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The South Polar region of the Cretaceous comprised the continent of East Gondwana–modern day Australia and Antarctica–a product of the break-up of Gondwana. The southern region, during this time, was much warmer than it is today, ranging from perhaps 4–8 °C (39–46 °F) in the latest Cretaceous Maastrichtian in what is now southeastern Australia. This prevented permanent ice sheets from developing and fostered polar forests, which were largely dominated by conifers, cycads, and ferns, and relied on a temperate climate and heavy rainfall. Major fossil-bearing geological formations that record this area are: the Santa Marta and Sobral Formations of Seymour Island off the Antarctic Peninsula; the Snow Hill Island, Lopez de Bertodano, and the Hidden Lake Formations on James Ross Island also off the Antarctic Peninsula; and the Eumeralla and Wonthaggi Formations in Australia.
Scaphites is a genus of heteromorph ammonites belonging to the Scaphitidae family. They were a widespread genus that thrived during the Late Cretaceous period.
Victorlemoinea is an extinct litoptern genus of the family Macraucheniidae, that lived from the Early to Middle Eocene. Fossils of Victorlemoinea have been found in the Las Flores, Sarmiento and Koluel Kaike Formations of Argentina, the Itaboraí Formation of Brazil and La Meseta Formation, Antarctica.
Berriasella is a discoidal evolute perisphinctacean ammonite, and type genus for the neocomitid subfamily Berriasellinae. Its ribbing is distinct, consisting of both simple and bifurcated ribs that extend from the umbilical seam across the venter; its whorl section generally compressed, the venter more or less narrowly rounded. The species Berriasella jacobi traditionally has been regarded an index fossil defining the base of the Cretaceous, however since 2016 this had been replaced by the first occurrence of Calpionella alpina.
Beudanticeras is an extinct cephalopod genus from the Late Cretaceous period; Albian and Cenomanian, belonging to the ammonoid subclass and included in the family Desmoceratidae.
Yezoites is an extinct genus of ammonites placed in the family Scaphitidae. The genus is known lived during the Upper Cretaceous and was first described in 1910. The genus contains five species, Y. bladenensis, Y. orbignyi, Y. planus, Y. puerculus, and Y. subevolutus.
The Lopez de Bertodano Formation is a geological formation in the James Ross archipelago of the Antarctic Peninsula. The strata date from the end of the Late Cretaceous to the Danian stage of the lower Paleocene, from about 70 to 65.5 million years ago, straddling the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary.
Sagenopteris is a genus of extinct seed ferns from the Triassic to late Early Cretaceous.
Vinctifer is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish erected by David Starr Jordan in 1919.
The Hidden Lake Formation is a Late Cretaceous geologic formation in Antarctica. The sandstones and siltstones of the formation were deposited in a deltaic environment.
Menuites is a genus of extinct ammonites, forming a rather small offshoot of Anapachydiscus with a fairly widespread distribution from the Upper Cretaceous Santonian and Campanian stages.
Desmoceras is a genus of ammonites belonging to the family Desmoceratidae. These cephalopods were fast-moving nektonic carnivores. They lived in the Early Cretaceous; Albian epoch.
The La Meseta Formation is a sedimentary sequence deposited during the Eocene. The formation is found on Seymour Island, Antarctica.
Zamites is a genus of fossil tree known from the Mesozoic of North America, Europe and India through the Eocene of North America. It is a form taxon for leaves that resemble the extant cycad Zamia. The fronds are linear or lanceolate in shape, and pinnately compound, with pinnae with parallel veins and smooth margins, and symmetrical and constricted at the base where they are attached obliquely to the upper surface of the rachis. It has been interpreted as a cycad in the family Cycadaceae or a Bennettitalean plant.
Actinoceramus is an extinct genus of fossil saltwater clams, marine pteriomorphian bivalve molluscs. These bivalves were facultatively mobile infaunal suspension feeders.
Sinemydidae is an extinct family of turtles from Cretaceous to Paleocene deposits in Asia and North America. Their exact position is engimatic, they have alternatively been considered stem-group cryptodires, but also "crownward stem-turtles" alongside Macrobaenidae, Paracryptodira, Xinjiangchelyidae, Thalassochelydia and Sandownidae outside of crown Testudines.
Scalarites is a genus of heteromorph ammonites included in the family Diplomoceratidae. These fast-moving nektonic carnivores lived in the Cretaceous period, from 89.3 to 70.6 million years ago). These fossils have been found in Antarctica, Brazil, Denmark, Germany, Japan, Russia, Sweden and United States.
Kaikaifilusaurus is an extinct genus of rhynchocephalians in the family Sphenodontidae from the Late Cretaceous of South America. Fossils of the genus were found in Cenomanian sediments of the Candeleros Formation and Turonian layers of the Huincul Formation, both of the Neuquén Basin and the Albian strata of the Cerro Barcino Formation in the Cañadón Asfalto Basin, all in Patagonia, Argentina. The genus contains two species, K. minimus and the type species K. calvoi.
Notidanodon is an extinct genus of cow shark. Fossils ascribed to this genus are known from the Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Paleogene periods. The genus is known from every continent including Antarctica.
References
- ↑ "Fossilworks: Zealandites". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
- ↑ John, James St (2015-09-02), A Look at Biotic Events at High Southern Latitudes at the End of the Cretaceous , retrieved 2020-07-27
- ↑ Zinsmeister, William J.; Feldmann, Rodney M.; Woodburne, Michael O.; Elliot, David H. (1989). "Latest Cretaceous/Earliest Tertiary Transition on Seymour Island, Antarctica". Journal of Paleontology. 63 (6): 731–738. doi:10.1017/S0022336000036453. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1305641.
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