Zinc finger protein 229

Last updated

ZNF229
Identifiers
Aliases ZNF229 , zinc finger protein 229
External IDs HomoloGene: 130672; GeneCards: ZNF229; OMA:ZNF229 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001278510
NM_014518

n/a

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001265439
NP_055333

n/a

Location (UCSC) Chr 19: 44.42 – 44.45 Mb n/a
PubMed search [2] n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Zinc finger protein 229 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF229 gene. [3] The ZNF229 gene is involved in regulating transcription as it can bind to DNA, either inhibiting or promoting transcription. [4] [5]

Contents

Gene

This gene is located on chromosome 19 (19p13.31) spanning 22,219 base pairs on the minus strand of DNA. There are 6 exons in total.

RNA

The longest isoform (transcript variant 1) of the ZNF229 gene has an mRNA transcript length of 4,956 nucleotides, which encode 7 exons. There is one other isoform, transcription variant 2, which differs in the 5’ UTR region and at the end of exon 5. This isoform has 4,832 nucleotides and is slightly shorter than isoform 1. [4]

Protein

Transcription variant 1 of ZNF229 encodes a protein that is 825 amino acids in length. Isoform 2 of ZNF229 encodes a protein made up of 819 amino acids that does not include the last 6 amino acids of exon 5 that are observed in isoform 1. [4] The molecular weight is approximately 93 kDa and the isoelectric point is 8.88 pH. [5] [6] The zinc finger protein 229 has a Kruppel-associated box domain (KRAB) at the N-terminus and 17 C2H2 domains (20 amino acids long) at the C-terminus. The KRAB domain is important for transcription repression of ZNF229. [7] [8] In the C2H2 zinc finger domains, there are two cysteines at the beginning and two histidines at the end that allow the protein to bind to the metal zinc ion. [7] This bond with zinc stabilizes the protein's secondary structure as they form two beta sheets and an alpha helix. [9] [10] As observed in other zinc fingers, the alpha helix can then bind to DNA in the major groove, allowing the protein to regulate transcription. [11]

Gene level regulation

The ZNF229 gene is mainly expressed in the thyroid, ovaries, and brain in adult humans. ZNF229 is ubiquitously expressed in human fetal development. [4]

Protein level regulation

ZNF229 does not have a transmembrane domain or signal sequence. [12] Most zinc fingers are found in the nucleus, but ZNF229 was found to be in vesicles of human cells in one antibody study. [13] There are other cases of zinc fingers being found outside the nucleus like ZFP36 and TNFAIP3. [14] [15]

Paralogs

The Zinc Finger Protein family is large and the human ZNF229 protein has many paralogs. These are 5 paralogs of ZNF229 that range in identity from 46-52%.

ParalogsIdentitySimilarityAccession #Sequence length (aa)Chromosome location
ZNF229100%100%NP_055333.384519q13.31 (44426254..44448578)
ZNF65852%68%NP_001304845.110599q21.11
ZNF20849%64%KAI2590044.1116719p12
ZNF22749%62%NP_001276102.177119q13.31 (44207547..44237268)
ZNF83644%58%NP_001096127.193619q13.41
ZNF11246%57%NP_001335210.193019q13.31 (44326553..44367217)

Orthologs

There are orthologs of the ZNF229 human gene found in nearly all life forms. Some ortholog groups include mammals (identity of 45%), reptiles (42-46%), birds (52-56%), fish (47-54%), invertebrates (39-54%), fungi (46-55%), plants (31-39%), and bacteria (34-51%). ZNF229 did not have any significant orthologs in archaea. [16] [17]

This ortholog table for the human ZNF229 protein is first sorted by date of divergence, then sequence identity, and finally sequence similarity to the human ZNF229 protein. Ortholog table for znf229.png
This ortholog table for the human ZNF229 protein is first sorted by date of divergence, then sequence identity, and finally sequence similarity to the human ZNF229 protein.


Graph of the mutation rate of the human ZNF229 gene over 1400 million years as compared to the human genes, cytochrome c and the fibrinogen alpha. The human ZNF229 gene has a similar evolution rate as the human fibrinogen alpha gene, which is considered to have a relatively faster rate of evolution compared to other genes in the human genome. Evol graph.png
Graph of the mutation rate of the human ZNF229 gene over 1400 million years as compared to the human genes, cytochrome c and the fibrinogen alpha. The human ZNF229 gene has a similar evolution rate as the human fibrinogen alpha gene, which is considered to have a relatively faster rate of evolution compared to other genes in the human genome.

Interacting Proteins

The TRIM28 protein is predicted to bind to ZNF229 based an affinity capture-MS experiment; this is logical as TRIM28 binds to the KRAB domain, which ZNF229 contains, and acts as a corepressor. [19] [20]

Clinical Significance

From GEO Profiles, [21] a study that examined gene expression in estrogen receptor alpha-silenced MCF7 breast cancer cell lines and normal MCF7 cell line found that ZNF229 was expressed at low levels. [22] There is a predicted transcription factor, SREBF2, found upstream of the ZNF229 gene where estrogen regulates the expression of this transcription factor. [23]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Krüppel associated box</span> Protein domain

The Krüppel associated box (KRAB) domain is a category of transcriptional repression domains present in approximately 400 human zinc finger protein-based transcription factors. The KRAB domain typically consists of about 75 amino acid residues, while the minimal repression module is approximately 45 amino acid residues. It is predicted to function through protein-protein interactions via two amphipathic helices. The most prominent interacting protein is called TRIM28 initially visualized as SMP1, cloned as KAP1 and TIF1-beta. Substitutions for the conserved residues abolish repression.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">YIF1A</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Protein YIF1A is a Yip1 domain family proteins that in humans is encoded by the YIF1A gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SUHW4</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Zinc finger protein 280D, also known as Suppressor Of Hairy Wing Homolog 4, SUWH4, Zinc Finger Protein 634, ZNF634, or KIAA1584, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF280D gene located on chromosome 15q21.3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RNF128</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF128 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNF128 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ZNF184</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Zinc finger protein 184, also known as ZNF184, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF184 gene on chromosome 6. It was first identified by Goldwurm et al. in 1996.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FAM63A</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Family with sequence similarity 63, member A is a protein that, is encoded by the FAM63A gene in humans,. It is located on the minus strand of chromosome 1 at locus 1q21.3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">C8orf48</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

C8orf48 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C8orf48 gene. C8orf48 is a nuclear protein specifically predicted to be located in the nuclear lamina. C8orf48 has been found to interact with proteins that are involved in the regulation of various cellular responses like gene expression, protein secretion, cell proliferation, and inflammatory responses. This protein has been linked to breast cancer and papillary thyroid carcinoma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zinc finger protein 684</span> Protein found in humans

Zinc finger protein 684 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF684 gene.

The coiled-coil domain containing 142 (CCDC142) is a gene which in humans encodes the CCDC142 protein. The CCDC142 gene is located on chromosome 2, spans 4339 base pairs and contains 9 exons. The gene codes for the coiled-coil domain containing protein 142 (CCDC142), whose function is not yet well understood. There are two known isoforms of CCDC142. CCDC142 proteins produced from these transcripts range in size from 743 to 665 amino acids and contain signals suggesting protein movement between the cytosol and nucleus. Homologous CCDC142 genes are found in many animals including vertebrates and invertebrates but not fungus, plants, protists, archea, or bacteria. Although the function of this protein is not well understood, it contains a coiled-coil domain and a RINT1_TIP1 motif located within the coiled-coil domain.

Zinc Finger Protein 800 or ZNF800 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF800 gene. The specific function of ZNF800 is not yet well understood by the scientific community.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ZCCHC18</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Zinc finger CCHC-type containing 18 (ZCCHC18) is a protein that in humans is encoded by ZCCHC18 gene. It is also known as Smad-interacting zinc finger protein 2 (SIZN2), para-neoplastic Ma antigen family member 7b (PNMA7B), and LOC644353. Other names such as zinc finger, CCHC domain containing 12 pseudogene 1, P0CG32, ZCC18_HUMAN had been used to describe this protein.

Chromosome 1 open reading frame 141, or C1orf141 is a protein which, in humans, is encoded by gene C1orf141. It is a precursor protein that becomes active after cleavage. The function is not yet well understood, but it is suggested to be active during development

<span class="mw-page-title-main">C7orf26</span> Human protein-encoding gene on chromosome 7

c7orf26 is a gene in humans that encodes a protein known as c7orf26. Based on properties of c7orf26 and its conservation over a long period of time, its suggested function is targeted for the cytoplasm and it is predicted to play a role in regulating transcription.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ZNF337</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

ZNF337, also known as zinc finger protein 337, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF337 gene. The ZNF337 gene is located on human chromosome 20 (20p11.21). Its protein contains 751 amino acids, has a 4,237 base pair mRNA and contains 6 exons total. In addition, alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. The ZNF337 gene encodes a zinc finger domain containing protein, however, this gene/protein is not yet well understood by the scientific community. The function of this gene has been proposed to participate in a processes such as the regulation of transcription (DNA-dependent), and proteins are expected to have molecular functions such as DNA binding, metal ion binding, zinc ion binding, which would be further localized in various subcellular locations. While there are no commonly associated or known aliases, an important paralog of this gene is ZNF875.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KRBA1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

KRBA1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRBA1 gene. It is located on the plus strand of chromosome 7 from 149,411,872 to 149,431,664. It is also commonly known under two other aliases: KIAA1862 and KRAB A Domain Containing 1 gene and encodes the KRBA1 protein in humans. The KRBA family of genes is understood to encode different transcriptional repressor proteins

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TMEM101</span> Protein and gene in humans

Transmembrane protein 101 (TMEM101) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM101 gene. The TMEM101 protein has been demonstrated to activate the NF-κB signaling pathway. High levels of expression of TMEM101 have been linked to breast cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ZNF821</span> Zinc Finger 821

Zinc Finger Protein 821, also known as ZNF821, is a protein encoded by the ZNF821 gene. This gene is located on the 16th chromosome and is expressed highly in the testes, moderately expressed in the brain and low expression in 23 other tissues. The protein encoded is 412 amino acids long with 2 Zinc Finger motifs and a 23 amino acid long STPR domain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ZNF548</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Zinc Finger Protein 548 (ZNF548) is a human protein encoded by the ZNF548 gene which is located on chromosome 19. It is found in the nucleus and is hypothesized to play a role in the regulation of transcription by RNA Polymerase II. It belongs to the Krüppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family as it contains many zinc-finger repeats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">C13orf46</span> C13of46 Gene and Protein

Chromosome 13 Open Reading Frame 46 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the C13orf46 gene. In humans, C13orf46 is ubiquitously expressed at low levels in tissues, including the lungs, stomach, prostate, spleen, and thymus. This gene encodes eight alternatively spliced mRNA transcript, which produce five different protein isoforms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ZNF816</span>


Zinc Finger Protein 816 (ZNF816) is a protein encoded by the ZNF816 gene, located on chromosome 19 in humans.

References

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