Jewish English varieties

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Jewish English is a cover term for varieties of the English language spoken by Jews. They may include significant amounts of vocabulary and syntax taken from Yiddish, and both classical and modern Hebrew. These varieties can be classified into several types: Yeshivish, Yinglish, and Heblish, as well as more flexible mixtures of English and other Jewish languages, which may contain features and other elements from languages other than Yiddish and Hebrew.

Contents

The classification "Jewish English" eliminates the need for concern with identifying the specific origin of the non-English components of any such variant. This offsets, for example, misperceptions that can result from failure to note the Hebrew origin of a word that may have become widely known in Anglophone contexts via Yiddish, and may be, therefore, simply regarded as Yiddish. (This problem is illustrated in the list of English words of Yiddish origin.)[ citation needed ]

Variants

Several terms for hybrid Jewish English are being used or have been suggested, such as Englibrew and Yeshivish (hybrid English used in yeshivas, Jewish religious schools). [1]

A set of terms refer to hybrids or mixtures of English and Yiddish rather than with Hebrew, and code-switching may be for representation of religious or cultural affiliation in speech, rather than language transfer reasons. [2] In the US these include: Yinglish, Yidgin English, Yidlish, Yiddiglish, Ameridish, Anglish, Heblish, Engdish, Engliddish, Engbrew, Englibrew, Jewish English, Jewish Dialect, Frumspeak, Yeshivish, Hebonics, Judeo-English. [2]

Hebrish

Heblish or Hebrish, less frequently Hebglish or Engbrew, [3] all blends of the words "Hebrew" and "English", refer to any combination of the two languages, or to code-switching between the languages.

The term Heblish was recorded earliest in 1979, with Hebrish (1989) and Hebglish (1993) appearing later. Other less common terms are Hinglish (recorded from 1982) and Henglish (1983). [4] After that the public came back to using the term "Hebrish".

See also

Related Research Articles

Yeshivish, also known as Yeshiva English, Yeshivisheh Shprach, or Yeshivisheh Reid, is a sociolect of English spoken by Yeshiva students and other Jews with a strong connection to the Orthodox Yeshiva world.

Vietglish, Vinglish or Vietlish, is an informal term for a mixture of elements from Vietnamese and English.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Denglisch</span> Mixture of German and English languages

Denglisch is a term describing the increased use of anglicisms and pseudo-anglicisms in the German language. It is a portmanteau of the German words Deutsch (German) and Englisch. The term is first recorded from 1965.

Swenglish is a colloquial term referring to the English language heavily influenced by Swedish in terms of vocabulary, grammar, or pronunciation.

Siculish is the macaronic "Sicilianization" of English language words and phrases by immigrants from Sicily (Italy) to the United States in the early 20th century. The term Siculish is, however, rather recent, being first recorded in 2005.

Tanglish is the mixing or code-switching of the Tamil and English languages

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arablish</span>

Arablish is slang for code-switching between the two languages or macaronically using features of one in the other. The term is first recorded in 1984. It is alternatively termed Arbalizi, a portmanteau combining the words Arabic and Inglizi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Czenglish</span> Macaronic form of English

Czenglish, a portmanteau of the words Czech and English, refers to the interlanguage of English heavily influenced by Czech pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar or syntax spoken by learners of English as a second language. The term Czenglish is first recorded in 1989, with the slightly earlier variant Czechlish recorded from 1982.

Poglish, also known as Polglish and Ponglish, is a blend of two words from Polish and English. It is the product of macaronically mixing Polish- and English-language elements within a single speech production, or the use of "false friends" or of cognate words in senses that have diverged from those of the common etymological root. Such combining or confusion of Polish and English elements, when it occurs within a single word, term, or phrase, may, inadvertently or deliberately, produce a neologism.

Tenglish, refers to the code-mixing or code-switching of the Telugu language and Indian English.

Turklish, a portmanteau of "Turkish (Türkçe)" and "English (İngilizce)", refers to the language contact phenomenon that occurs primarily where native Turkish speakers frequently communicate in English. The term is first recorded in 1994. The term does not refer to English spoken with a Turkish accent, but rather to code switching between the two languages.

Bislish is a portmanteau of the words Bisaya and English, which refers to any of the Visayan languages of the Philippines macaronically infused with English terms. It is an example of code-mixing. The earliest use of the term Bislish dates from 1999.

Yiddish words used in the English language include both words that have been assimilated into English – used by both Yiddish and English speakers – and many that have not. An English sentence that uses either may be described by some as Yinglish, though a secondary sense of the term describes the distinctive way certain Jews in English-speaking countries add many Yiddish words into their conversation, beyond general Yiddish words and phrases used by English speakers.

Itanglese, which is also known as Anglitaliano or Britalian, refers to multiple hybrid types of language based on Italian and English.

Nepalese English refers to a variety of the English language principally used in Nepal and is heavily influenced by the Indo-Aryan languages of Nepal.

Kanglish is a macaronic language of Kannada and English.

Urdish, a portmanteau of the words Urdu and English, is the macaronic hybrid use of South Asian English and Standard Urdu. In the context of spoken language, it involves code-switching between these languages whereby they are freely interchanged within a sentence or between sentences. In Pakistan and India, many bilingual or multi-lingual Urdu speakers, being familiar with both Urdu and English, display translanguaging in certain localities and between certain social groups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hokaglish</span> Hokkien mixed language of the Philippines

Hokaglish, also known by locals as Sa-lam-tsam oe, is an oral contact language primarily resulting among three languages: (1) Philippine Hokkien Chinese, (2) Tagalog/Filipino and (3) Philippine English.

Hunglish refers to any mixing of the English and Hungarian languages as a result of linguistic interference. This most often involves ungrammatical or awkward English expressions typical of Hungarian learners of English, as well as English words and phrases imported into the Hungarian language. The term is a portmanteau of Hungarian and English. The word is first recorded in 1978. The word is most popular in North England, especially in South Yorkshire.

References

  1. ↑ Lambert, James (2018). "A multitude of "lishes": The nomenclature of hybridity". English World-Wide. 39 (1): 8, 13. doi:10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam . Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  2. 1 2 Bernstein, Cynthia (2006) [2002]. Wolfram, Walt; Ward, Ben (eds.). More than just yada, yada, yada (Jewish English). Walden: Blackwell. p. 251. ISBN   9781405121095. Yinglish, Yidgin English, Yidlish, Yiddiglish, Ameridish, Anglish, Heblish, Engdish, Engliddish, Engbrew, Englibrew, Jewish English, Jewish Dialect, Frumspeak, Yeshivish, Hebonics: all of these terms have been used to name a variety of English spoken by Jews in the United States. ... those who identify closely with religious and cultural aspects of Jewish life often represent their affiliation in speech.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Grishaver, Joel Lurie (1993). 40 things you can do to save the Jewish people. Alef Design Group. p. 148. ISBN   9781881283041 . Retrieved May 9, 2021. Joel's Nineteenth Law: Said in the name of Rabbi Yosi Gordon: Be an advocate of Hebglish (or if you prefer, Engbrew), the new "Yiddish" which is emerging around English rather than German. Use as many real Hebrew nouns in your English conversation as possible. / So let's talk about our version of "Eskimo Snow." While we know that all "Jewish" (Hebrew) words are good because they enhance identity and transmit culture, building a tikkun olam vocabulary is a triple whammy. / a. It does all the "cultural uniqueness" stuff. Having a Jewish language makes a difference. ....
  4. ↑ Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-Wide, 39(1): 25. doi : 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam

Further reading


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