Christian Johann Heinrich Heine was a German poet, writer and literary critic. He is best known outside Germany for his early lyric poetry, which was set to music in the form of Lieder by composers such as Robert Schumann and Franz Schubert. Heine's later verse and prose are distinguished by their satirical wit and irony. He is considered a member of the Young Germany movement. His radical political views led to many of his works being banned by German authorities—which, however, only added to his fame. He spent the last 25 years of his life as an expatriate in Paris.
Heinrich August Ritter was a German philosopher and historian of philosophy.
"A Mighty Fortress Is Our God" is one of the best known hymns by the Protestant Reformer Martin Luther, a prolific hymnwriter. Luther wrote the words and composed the hymn tune between 1527 and 1529. It has been translated into English at least seventy times and also into many other languages. The words are mostly original, although the first line paraphrases that of Psalm 46.
The Revue des deux Mondes is a monthly French-language literary, cultural and current affairs magazine that has been published in Paris since 1829.
Heinrich John Rickert was a German philosopher, one of the leading neo-Kantians.
Friedrich Julius Stahl, German constitutional lawyer, political philosopher and politician.
Friedrich Harms was a German realist philosopher, much influenced by Fichte.
Wilhelm Traugott Krug was a German philosopher and writer. He is considered to be part of the Kantian School of logic.
Jerusalem, or on Religious Power and Judaism is a book written by Moses Mendelssohn, which was first published in 1783 – the same year when the Prussian officer Christian Wilhelm von Dohm published the second part of his Mémoire Concerning the amelioration of the civil status of the Jews. Moses Mendelssohn was one of the key figures of Jewish Enlightenment (Haskalah) and his philosophical treatise, dealing with social contract and political theory, can be regarded as his most important contribution to Haskalah. The book which was written in Prussia on the eve of the French Revolution, consisted of two parts and each one was paginated separately. The first part discusses "religious power" and the freedom of conscience in the context of the political theory, and the second part discusses Mendelssohn's personal conception of Judaism concerning the new secular role of any religion within an enlightened state. In his publication Moses Mendelssohn combined a defense of the Jewish population against public accusations with contemporary criticism of the present conditions of the Prussian Monarchy.
Franz Joseph Molitor, or Joseph Franz Molitor was a German writer and philosopher.
Walter Ehrlich was a German philosopher.
Hellmut Diwald was a German historian and Professor of Medieval and Modern History at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from 1965 to 1985.
Charles François Dominique de Villers was a French philosopher. He was mainly responsible for translating the philosophy of Immanuel Kant into the French language.
Saul Ascher was a German writer, translator and bookseller.
Friedrich Heinrich Feuerbach was a German philologist and philosopher. In the 1840s, he played an important role disseminating materialist and atheist philosophy.
The Discovery of America is a trilogy written by the German author and educator Joachim Heinrich Campe (1746–1818). It was originally published in 1781/82 as Die Entdekkung von Amerika – ein angenehmes und nützliches Lesebuch für Kinder und junge Leute and deals with the discovery, early exploration and conquest of America by focusing on one explorer in each volume: Christopher Columbus is treated first, followed by Hernán Cortés and finally Francisco Pizarro. The work is counted among the first books of specific children's literature, directly targeting children and adolescents as its main audience, and Campe is said to have "set the standard for German children's literature." The trilogy is defined by its author's involvement in the German educational movement of philanthropinism and has been a great success, also being translated into several languages.
Friedrich August Carus was a German philosopher. He was the father of surgeon Ernst August Carus (1797–1854).
Events from the year 1834 in Germany
Versuch einer Metaphysik der inneren Natur is a book written by German author Heinrich Schmid (1799–1836). It was published by Brockhaus Leipzig in 1834. In this book, Schmid attempts to develop a metaphysical account of humans' inner nature, the soul, in terms of general laws. These laws, Schmid proposes, should be based on empirically gathered knowledge about inner nature. He argues, that with the formulation of such laws, psychology, the science of the human soul, should become a natural science like physics. Schmid's ideas build heavily on the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, for which he was criticized. He belonged to the philosophical school surrounding Jakob Friedrich Fries, whose ideas are associated with Neo-Kantianism. Schmid's theories, especially concerning memory, were adopted by Sir William Hamilton, whose philosophy was discussed by John Stuart Mill at the end of the 19th century. Wilhelm Wundt and his contemporaries still used methods similar to Schmid's structured introspection once psychology was founded as an independent discipline in 1879.
