- ↑ Also known by his name transliterated from Russian, Shadzha Batyrovich Batyrov (Russian: Шаджа Батырович Батыров)
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The history of Turkmenistan traditionally began with the arrival of Indo-European Iranian tribes around 2000 BC. Early tribes were nomadic or semi-nomadic due to the arid conditions of the region, preventing widespread adoption of agriculture. The steppe culture in Central Asia was an extension of a larger Eurasian series of horse cultures which spanned the entire spectrum of language families, including the Indo-Europeans and Turko-Mongol groups. Some of the known early Iranian tribes included the Massagatae, the Scythians/Sakas, and early Soghdians, who were most likely precursors of the Khwarezmians. Turkmenistan was a passing point for numerous migrations and invasions by tribes, which gravitated towards the settled regions of the south, including ancient Mesopotamia, Elam, and the Indus Valley civilization.
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References
- ↑ Rulers of Soviet Republics
- ↑ "Way: Горького (2056) улица (111860595)" . Retrieved 16 January 2023.
Şaja Batyrow | |
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| First secretary of the Communist Party of Turkmenistan | |
| In office March 1947 –1950 |
| International | |
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| National | |
| Academics | |
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