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References
- ↑ Dagur at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
zby/ {{{ld4}}} at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ↑ Janhunen, Juha A. (2012). Mongolian. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3820-7.
- ↑ Tsumagari 2003: 129
- ↑ Engkebatu 2001
- ↑ Tsumagari 2003: 129, Sengge 2004: 616
- 1 2 Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. pp. On page 129, Janhunen writes: 'The Nonni Dagur are normally divided into speakers of the Butha (northern) and Tsitsikar (southern) dialects'. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
- ↑ Chuluu 1994: 5, but for example not the Tacheng dialect, see Yu et al. 2008: 25-26
- ↑ Sengge 2004a, Tsumagari 2003: 133
- ↑ Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 66-67, cp. Tsumagari 2003: 131
- ↑ Tsumagari 2003: 131
- ↑ cp. Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 84
- ↑ Tsumagari 2003: 131 basically in agreement with Sengge 2004a; in contrast, Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 37 give a pretty standard Mongolian vowel harmony system with the pharyngeal vowels /ɑ/, /ɔ/, /ʊ/ contrasting with the non-pharyngeal vowels /ə/, /o/, /u/, while /i/ is neutral.
- ↑ Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 211-126, cp. Tsumagari 2003: 141
- 1 2 Sengge 2004c: 621
- ↑ Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 110-121, Sengge 619-620
- ↑ Sengge 2004c: 620
- ↑ Tsumagari 2003: 144-148 supplemented with Sengge 2004c. The exact form of the plosive in -/ɡat͡ʃ/ is unclear as these two sources and Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983 give different phones.
- ↑ 恩和巴图 (1983). 达汉小词典. 内蒙古人民出版社. p. 243.
- ↑ 恩和巴图 (1983). 达汉小词典. 内蒙古人民出版社. p. 247.
- ↑ Tsumagari 2003: 141
- ↑ Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. pp. Page 151, under 'Lexicon', Janhunen writes: "It has been estimated that, roughly speaking, more than half of the entire vocabulary of Dagur is Mongolic in origin, including both inherited items and reintroduced borrowings.". ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
- ↑ Sengge 2004b
- ↑ Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. pp. Page 151, Janhunen writes: " Borrowings from Manchu amount to c.10 per cent, while borrowings from Chinese cover another 10 per cent of the lexicon. A smaller number of items has been borrowed from Ewenki. This means that a significant proportion, over 20 per cent, of all vocabulary items are specific only to Dagur". ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
- ↑ Tsumagari 2003: 151-152
- ↑ Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. pp. In pages 151 and 152: "Due to its peripheral position, Dagur retains a considerable number of archaic Mongolic words, which are not commonly found in the modern Mongolic languages, but which are attested in Middle Mongol sources, such as the Hua-Yi yiyu and the ‘Secret History’. Such words include: tergul ~ terwul ‘road’ (Mongol *jam), najir ‘summer’ (Mo. *jun), xeky ‘head’ (Mongol *tologai), sorby ‘staff’ (Mongol *tayag). Other more or less idiosyncratic words include several basic items, such as: kasoo ‘iron’, saur‘spade’, ogw ‘brain’, basert ‘kidney’, twalcig ‘knee’, kataa ‘salt’, warkel ‘clothes’, el- ‘to say’ (cf. Mongol *kele-).". ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.