History of India |
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Timeline |
This is a list of known wars, conflicts, battles/sieges, missions and operations involving former kingdoms and states in the Indian subcontinent and the modern day Republic of India and its predecessors.
Name of conflict | Belligerents | Belligerents | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Battle of the Ten Kings (c. 14th century BCE) | Bharata tribe | Ten King Alliance | Bharatas Victory
|
Kurukshetra War | Pandavas of Kuru Kingdom | Kaurava of Kuru Kingdom | Pandavas Victory
|
Kosala-Kashi war (c. 650 BCE) | Kosala kingdom | Kasi kingdom | Kosala Victory
|
Kosala conquest of Gaṇasaṅgha (c. 600 to 550 BCE) | Kosala kingdom | Gaṇasaṅghas Kālāma Shakya Koliya | Kosala Victory
|
Gandhāra-Avanti war (c. 575 BCE) | Gandhāra kingdom | Pradyota dynasty | Gandhāra Victory
|
Magadha-Anga war (c. 535 BCE) | Haryanka dynasty | Anga Kingdom | Magadha Victory
|
Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley (c. 535/518BCE–450 BCE) | Mahajanapadas | Achaemenid Empire | Achaemenid Victory
|
Avanti-Magadhan wars (c. 510 BCE–400 BCE) | Haryanka dynasty Shishunaga dynasty | Avanti (Ancient India) | Magadha Victory
|
Magadha-Kosala war (c. 485 BCE) | Kosala kingdom | Magadha led by Haryanka dynasty | Magadha Victory
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Magadha-Vajji war (c. 484 BCE–468 BCE) | Haryanka dynasty | Vajjika League led by the Licchavis | Magadha Victory
|
Indian campaign of Alexander the Great (c. 327 BCE–325 BCE) | Macedonian Empire | Various Indian kingdoms | * Macedonia conquers up to the Beas River, yet has to stop its advance in the Indus. |
Battle of the Hydaspes (c. 326 BCE) | Porus | Macedon League of Corinth Persian allies Indian allies | Macedon Victory
|
Conquest of the Nanda Empire (c. 323 BCE–322 BCE) | Chandragupta Maurya | Nanda Empire | Maurya Victory
|
Seleucid–Mauryan war (c. 305 BCE–303 BCE) | Maurya Empire | Seleucid Empire | Maurya Victory |
Kalinga War (c. 262 BCE–261 BCE) | Maurya Empire | Kalinga | Maurya Victory
|
Shunga-Greek War (2nd Century BCE) | Shunga dynasty | Greco-Bactrian Kingdom | Shunga Victory |
Battle of Vijithapura (c. 162/161 BCE) | Chola dynasty | Anuradhapura Kingdom | Anuradhapura Victory |
Battle of Vidarbha (c. 145 BCE) | Shunga Empire | Vidarbha kingdom (Mauryan era) | Shunga Victory |
Battle on the Sindhu river (c. 135 BCE) | Shunga Empire | Indo-Greek Kingdom | Shunga Victory |
Name of conflict (Time) | Belligerents | Opponents | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
First Battle of Cannanore (1501) | Kingdom of Calicut | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory |
Battle of Calicut (1503) | Kingdom of Calicut Arab privateers | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory |
Battle of Cochin (1504) | Kingdom of Calicut Vassal Malabari states
| Portugal | Portuguese victory |
Portuguese-Mamluk naval war (1505–1517) | Mamluk Sultanate Supported by: | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory
|
Siege of Anjadiva (1506) | Bijapur Sultanate | Portuguese Empire | Bijapur victory |
Siege of Cannanore (1507) | Kingdom of Cannanore | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory |
Battle of Dabul (1508) | Bijapur Sultanate | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory |
Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts (1508–1573) | Gujarat Sultanate Supported by: Mamluk Sultanate (until 1517) Ottoman Empire (since 1517) | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory
|
Portuguese conquest of Goa (1510) | Bijapur Sultanate | Kingdom of Portugal | Portuguese victory
|
Siege of Aden (1513) | Portuguese Empire | Yemeni Tahirids | Tahirid victory |
Siege of Goa (1517) | Bijapur Sultanate | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory |
Battle of Zeila (1517) | Portuguese Empire | Adal Sultanate | Portuguese victory |
Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts (1518–1658)
| Kingdom of Sitawaka Supported by: Dutch East India Company (From 1638) | Portuguese Empire | Stalemate
|
Battle of Khatoli (1518) | Kingdom of Mewar | Delhi Sultanate | Rajput victory
|
Battle of Gagron (1519) | Rajput Confedracy | Malwa Sultanate Gujarat Sultanate | Rajput victory
|
Battle of Dholpur (1519) | Rajput Confedracy | Delhi Sultanate | Rajput victory
|
Battle of Gujarat (1520) (1520) | Rajput Confedracy | Gujarat Sultanate | Rajput victory
|
Battle of Raichur (20 May 1520) | Vijaynagar Empire | Sultanate of Bijapur | Vijaynagar victory
|
First Battle of Panipat (1526) | Delhi Sultanate | Emirate of Kabul | Mughal victory
|
Siege of Calicut (1526)
| Zamorin of Calicut | Portuguese Empire | Zamorin victory |
Battle of Bayana (21 February 1527) | Rajput Confedracy | Mughal Empire
| Rajput victory
|
Battle of Khanwa (16 March 1527) | Rajput Confederacy | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory
|
Battle of Ghaghra (1529) | Mughal Empire | Sultanate of Bengal | Mughal victory
|
Battle of Kannauj (1540) | Mughal Empire | Sur Empire | Sur victory
|
Battle of Sammel (1544) | Kingdom of Marwar | Sur Empire | Sur victory
|
Burmese–Siamese War (1547–1549) [5] | Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam) Supported by: | Toungoo dynasty (Burma) | Siam Victory |
Battle of Sirhind (1555) | Sur Empire | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory
|
Second Battle of Panipat (1556) | Hemchandra Vikramaditya | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory
|
Battle of Tughlaqabad (7 October 1556) | Hem Chandra Vikramaditya | Mughal Empire | Hem Chandra victory
|
Battle of Talikota (23 January 1565) | Vijaynagar Empire | Deccan Sultanates | Deccan Sultanates victory
|
Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568) (23 October 1567 – 23 February 1568) | Kingdom of Mewar | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory
|
Siege of Ranthambore (1568) (8 February 1568 – 21 March 1568) | Kingdom of Mewar | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory
|
War of the League of the Indies (1570 – 1574) | Sultanate of Bijapur Co-belligerents: Princely states of the Kanara coast | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory |
Mughal invasion of Bengal (1572–1576) | Mughal Empire | Sultanate of Bengal | Mughal victory
|
Battle of Haldighati (18 June 1576) | Kingdom of Mewar | Mughal Empire | Inconclusive
|
Siege of Daman (1581)
| Mughal Empire | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory |
Battle of Dewair (1582) (1582) | Kingdom of Mewar | Mughal Empire | Rajput victory
|
Battle of Leitao Coast (1586) | Portuguese Empire | Arab Niquilus | Arab victory |
Spanish-Portuguese conflict on China (1598–1600) | Portuguese Empire | Spanish Empire | Portuguese victory |
Siege of Kottakkal (1599–1600) | Portuguese Empire | Kunjali Marakkar forces | Portuguese and Calicut victory |
Dutch–Portuguese War (1601–1661)
| Kingdom of Portugal
Supported by:
| Dutch Republic Supported by:
| Indecisive
|
Battle of Dewair (1606) (1606) | Kingdom of Mewar | Mughal Empire | Rajput victory
|
Battle of Swally (1612) | Kingdom of Portugal | English East India Company | British victory |
Mughal expedition of Mewar (1615) | Kingdom of Mewar | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory
|
Ahom–Mughal conflicts (1615–1682) | Ahom kingdom | Mughal Empire | Ahom victory
|
Battle of Toppur (1616–17) | Imperial forces of Vijaynagar Empire Nayaks of Tanjore | Second faction of Vijayanagara Empire Nayaks of Gingee Nayaks of Madurai Pandyas of Tirunelveli Kingdom of Travancore Portuguese | Imperial Vijayanagara forces victory
|
Early Mugal-Sikh Wars (1621–1658) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory
|
Battle of Rohila (1621) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory
|
Mughal–Safavid war (1622–23) (1622–1623) | Mughal Empire | Safavid Empire | Safavid victory
|
Spanish-Siam War | Iberian Union | Siam | Siam victory
|
Mombasa war (1631–32) | Portuguese Empire | Mombasa Sultanate | Portuguese Victory
|
Siege of Hooghly (1632)
| Mughal Empire | Portuguese Empire | Mughal Victory |
Battle of Amritsar (1634) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory
|
Battle of Lahira (1634) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory
|
Battle of Kartarpur (1635) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory
|
Siege of Orchha (1635) (1635) | Bundela Rajputs | Mughal Empire | Mughal Victory
|
Battle of Phagwara (1635) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory
|
Battle of Kiratpur (1638) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Siege of Daman (1638–1639) | Mughal Empire | Portuguese Empire | Portuguese victory |
Battle of Pipli [9] (1640) | Mughal Empire | Denmark-Norway | Mughal victory |
Danish-Mughal War (1642–1698) [9] | Mughal Empire | Denmark-Norway | Stalemate
|
Mughal–Safavid war (1649–53) (1649–1653) | Mughal Empire | Safavid Empire | Persian victory
|
Battle of Sutlej (1653) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory
|
Invasions of Kiratpur (1658) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory
|
Mughal conquest of Chittagong (1665–1666) | Mughal Empire | Kingdom of Mrauk U | Mughal victory
|
Dutch-Zamorin Conflicts (1666–1758) | Zamorin | Dutch Republic | Dutch victory |
Rajput War (1679–1707) (1679–1707) | Kingdom of Marwar Kingdom of Mewar | Mughal Empire | Rajput victory
|
Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal war of 1679-1684 (1679–1684) | Ladakh Mughal Empire | Tibet Zungar Empire | Mughal military victory
|
Deccan Wars (1681–1707) | Maratha Empire | Mughal Empire | Inconclusive |
Maratha–Portuguese War (1683–1684) | Maratha Empire | Stalemate | |
Siege of Bijapur (1685–1686) | Bijapur Sultanate Maratha Empire | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory
|
Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690) | Mughal Empire | East India Company | Mughal victory
|
Siege of Golconda (1687) | Mughal Empire | Golconda Sultanate | Mughal victory
|
Battle of Bhangani (1688) | Sikhs | Alliance of 16 Hill States, including: | Sikh victory |
Battle of Nadaun (1691) | Bilaspur State | Mughal Empire Bijarwal State | Sikh victory |
Mughal–Portuguese War (1692–1693)
| Mughal Empire | Portuguese Victory | |
Omani–Portuguese conflict (1696–1714) | Omani Empire | Indecisive
| |
Battle of Guler (1696) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Anandpur (1699) | Sikhs | Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas) | Sikh victory |
Battle of Anandpur (1700) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas) | Sikh victory |
First siege of Anandpur (1700) | Sikhs | Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas), Ranghars, and Gujars | Sikh victory
|
Second siege of Anandpur (1704) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas) | Peace Treaty
|
Battle of Chamkaur (1704) | Sikhs | Mughal Empire Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas) | Mughal and Hill Raja Victory
|
Rajput Rebellion 1708-1710 (1708–1710) | Kingdom of Marwar Kingdom of Mewar Kingdom of Amber | Mughal Empire | Rajput victory
|
Maratha–Portuguese War (1725–1726) [12] | Maratha Confederacy | Inconclusive
| |
Maratha–Portuguese War (1729–1732) | Maratha Confederacy | Supported by: | Portuguese Victory
|
Novas Conquistas (1729–1789) | Kingdom of Mysore Maratha Empire | Portuguese Empire Supported by: Rajahnate of Soonda Kingdom of Sawantwadi | Portuguese Victory |
Nadir Shah's invasion of India (1738–1739) | Mughal Empire | Afsharid dynasty | Persian victory
|
Travancore–Dutch War (incl. Battle of Colachel (Kulachal) 10 August 1741 (1739–1753) | Travancore | Dutch Empire | Travancore victory
|
Battle of Vasai (1739) | Maratha Empire | Portuguese Empire | Maratha victory |
Battle of Karnal (1739–February 13, 1739) | Mughal Empire | Persian Afsharid Empire | Persian victory |
Siege of Trichinopoly (1741) (1741) | Maratha Empire | Mughal Empire | Maratha victory
|
Expeditions in Bengal (1741–1748) | Maratha Empire | Mughal Empire | Peace treaty
|
First Carnatic War (1744–1748)
| Mughal Empire | Kingdom of France Kingdom of Great Britain | Status quo ante bellum |
Second Carnatic War (1749–1754) | Kingdom of France Nawab of Arcot (Chanda Sahib) Hyderabad State (Muzaffar Jang Hidayat) | Kingdom of Great Britain Nawab of Arcot (Wallajah) | Stalemate |
Naval Battle of Calicut (1752) | Maratha Empire | Portuguese Empire | Maratha victory |
Seven Years' War (1754–1763) | France Austria | Prussia Great Britain | Status quo ante in Europe, but transfer of colonial possessions between Britain, France and Spain in the Treaty of Paris (1763).
|
Maratha conquest of North-west India (1757–1758) | Maratha Empire | Durrani Empire | Peace treaty |
Battle of Plassey (1757) | East India Company | Nawab of Bengal French East India Company | Company victory
|
Afghan-Maratha War (1758–1761) | Maratha Empire Sikh confederacy | Durrani Empire Rohilkhand | Durrani victory |
Third Battle of Panipat (1761) | Maratha Empire | Durrani Empire | Durrani victory
|
Battle of Buxar (1764) | East India Company | Mughal Empire | Company victory |
First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–1769) | East India Company Maratha Empire Nawab of the Carnatic Hyderabad | Mysore | Mysore victory |
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782) | Maratha Empire | East India Company | Maratha victory |
Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–1784) | Mysore | East India Company Maratha Empire | Status quo ante bellum |
Maratha-Mysore War (1785–1787) | Maratha Empire | Mysore | Maratha victory
|
Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789–1792) | East India Company Maratha Empire Hyderabad Travancore | Mysore Diplomatic support: France [13] | Maratha-Hyderabad-British victory |
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798–1799) | East India Company Maratha Empire Hyderabad Travancore | Mysore Diplomatic support: France [13] | Maratha-Hyderabad-British victory |
Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805) | Maratha Empire | East India Company | British victory |
Battle of Vizagapatam (1804) | East India Company United Kingdom | France | French victory |
Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816) | East India Company Garhwal Kingdom Patiala State Kingdom of Sikkim | Nepal | Company victory
|
Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus (1815) | East India Company | United States | American victory
|
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818) | Maratha Empire | East India Company | British victory
|
First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) | East India Company | Burmese Empire | Company victory
|
Siege of Herat (1837–1838)
| Emirate of Herat Supported by: | Qajar Iran Supported by: | Company victory
|
First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842) | East India Company | Emirate of Afghanistan | Afghan victory
|
First Opium War (1839–1842) | Great Britain | Qing dynasty | Company victory |
First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846) | Sikh Empire | East India Company Patiala | Company victory |
Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–1849) | Sikh Empire | East India Company | Company victory
|
Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852) | East India Company | Burmese Empire | Company victory
|
Anglo-Persian War (1856–1857) | United Kingdom | Iran | Company victory
|
Indian Rebellion of 1857 (1857–1858) | Mughal Empire Oudh Forces of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi Forces of Nana Sahib Peshwa II Various other Rajas, Nawabs, Zamindars, Taluqdars, and chieftains | East India Company United Kingdom Nepal Various other Rajas, Nawabs, Zamindars, Taluqdars, and chieftains | Company victory
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Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the British East India company came to end and the British crown began to rule over India directly as per the Government of India Act 1858. India was now a single empire comprising British India and the princely states.
In 1947, the British Indian Empire split into the Dominion of Pakistan and the Union of India. The Indian Army, the Royal Indian Air Force and the Royal Indian Navy too, were divided between the two countries. In 1950, the Union of India became the Republic of India after abolishing monarchy.
Anatomically modern humans first arrived on the Indian subcontinent between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago. The earliest known human remains in South Asia date to 30,000 years ago. Sedentariness began in South Asia around 7000 BCE; by 4500 BCE, settled life had spread, and gradually evolved into the Indus Valley Civilisation, which flourished between 2500 BCE and 1900 BCE in present-day Pakistan and north-western India. Early in the second millennium BCE, persistent drought caused the population of the Indus Valley to scatter from large urban centres to villages. Indo-Aryan tribes moved into the Punjab from Central Asia in several waves of migration. The Vedic Period was marked by the composition of their large collections of hymns (Vedas). The social structure was stratified via the varna system, which persists till this day though highly evolved. The pastoral and nomadic Indo-Aryans spread from the Punjab into the Gangetic plain. Around 600 BCE, a new, interregional culture arose; then, small chieftaincies (janapadas) were consolidated into larger states (mahajanapadas). A second urbanisation took place, which came with the rise of new ascetic movements and religious concepts, including the rise of Jainism and Buddhism. The latter was synthesised with the preexisting religious cultures of the subcontinent, giving rise to Hinduism.
The influence and imperialism of Western Europe and associated states peaked in Asian territories from the colonial period beginning in the 16th century and substantially reducing with 20th century decolonization. It originated in the 15th-century search for trade routes to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia that led directly to the Age of Discovery, and additionally the introduction of early modern warfare into what Europeans first called the East Indies and later the Far East. By the early 16th century, the Age of Sail greatly expanded Western European influence and development of the spice trade under colonialism. European-style colonial empires and imperialism operated in Asia throughout six centuries of colonialism, formally ending with the independence of the Portuguese Empire's last colony Macau in 1999. The empires introduced Western concepts of nation and the multinational state. This article attempts to outline the consequent development of the Western concept of the nation state.
The history of Pakistan preceding the country's independence in 1947 is shared with that of Afghanistan, India, and Iran. Spanning the northwestern expanse of the Indian subcontinent and the eastern borderlands of the Iranian plateau, the region of present-day Pakistan served both as the fertile ground of a major civilization and as the gateway of South Asia to Central Asia and the Near East.
The history of Kashmir is intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent in South Asia with influences from the surrounding regions of Central, and East Asia. Historically, Kashmir referred to only the Kashmir Valley of the western Himalayas. Today, it denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract.
The Indo-Pakistani war of 1965, also known as the second India–Pakistan war, was an armed conflict between Pakistan and India that took place from August 1965 to September 1965. The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule. The seventeen-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of armored vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II. Hostilities between the two countries ended after a ceasefire was declared through UNSC Resolution 211 following a diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and the United States, and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration. Much of the war was fought by the countries' land forces in Kashmir and along the border between India and Pakistan. This war saw the largest amassing of troops in Kashmir since the Partition of India in 1947, a number that was overshadowed only during the 2001–2002 military standoff between India and Pakistan. Most of the battles were fought by opposing infantry and armored units, with substantial backing from air forces, and naval operations.
Colonial India was the part of the Indian subcontinent that was occupied by European colonial powers during the Age of Discovery. European power was exerted both by conquest and trade, especially in spices. The search for the wealth and prosperity of India led to the colonisation of the Americas after Christopher Columbus went to the Americas in 1492. Only a few years later, near the end of the 15th century, Portuguese sailor Vasco da Gama became the first European to re-establish direct trade links with India by being the first to arrive by circumnavigating Africa. Having arrived in Calicut, which by then was one of the major trading ports of the eastern world, he obtained permission to trade in the city from the Saamoothiri Rajah. The next to arrive were the Dutch, with their main base in Ceylon. Their expansion into India was halted after their defeat in the Battle of Colachel to the Kingdom of Travancore, during the Travancore–Dutch War.
The Afrīdī are an Ethnically Afghan Pashtun tribe present day tribal areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Maritime powers in the Indian subcontinent have possessed navies for many centuries. Indian dynasties such as the Chola Empire used naval power to extend their influence overseas, particularly to Southeast Asia. The Marakkar Navy under Zamorins during 15th century and the Maratha Navy of the Maratha Empire during the 19th and 18th centuries fought with rival Indian powers and European trading companies. The East India Company organised its own private navy, which came to be known as the Bombay Marine. With the establishment of the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the small navy was transformed into "His Majesty's Indian Navy", then "Her Majesty's Indian Marine", and finally the "Royal Indian Marine".
The predecessors to the contemporary Army of India were many: the sepoy regiments, native cavalry, irregular horse and Indian sapper and miner companies raised by the three British presidencies. The Army of India was raised under the British Raj in the 19th century by taking the erstwhile presidency armies, merging them, and bringing them under the Crown. The British Indian Army fought in both World Wars.
The history of Bengal is intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent and the surrounding regions of South Asia and Southeast Asia. It includes modern-day Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and Assam's Karimganj district, located in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, at the apex of the Bay of Bengal and dominated by the fertile Ganges delta. The region was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom whose war elephant forces led the withdrawal of Alexander the Great from India. Some historians have identified Gangaridai with other parts of India. The Ganges and the Brahmaputra rivers act as a geographic marker of the region, but also connects the region to the broader Indian subcontinent. Bengal, at times, has played an important role in the history of the Indian subcontinent.
Pakistani nationalism refers to the political, cultural, linguistic, historical, religious and geographical expression of patriotism by the people of Pakistan, of pride in the history, heritage and identity of Pakistan, and visions for its future.
Bangladesh's military history is intertwined with the history of a larger region, including present-day India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar. The country was historically part of Bengal – a major power in South Asia and Southeast Asia.
South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethnic-cultural terms. As commonly conceptualized, the modern states of South Asia include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. South Asia borders East Asia to the northeast, Central Asia to the northwest, West Asia to the west and Southeast Asia to the east. Topographically, it is dominated by the Indian subcontinent and is bounded by the Indian Ocean in the south, and the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Pamir Mountains in the north.
The Mughal Empire was an early modern empire in South Asia. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus River Basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India.
The Army of the Mughal Empire was the force by which the Mughal emperors established their empire in the 16th century and expanded it to its greatest extent at the beginning of the 18th century. Although its origins, like the Mughals themselves, were in the cavalry-based armies of central Asia, its essential form and structure was established by the empire's third emperor, Akbar. The regular forces mainly recruited and fielded by Mansabdar officers.
The Janjua is a Punjabi Rajput clan found predominantly in the Pothohar Plateau of Pakistani Punjab.
The Afghan-Mughal wars were a series of wars that took place during the 16th and 18th centuries between the Mughal Empire of India and different Afghan tribes and kingdoms.
Appalled, Pessart sent a formal declaration of war in 1642 and sent two of Tranquebar's best ships north to attack Bengal, where they captured a ship they renamed Den Bengalske Prise.
On 21 November Beijing announced a unilateral ceasefire to be followed by the withdrawal of Chinese troops to the north of the McMahon Line. But China would retain control up to its 1960 claimline in Ladakh—a situation that persists till today.