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| Routes of administration | By mouth |
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ABT-436 is an orally active, highly selective vasopressin V1B receptor antagonist which was under development by Abbott Laboratories and AbbVie for the treatment of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and alcoholism but was discontinued. [1] [2] [3] It reached phase II clinical trials prior to the discontinuation of its development. [1] [3]
Vasopressin V1b receptor (V1BR) also known as vasopressin 3 receptor (VPR3) or antidiuretic hormone receptor 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AVPR1B gene.
Neurokinin 1 (NK1) antagonists (-pitants) are a novel class of medications that possesses unique antidepressant, anxiolytic, and antiemetic properties. NK-1 antagonists boost the efficacy of 5-HT3 antagonists to prevent nausea and vomiting. The discovery of neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonists was a turning point in the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.
The oxytocin receptor, also known as OXTR, is a protein which functions as receptor for the hormone and neurotransmitter oxytocin. In humans, the oxytocin receptor is encoded by the OXTR gene which has been localized to human chromosome 3p25.
Nelivaptan (INN) is a selective, orally active, non-peptide vasopressin receptor antagonist selective for the V1B subtype. The drug had entered clinical trials for treatment of anxiety and depression. In July 2008, Sanofi-Aventis announced that further development of this drug had been halted.
Dopamine receptor D1, also known as DRD1. It is one of the two types of D1-like receptor family — receptors D1 and D5. It is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DRD1 gene.
Satavaptan is a vasopressin-2 receptor antagonist which was investigation by Sanofi-Aventis and was under development for the treatment of hyponatremia. It was also being studied for the treatment of ascites. Development was discontinued in 2009.
A vasopressin receptor antagonist (VRA) is an agent that interferes with action at the vasopressin receptors. Most commonly VRAs are used in the treatment of hyponatremia, especially in patients with congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis or SIADH.
Lixivaptan (VPA-985) is an orally-active, non-peptide, selective vasopressin 2 receptor antagonist being developed as an investigational drug by Palladio Biosciences, Inc. (Palladio), a subsidiary of Centessa Pharmaceuticals plc. As of December 2021, lixivaptan is in Phase III clinical development for the treatment of Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), the most common form of polycystic kidney disease. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted orphan drug designation to lixivaptan for the treatment of ADPKD.
Preladenant was a drug that was developed by Schering-Plough which acted as a potent and selective antagonist at the adenosine A2A receptor. It was being researched as a potential treatment for Parkinson's disease. Positive results were reported in Phase II clinical trials in humans, but it did not prove itself to be more effective than a placebo during Phase III trials, and so was discontinued in May 2013.
Ecopipam is a dopamine antagonist which is under development for the treatment of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Tourette's syndrome, speech disorders, and restless legs syndrome. It is taken by mouth.
WAY-267464 is a potent, selective, non-peptide agonist for the oxytocin receptor, with negligible affinity for the vasopressin receptors. Contradictorily however, though originally described as selective for the oxytocin receptor and lacking affinity for the vasopressin receptors, it has since been reported to also act as a potent vasopressin V1A receptor antagonist. WAY-267464 has been shown to cross the blood–brain barrier to a significantly greater extent than exogenously applied oxytocin, and in animal tests produces centrally-mediated oxytocinergic actions such as anxiolytic effects, but with no antidepressant effect evident. It was developed by a team at Ferring Pharmaceuticals. WAY-267464 was under investigation for the potential clinical treatment of anxiety disorders by Wyeth, and reached the preclinical stage of development, but no development has been reported as of 2011.
Nelotanserin is a drug developed by Arena Pharmaceuticals which acts as an inverse agonist on the serotonin receptor subtype 5-HT2A and was under development for the treatment of insomnia. It was shown to be effective and well tolerated in clinical trials, but development was halted in December 2008 because the substance did not meet the trial's effectiveness endpoints. Research continues on newer analogues which may potentially be more successful.
Epelsiban is an orally bioavailable drug which acts as a selective and potent oxytocin receptor antagonist. It was initially developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) for the treatment of premature ejaculation in men and then as an agent to enhance embryo or blastocyst implantation in women undergoing embryo or blastocyst transfer associated with in vitro fertilization (IVF)., and was also investigated for use in the treatment of adenomyosis.
An orexin receptor antagonist, or orexin antagonist, is a drug that inhibits the effect of orexin by acting as a receptor antagonist of one (selective orexin receptor antagonist or SORA) or both (dual orexin receptor antagonis or DORA) of the orexin receptors, OX1 and OX2. Medical applications include treatment of sleep disorders such as insomnia.
Aticaprant, also known by its developmental codes JNJ-67953964, CERC-501, and LY-2456302, is a κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist which is under development for the treatment of major depressive disorder. A regulatory application for approval of the medication is expected to be submitted by 2025. Aticaprant is taken by mouth.
PF-4455242 is a selective, short-acting (non-"inactivating") antagonist of the κ-opioid receptor. Discovered by Pfizer in 2009, it was pursued in a phase I clinical trial for the treatment of bipolar disorder, and was also investigated as a treatment for depression and substance abuse. However, development was stopped in September 2010 due to toxicology findings in animals that had been exposed to the drug for three months.
Balovaptan, is a selective small molecule antagonist of the vasopressin V1A receptor which is under development by Roche for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. It was in a phase III clinical trial for adults and a phase II clinical trial for children for this indication. On 29 January 2018, Roche announced that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation for balovaptan in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The FDA granted this based on the results of the adult phase II clinical trial called VANILLA study. The phase III adult study is called V1aduct and the currently-closed phase II child study is called Av1ation. It was also in phase II studies for the treatment of stroke. However, it has since been discontinued for both of those indications, and is only being developed for post-traumatic stress disorder, with plans to submit regulatory filings in 2025 or later.
SRX246, also known as API-246, is a small-molecule, centrally-active, highly-selective vasopressin V1A receptor antagonist which is under investigation by Azevan Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of affective and anger disorders. It is an azetidinone derivative, and was developed from LY-307174 as a lead compound. A phase II activity trial of the drug in the treatment of adults with intermittent explosive disorder is ongoing. It is also being studied for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.
BTRX-246040, also known as LY-2940094, is a potent and selective nociceptin receptor antagonist which is under development by BlackThorn Therapeutics and Eli Lilly for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). It has demonstrated proof-of-concept clinical efficacy for depression. As of 2017, it is in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of MDD. It was also under investigation for the treatment of alcoholism, and similarly reached phase II clinical studies for this indication, but development was discontinued.
TS-121 (THY1773) is an orally active, selective vasopressin V1B receptor antagonist which is under development by Taisho Pharmaceutical for the adjunctive treatment of major depressive disorder. As of May 2017, it is in phase II clinical trials for this indication.
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