Andalusians

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Andalusians
Andaluces (Spanish)
Flag of Andalucia.svg
Flag of Andalusia
Total population
10,000,000–11,000,000 [1]
Regions with significant populations
Flag of Andalucia.svg  Andalusia 8,379,248 (2017) [2]
Diaspora
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain (other communities)
Flag of Catalonia.svg  Catalonia 754,174 (2006) [3]
Flag of the Community of Madrid.svg  Madrid 285,164 (2006) [3]
Flag of the Valencian Community (2x3).svg  Valencia 218,440 (2006) [3]
Flag of the Balearic Islands.svg  Balearic Islands 71,940 (1991) [4]
Flag of the Basque Country.svg  Euskadi 46,441 (1991) [4]
Flag of the Region of Murcia.svg  Murcia 36,278 (1991) [4]
Bandera de Navarra.svg  Navarre 32,177 (1991) [4]
Flag of La Rioja (with coat of arms).svg  La Rioja (Spain) 29,167 (1991) [4]
        Rest of Spain162,333 (1991) [4]
Other countries
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 93,775 (2006) [3] 8,000,000 (Includes those of mixed ancestry)
Flag of France.svg  France 31,516 (2006) [3]
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 23,185 (2006) [3]
        Rest of the world50,000 [5]
Languages
Andalusian Spanish
Religion
Catholic Christianity [6] (see religion)
Related ethnic groups
Spaniards (Castilians, Canary Islanders, Extremadurans), Catalans, Hispanics, Galicians

The Andalusians (Spanish : andaluces) are the people of Andalusia, an autonomous community in southern Spain. Andalusia's statute of autonomy defines Andalusians as the Spanish citizens who reside in any of the municipalities of Andalusia, as well as those Spaniards who reside abroad and had their last Spanish residence in Andalusia, and their descendants. [7] Since reform in 2007, the Andalusian statute of autonomy identifies the territory as a historic nationality in the preamble. The Spanish Language Academy recognizes Andalusian Spanish as a set of diverse dialects. Andalusian nationalism is the belief that Andalusians are a nation separate from other ethnicities within Spain.

Contents

History and culture

Andalusian child and woman, c. 1868. KITLV A1124 - Vrouw met kind in Andalusie, KITLV 118668.tiff
Andalusian child and woman, c. 1868.
Arabic influence in Andalucia. Arabic Script Cathedral of Cordoba, Spain.jpg
Arabic influence in Andalucia.
Holy Week procession in Cordoba. Procesion de los Dolores en Cordoba, Espana (2016) - 01.jpg
Holy Week procession in Córdoba.
Holy Week procession in Malaga. Misericordia Trono 3.jpg
Holy Week procession in Malaga.

In Antiquity, Andalusian people used to trade with Phoenicians and Sephardi Jews some thousand years before Christ, and they were called as Tarshish or Tartessos in the Old Testament and Greek texts. [8] The genesis of modern Andalusian culture can be traced to the incorporation of the Moors territory to the Crown of Castile during the Middle Ages at the end of the Reconquista. It also coincides with the arrival of the Gitanos in the mid 15th century who also contributed to the culture of modern Andalusia and the expels of non-converted Muslims and Jews in 1492, and finally with the forced expulsion of all moriscos of Spain between 1609 and 1613. Subsequently the region was influential in the development of the Columbian exchange and global trade where Seville and Cadiz took a fundamental part. [9] In fact, Blas Infante, the creator of Andalusian nationalism, drew heavily from the Regenerationism movement in Spain after the loss of Spain's last territories in the Caribbean and Asia in the Spanish–American War conflict.[ citation needed ]

There is a binomial denomination of Andalusia as High and Low, where High refers to the territory in the Baetic system and Low to the valley of the Guadalquivir river (that descends from the Baetic system to the Atlantic Ocean). The autonomous community institutions are in a good part in Low Andalusia (Seville). When that has been seen as a source of centrism there have been groups formed to make the problems visible. [10] An example was the lack of a Spanish high speed train to Granada. The service has since launched, starting in 2019. [11]

The Andalusians have a rich traditional culture which includes Flamenco style of music and dance developed in Andalusia and the Americas in the 19th and 20th centuries. Another example of traditional culture is the Holy Week ("Semana Santa"), shared with other Hispanic countries in America or the Philippines (see Holy Week in Spain, Holy Week observances and Holy Week in the Philippines). Spanish Catholic religion constitute a traditional vehicle of Andalusian cultural cohesion [12] and the levels of participation seems to be independent of political preferences and orthodoxy. [13] All the different regions of Andalusia have developed their own distinctive customs, but all share a connectedness to Catholicism as developed during baroque Spain society. [14]

Genetics

Genetic tests show a strong presence of Y-DNA J-M172 (Levant) and E-M81 in Andalusian Men, with E-M81 (North Africa) being most commonly found in the Province of Huelva and J-M172 being most common in the Province of Granada. [15]

Geographical location and population

Andalusian people live mainly in Spain's eight southernmost provinces: Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga, and Sevilla, which all are part of the region and modern Autonomous Community of Andalucía. In January 2006 the total population of this region stood at 7,849,799; Andalucía is the most populous region of Spain. [16] In comparison with the rest of Spain, Andalusia population growth has been slower and it continues to be sparsely populated in some rural areas (averaging just 84 inh. per km2). Since 1960, the region's share of total population has declined, despite birth rates being about 40 percent higher than the Spanish average during past decades [17] (currently it is only 13% higher. [16] ) Between 1951 and 1975, over 1.7 million Andalusian people emigrated out of the region to other areas of Spain. [4] This figure was approximately a 24% of the population of Andalusia as a whole, mostly hitting the countryside areas. The main recipients of this migration were Catalonia (989,256 people of Andalusian origin in 1975), Madrid (330,479) and Valencia (217,636), and to a lesser level, the Basque Country and Balearics.

During 1962 to 1974, around 700,000 people — almost all of them male — moved abroad for economic reasons, mainly originating from the provinces of Granada, Jaén and Córdoba. Their preferred destinations were France, West Germany and Switzerland, followed by the United Kingdom, Netherlands and Belgium. There are no official recorded figures for previous decades. [18]

In South America in the last twenty years of 19th century, over 150,000 Andalusians emigrated to the Americas as a result of crop failures caused by the Phylloxera plague. [19] Many Andalusian peasants moved to Brazil to work in the coffee plantations, mainly in rural areas of São Paulo State. There are currently around 16 million people of Spanish descent in Brazil. Half of these are of Andalusian origin, around 8 million.

Spanish immigrants to Hawai'i who were solicited to work in the sugar industry, arrived in October 1898, numbering 7,735 men, women and children by 1913. Most of them came from Andalusia, home of Don Marin. However, unlike other plantation immigrant groups, the Spanish moved on, and by 1930 only 1,219 remained, including a scant eight children born in Hawai'i. Most Spanish people left for the promising fields of California to make higher wages and live among relatives and friends who had settled in greater numbers there.

Additionally, Andalusians formed the major component of Spanish immigration to certain parts of Spain's American and Asian empire and the largest group to participate in the colonisation of the Canary Islands. Principally, Andalusians and their descendants predominate in the Canary Islands (Spain), Mexico, the Caribbean islands (Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and Cuba), and the circum-Caribbean area (Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, the Caribbean coast of Colombia, and in Venezuela). They were also predominant in the Rio de la Plata region of Argentina and Uruguay and in the coastal areas of Chile, Peru, and Ecuador.

Migration rationale

Some descriptions of the south of Spain highlights the landownership system, in the past often formed by large estates called latifundios , as a relevant force in shaping the region and migratory past dynamics. [17] These wide expanses of land have their origins in landowning patterns that stretch back to Roman times; in grants of land made to the nobility, to the military orders, and to the church during the Reconquest ( Reconquista ) as well as in laws of the nineteenth century by which church and common lands were sold in large tracts to the urban middle class. [17] The workers of this land, called jornaleros (peasants without land), were themselves landless. [17]

This economic and cultural system produced a distinctive perspective, involving class consciousness and class conflicts as well as significant emigration. [17] In contrast to the much smaller farm towns and villages of northern Spain, where the land was worked by its owners, class distinctions in the agro-towns of Andalusia stood out. [17] The families of the landless farmers lived at, or near, the poverty level, and their relations with the landed gentry were marked by conflict at times. [17] Conditions were often improved by the opportunities to migrate to other parts of Spain, or to other countries in Western Europe. [17] Some of this migration was seasonal; in 1982, for example, 80,000 farmers, mostly Andalusians, migrated to France for the wine harvest. [17] Part of the migration consisted of entire families who intended to remain in their new home for longer periods or perhaps forever. [17]

Economic growth and social mobility, although dispersed and not homogeneous in the region, fundamentally started in the 1960s, increased in the 1970s and were intensified by the development of agroindustrial, tourism, and services sectors during democracy in the 1980s. Since 1990 Andalusia and other regions followed a dynamic convergence process and has moved closer in development to the most advanced regions in Europe; more and more it comes closer to overcome the average of European living standards. This has caused that some provinces areas are, in the last decades, net immigration recipients [20] as well.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andalusia</span> Autonomous community of Spain

Andalusia is the southernmost autonomous community in Peninsular Spain. Andalusia is located in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, in southwestern Europe. It is the most populous and the second-largest autonomous community in the country. It is officially recognised as a historical nationality and a national reality. The territory is divided into eight provinces: Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga, and Seville. Its capital city is Seville. The seat of the High Court of Justice of Andalusia is located in the city of Granada.

The Andalusian dialects of Spanish are spoken in Andalusia, Ceuta, Melilla, and Gibraltar. They include perhaps the most distinct of the southern variants of peninsular Spanish, differing in many respects from northern varieties in a number of phonological, morphological and lexical features. Many of these are innovations which, spreading from Andalusia, failed to reach the higher strata of Toledo and Madrid speech and become part of the Peninsular norm of standard Spanish. Andalusian Spanish has historically been stigmatized at a national level, though this appears to have changed in recent decades, and there is evidence that the speech of Seville or the norma sevillana enjoys high prestige within Western Andalusia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andalusian nationalism</span> Ideology that conceives Andalusia (in southern Spain) as a nation

Andalusian nationalism is the nationalism that asserts that Andalusians are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Andalusians. In the past it was considered to be represented primarily by the Andalusian Party. However, the party disbanded in 2015; there are also lesser political organisations that identify with Andalusian nationalism. Some political forces without parliamentary presence like Nación Andaluza and Asamblea Nacional de Andalucía may be found advocating independence. There is also a movement defending the idea that Andalusian is not a dialect of Spanish, but a language of its own.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flag of Andalusia</span>

The current flag of Andalusia was adopted in 1918. Blas Infante (1885–1936), the "Father of the Andalusian Fatherland", initiated an assembly at Ronda in 1918. This assembly adopted a charter based on the Antequera Constitution and also adopted the current flag of Andalusia and emblem as "national symbols". Its name used to be Arbonaida or also Arbondaira.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Regional Government of Andalusia</span>

The Regional Government of Andalusia is the government of the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. It consists of the Parliament, the President of the Regional Government and the Government Council. The 2011 budget was 31.7 billion euros. It employs about 500,000 workers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emblem of Andalusia</span> Official coat of arms of Andalusia

The Emblem of Andalusia is the official symbol of Andalusia, an autonomous community of Spain. It bears the Pillars of Hercules, the ancient name given to the promontories that flank the entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar. Although often referred to as a coat of arms, it is technically an emblem as it was not designed to conform to traditional heraldic rules.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Platform for Eastern Andalusia</span> Spanish organization

The Platform for Eastern Andalusia is a Spanish organization with regionalist character, set up juridically as an association, created from a civic initiative in the provinces of Jaén, Granada and Almería, with the objective of forming an autonomous community including these three provinces as Eastern Andalusia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laderas del Genil</span>

Laderas del Genil is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Andalusia. Vino de la Tierra is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Statute of Autonomy of Andalusia</span>

The Statute of Autonomy of Andalusia is a law hierarchically located under the 1978 Constitution of Spain, and over any legislation passed by the Andalusian Autonomous Government. During the Spanish transition to democracy, Andalusia was the one region of Spain to take its path to autonomy under what was called the "vía rápida" allowed for by Article 151 of the 1978 Constitution. That article was set out for regions like Andalusia that had been prevented by the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War from adopting a statute of autonomy during the period of the Second Spanish Republic. Following this procedure, Andalusia was constituted as an autonomous community February 28, 1980. The regional holiday of the Andalusia Day commemorates that date. The statute was approved the following year by the Spanish national government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hijo Predilecto de Andalucía</span>

The title of Hijo Predilecto de Andalucía or in the case of a female recipient Hija Predilecta de Andalucía is an honorific title granted annually on August 10 according to decree 156/1983 of the Andalusian Autonomous Government, recognizing exceptional merit or distinction in relation to the Andalusian region, through scientific, social or political actions or works that have redounded to the benefit of Andalusia. It is the highest distinction of the autonomous community of Andalusia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2004 Andalusian regional election</span>

The 2004 Andalusian regional election was held on Sunday, 14 March 2004, to elect the 7th Parliament of the autonomous community of Andalusia. All 109 seats in the Parliament were up for election. The election was held simultaneously with the 2004 Spanish general election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2000 Andalusian regional election</span>

The 2000 Andalusian regional election was held on Sunday, 12 March 2000, to elect the 6th Parliament of the autonomous community of Andalusia. All 109 seats in the Parliament were up for election. The election was held simultaneously with the 2000 Spanish general election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1996 Andalusian regional election</span>

The 1996 Andalusian regional election was held on Sunday, 3 March 1996, to elect the 5th Parliament of the autonomous community of Andalusia. All 109 seats in the Parliament were up for election. The election was held simultaneously with the 1996 Spanish general election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1994 Andalusian regional election</span>

The 1994 Andalusian regional election was held on Sunday, 12 June 1994, to elect the 4th Parliament of the autonomous community of Andalusia. All 109 seats in the Parliament were up for election. The election was held simultaneously with the 1994 European Parliament election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1982 Andalusian regional election</span>

The 1982 Andalusian regional election was held on Sunday, 23 May 1982, to elect the 1st Parliament of the autonomous community of Andalusia. All 109 seats in the Parliament were up for election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Andalusian regional election</span>

The 2022 Andalusian regional election was held on Sunday, 19 June 2022, to elect the 12th Parliament of the autonomous community of Andalusia. All 109 seats in the Parliament were up for election.

A referendum on the initiative of the Andalusian autonomy process was held in Andalusia on Thursday, 28 February 1980. Voters were asked whether they ratified a proposed initiative for the provinces of Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga and Seville to organize themselves into an autonomous community of Spain throughout the legal procedure outlined in Article 151 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second government of Juan Manuel Moreno</span>

The second government of Juan Manuel Moreno was formed on 26 July 2022, following the latter's election as President of the Regional Government of Andalusia by the Parliament of Andalusia on 21 July and his swearing-in on 23 July, as a result of the People's Party (PP) emerging as the largest parliamentary force at the 2022 Andalusian regional election with an absolute majority of seats. It succeeded the first Moreno government and has been the incumbent Regional Government of Andalusia since 26 July 2022, a total of 620 days, or 1 year, 8 months and 11 days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Andalusia</span>

The geostrategic position of Andalusia at the southernmost tip of Europe, between Europe and Africa, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, as well as its mineral and agricultural riches and its large surface area of 87 268 km², formed a combination of factors that made Andalusia a focus of attraction for other civilizations since the beginning of the Metal Age.

References

  1. ↑ Archived 6 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine , Junta de Andalucía, 2023
  2. ↑ Cataluña roza los 7,6 millones de habitantes y es segunda CCAA que más crece Archived 29 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine , La Vanguardia, 24 April 2018
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "La emigración andaluza supera los 1,62 millones de personas - Andalucía - www.diariocordoba.com". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2006. Source: Consejería de Gobernación, Junta de Andalucía (Andalusian Autonomous Government)
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Contenidos de otra Consejería - Consejería de Economía, Hacienda y Administración Pública" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2006. Recaño Valverde, Joaquín (1998): "La emigración andaluza en España" in Boletín Económico de Andalucía, issue 24
  5. ↑ "Andaluciajunta.es > Comunidades Virtuales >". Archived from the original on 7 October 2006. Retrieved 13 October 2006. Dirección General de Andaluces en el Exterior, Junta de Andalucía
  6. ↑ "Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España". La Vanguardia. 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  7. ↑ Article 5 of the 2007 Statute of Autonomy (full text in
  8. ↑ Dowling, John; Josephs, Allen (September 1985). "White Wall of Spain: The Mysteries of Andalusian Culture". South Atlantic Review. 50 (3): 97. doi:10.2307/3199436. ISSN   0277-335X. JSTOR   3199436.
  9. ↑ Tarver, Micheal (2016). The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 78. ISBN   9781610694223.
  10. ↑ "Creada una plataforma que reivindica la segregación de Andalucía Oriental". 22 December 2008. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  11. ↑ International2019-06-25T13:03:37, Railway Gazette. "Granada joins the AVE network". Railway Gazette International. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ "Religiosidad popular andaluza. Testimonio de un patrimonio que nos identifica". Archived from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  13. ↑ "Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España". 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015.
  14. ↑ Kern (1995). The Regions of Spain . Greenwood Press. ISBN   0-313-29224-8.
  15. ↑ Ambrosio, B.; Dugoujon, J. M.; Hernández, C.; de la Fuente, D.; González-Martín, A.; Fortes-Lima, C. A.; Novelletto, A.; Rodríguez, J. N.; Calderón, R. (2010). "The Andalusian population from Huelva reveals a high diversification of Y-DNA paternal lineages from haplogroup E: Identifying human male movements within the Mediterranean space". Annals of Human Biology. 37 (1): 86–107. doi:10.3109/03014460903229155. PMID   19939195. S2CID   1667431. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  16. 1 2 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Instituto de Estadística de Andalucía (2006): Andalucía. Datos básicos 2006. Consejería de Economía y Hacienda, Junta de Andalucía. Page 13
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Solsten, Eric; Meditz, Sandra W., eds. (1990). Spain: a country study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 97–99. OCLC   44200005. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2021. PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  18. ↑ http://www.ahimsav.com/149-nov_archivos/page0006.htm%5B%5D "El boom migratorio exterior"
  19. ↑ De Mateo Aviles, Elias (1993): La Emigración Andaluza a América (1850–1936). Editorial Arguval. Málaga, Spain
  20. ↑ "The transformation of Andalusia 1990 - 2010" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
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