. 'to have breakfast'). Some find the common form of the proverb to be incorrect or illogical and instead prefer: "You can't eat your cake and [then still] have it (too)". Indeed, this used to be the most common form of the expression until the 1930s–1940s, when it was overtaken by the have-eat variant. [2] Another, less common, version uses 'keep' instead of 'have'. [3]

Choosing between having and eating a cake illustrates the concept of trade-offs or opportunity cost. [4] [5] [6]

History and usage

An early recording of the phrase is in a letter on 14 March 1538 from Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, to Thomas Cromwell, as "a man can not have his cake and eat his cake". [7] The phrase occurs with the clauses reversed in John Heywood's A dialogue Conteinyng the Nomber in Effect of All the Prouerbes in the Englishe Tongue from 1546, as "wolde you bothe eate your cake, and have your cake?". [8] [9] In John Davies's Scourge of Folly of 1611, the same order is used, as "A man cannot eat his cake and haue it stil." [10]

In Jonathan Swift's 1738 farce Polite Conversation , the character Lady Answerall says "she cannot eat her cake and have her cake". [11] In a posthumous adaptation of Polite Conversation, called Tittle Tattle; or, Taste A-la-Mode, released in 1749, the order was reversed: "And she cannot have her Cake and eat her Cake". [12] [13] [14] A modern-sounding variant from 1812, "We cannot have our cake and eat it too", can be found in R. C. Knopf's Document Transcriptions of the War of 1812 (1959). [15]

According to Google Ngram Viewer, a search engine that charts the frequencies of phrases in archived historical (written) documents over time, the eat-have order used to be the most common variant, before being surpassed by the have-eat version in the 1930s and 40s. [2] A reflection of this can be found in Ayn Rand’s 1957 novel Atlas Shrugged. Several pages into John Galt’s famous monologue, he employs the proverb as an analogy in simple terms: “You cannot have your cake and eat it, too”.

In 1996, the eat-have variant played a role in the apprehension of Ted Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber. In his manifesto, which the terrorist sent to newspapers in the wake of his bombings, Kaczynski advocated the undoing of the industrial revolution, writing: "As for the negative consequences of eliminating industrial society — well, you can’t eat your cake and have it too." James R. Fitzgerald, an FBI forensic linguist, noted the then-uncommon variant of the proverb and later discovered that Kaczynski had also used it in a letter to his mother. This, among other clues, led to his identification and arrest. [16] [17] [18]

Anarcho-capitalist economist Hans-Hermann Hoppe in his 2001 book, Democracy: The God That Failed, mentions the famous proverb, and then, for further clarification and simplicity states, "You cannot have your cake and eat it too for instance, or what you consume now cannot be consumed again in the future." [19]

In her 2002 book, classicist Katharina Volk of Columbia University used the phrase to describe the development of poetic imagery in didactic Latin poetry, naming the principle behind the imagery's adoption and application the "have-one's-cake-and-eat-it-too principle". [20]

Cakeism

The expression “cakeism” and the associated noun and adjective “cakeist” have come into general use in British English, especially in political journalism, and have been accepted into English dictionaries. [21] [22]

The expressions, which reverse the traditional proverb, refer to a wish to enjoy two desirable but incompatible alternatives, especially regarding the UK’s approach to Brexit negotiations and subsequent deliberations. It developed after comments made by the then UK foreign secretary Boris Johnson in 2016, that "I've never been an Outer". [23] "My policy on cake is pro having it and pro eating it." [24] Subsequently, as prime minister, he described the UK's post-Brexit trade deal as a "cakeist treaty". [25]

The neologisms have since become objects of derision and have led to sarcastic re-reversals. [26] [27]

Logicality

The proverb, while commonly used, is at times questioned by people who feel the expression to be illogical or incorrect. As comedian Billy Connolly once put it: "What good is [having] a cake if you can't eat it?" [28] According to Paul Brians, Professor of English at Washington State University, the confusion about the idiom stems from the verb to have, which can refer to possessing, but also to eating, e.g. "Let's have breakfast" or "I'm having a sandwich". Brians argues that "You can't eat your cake and have it too" is a more logical variant than "You can't have your cake and eat it too", because the verb-order of "eat-have" makes more sense: once you've eaten your cake, you don't have it anymore. [29]

Ben Zimmer, writing for the Language Log of the University of Pennsylvania, states that the interpretation of the two variants relies on the assumption of either sequentiality or simultaneity. If one believes the phrase to imply sequentiality, then the "eat-have" variant could be seen as a more logical form: you cannot eat your cake and then (still) have it, but you actually can have your cake and then eat it. Thus, "can't eat and (then) have" would be a correct statement, "can't have and (then) eat" would be an incorrect statement. However, if one believes the "and" conjoining the verbs to imply simultaneity of action rather than sequentiality of action, then both versions are usable as an idiom, because "cake-eating and cake-having are mutually exclusive activities, regardless of the syntactic ordering", Zimmer writes. [18]

In response, Richard Mason disagreed with Zimmer's assertion on the mutually exclusiveness of the two actions: "simultaneous cake-having and cake-eating are NOT mutually exclusive. On the contrary, generally I cannot eat something at any time when I do not have it. But I eat things when I have them all the time. Only when the object is entirely consumed do I no longer have it (and at that time the eating is also terminated)." Therefore, Mason considers the "have-eat" variant to be "logically indefensible". [30] Zimmer reacted to Mason by stating: "the 'having' part of the idiom seems to me to imply possession over a long period of time, rather than the transient cake-having that occurs during cake-eating". He concludes that it is ultimately not relevant to ponder over the logicality of crystallized, commonly used phrases. "Few people protest the expression head over heels to mean 'topsy-turvy,' despite the fact that its "literal" reading describes a normal, non-topsy-turvy bodily alignment". [18]

Stan Carey, writing for the Macmillan Dictionary Blog, likens the "have-eat" vs. "eat-have" question with the discussion over "I could care less" and "I couldn't care less", two phrases that are used to refer to the same thing yet are construed differently, the former sounding illogical because saying "I could care less" would mean that you actually do care to some degree. Carey writes that even though the "eat-have" form of the cake-proverb might make more sense, "idioms do not hinge on logic, and expecting them to make literal sense is futile. But it can be hard to ward off the instinctive wish that language align better with common sense." Carey jokingly states that the cake-idiom actually does have its cake and eats it. [31]

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References

  1. ↑ "Definition of cake in English". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017.
  2. 1 2 Google Ngram graphs of "My cake", "Your cake", "His cake", "Her cake", "Our cake", and "Their cake".
  3. ↑ Google Ngram graph of eat-have, have-eat, keep-eat, and eat-keep variants.
  4. ↑ Fitzpatrick, John R (15 June 2006). John Stuart Mill's Political Philosophy: Balancing Freedom and the Collective Good. A&C Black. p. 154. ISBN   9781847143440.
  5. ↑ Fullbrook, Edward (21 October 2008). Ontology and Economics: Tony Lawson and His Critics. Taylor & Francis. p. 17. ISBN   9780203888773.
  6. ↑ Suits, Daniel Burbidge (28 November 1973). Principles of economics. Harper & Row. p. 49. ISBN   9780060465285.
  7. ↑ Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 13 Part 1: January-July 1538 (p. 189 ref. 504). Vol. 13. Institute of Historical Research. pp. 176–192 – via British History Online.
  8. ↑ Heywood, John (1546). A dialogue Conteinyng the Nomber in Effect of All the Prouerbes in the Englishe Tongue. Vol. 13. pp. 176–192.
  9. ↑ "Cake" . Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.(Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  10. ↑ Shapiro, Fred R (2006). The Yale Book of Quotations . Yale University Press. p.  614. ISBN   9780300107982. A man cannot eat his cake and haue it stil.
  11. ↑ Swift, Jonathan (1841). The Works of Jonathan Swift ...: Containing interesting and valuable papers. p. 341.
  12. ↑ Timothy Fribble (Pseud.), Jonathan Swift (1749). Tittle Tattle. p. 29.
  13. ↑ Zimmer, Ben (18 February 2011). "Have Your Cake and Eat It Too". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 26 September 2011.
  14. ↑ Perry, Toni (14 April 2011). "Eat/Have, Have/Eat Your Cake!". ABLE Innovations Blog. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015.
  15. ↑ Speake, Jennifer, ed. (2008). A Dictionary of Proverbs. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780199539536.
  16. ↑ Fitzgerald, James R. (2004). "Chapter 14: Using a Forensic Linguistic Approach to Track the Unabomber". In Campbell, John H.; DeNevi, Don (eds.). Profilers: Leading Investigators Take You Inside The Criminal Mind. Prometheus Books. pp. 205–206. ISBN   9781591022664.
  17. ↑ Geracimos, Ann (12 January 2006). "CSI: Language analysis unit". The Washington Times . Archived from the original on 13 January 2006.
  18. 1 2 3 Zimmer, Benjamin (14 January 2006). "Language Log: Forensic linguistics, the Unabomber, and the etymological fallacy". Language Log . Archived from the original on 26 February 2007.
  19. ↑ Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (2001). Democracy: The God That Failed (Routledge ed.). Transaction Publishers. ISBN   9780765808684.
  20. ↑ Volk, Katharina (27 June 2002). The Poetics of Latin Didactic. Lucretius, Vergil, Ovid, Manilius. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780199245505. Archived from the original on 5 May 2010.
  21. ↑ "cakeism". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press.
  22. ↑ "cakeism". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins Publishers.
  23. ↑ White, Michael (22 February 2016). "No Boris, you can't have your Brexit cake and eat it too". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 22 February 2016.
  24. ↑ Cohen, Nick (12 July 2022). "Cakeism is Boris Johnson's true legacy". The Spectator . Archived from the original on 6 June 2023.
  25. ↑ "Post-Brexit trade: UK having its cake and eating it, says Boris Johnson". BBC News . 30 December 2020. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021.
  26. ↑ Musolff, Andreas (13 February 2020). "Having cake and eating it: how a hyperbolic metaphor framed Brexit". LSE Research Online. London School of Economics.
  27. ↑ Musolff, Andreas (1 October 2020). "Can political rhetoric ever be "too persuasive"? The combination of proverb and hyperbole in the case of having the cake and eating it". Jezikoslovlje. 21 (3): 285–303. doi: 10.29162/jez.2020.9 . S2CID   243389533. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022.
  28. ↑ Connolly, Billy. "Billy Connolly's 14 things I hate about everybody". John Jokes. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020.
  29. ↑ Brians, Paul (19 May 2016). "Common Errors in English: Eat Cake". Washington State University. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018.
  30. ↑ Mason, Richard (20 January 2006). "Comment on Having Your Cake and Eating It Too". Tales of the Golem; or, the Modern Epimetheus. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016.
  31. ↑ Carey, Stan (30 September 2013). "An idiom that has its cake and eats it". Macmillan Dictionary Blog. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023.
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