List of Indian monarchs

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This article is a list of the various dynasties and monarchs that have ruled in the Indian subcontinent and it is one of several lists of incumbents.

Contents

The Indian subcontinent, the main centre of Indian culture Indian Subcontinent (orthographic projection).png
The Indian subcontinent, the main centre of Indian culture

The earliest Indian rulers are known from epigraphical sources found in archeological inscriptions on Ashokan edicts [1] [2] written in Pali language and using brahmi script. They are also known from the literary sources like Sanskrit literature, Jain literature and Buddhist literature in context of literary sources. Archaeological sources include archeological remains in Indian subcontinent which give many details about earlier kingdoms, monarchs, and their interactions with each other.

Early types of historic documentation include metal coins with an indication of the ruler, or at least the dynasty, at the time. These Punch-marked coins were issued around 600s BCE and are found in abundance from the Maurya Empire in 300s BCE. There are also stone inscriptions and documentary records from foreign cultures from around this time. The main imperial or quasi-imperial rulers of North India are fairly clear from this point on, but many local rulers, and the situation in the Deccan and South India has less clear stone inscriptions from early centuries. Main sources of South Indian history is Sangam Literature dated from 300s BCE. Time period of ancient Indian rulers is speculative, or at least uncertain.

Iron Age Kingdoms (c. 2000s BCE – 200s BCE)

Kingdom of Magadha

King Magadha's dynasty

Rulers -
List of Magadha dynasty rulers
Ruler
King Magadha
Sudhanva, (Nephew of King Magadha and son of King Kuru II)
Sudhanu
Suhotra
Chyavana
Chavana
Kritri
Kriti
Krita
Kritayagya
Kritavirya
Kritasena
Kritaka
Uparichara Vasu

(Uparichara Vasu was father of Brihadratha, he was succeeded by his son Brihadratha on throne of Magadha)

(Uparichara Vasu descendants founded many kingdoms like King Pratyagraha of Chedi Kingdom and great-grandfather of Shishupala, King Vatsa of Vatsa Kingdom and King Matsya of Matsya Kingdom and great-grandfather of Virata and Satyavati )

Brihadratha dynasty (c. 1700 – 682 BCE)

Rulers -
List of Brihadratha dynasty rulers
RulerReign (BCE)
Brihadratha 1700–1680 BCE
Jarasandha 1680–1665 BCE
Sahadeva 1665–1661 BCE
Somadhi 1661–1603 BCE
Srutasravas1603–1539 BCE
Ayutayus1539–1503 BCE
Niramitra 1503–1463 BCE
Sukshatra1463–1405 BCE
Brihatkarman1405–1382 BCE
Senajit1382–1332 BCE
Srutanjaya1332–1292 BCE
Vipra1292–1257 BCE
Suchi1257–1199 BCE
Kshemya1199–1171 BCE
Subrata1171–1107 BCE
Dharma1107–1043 BCE
Susuma1043–970 BCE
Dridhasena970–912 BCE
Sumati912–879 BCE
Subala 879–857 BCE
Sunita857–817 BCE
Satyajit817–767 BCE
Viswajit767–732 BCE
Ripunjaya 732–682 BCE

( Ripunjaya was the last ruler of dynasty, dethroned by Pradyota in 682 BCE)

Pradyota dynasty (c. 682 – 544 BCE)

Rulers-
List of Pradyota dynasty Rulers
RulerReign (BCE)Period
Pradyota Mahasena 682–659 BCE23
Palaka659–635 BCE24
Visakhayupa635–585 BCE50
Ajaka585–564 BCE21
Varttivarddhana564–544 BCE20

(Varttivarddhana was last ruler of dynasty dethroned by Bimbisara in 544 BCE)

Kingdom of Kashmir

Gonanda dynasty (I)

Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. Dating of Gonanda kings based on calculation of Jogesh Chander Dutt. [3]

List of Gonanda dynasty I rulers
Ruler
Gonanda I
Damodara I
Yashovati
Gonanda II
35 kings (names lost)
Lava
Kusheshaya
Khagendra
Surendra
Godhara
Suvarna
Janaka
Shachinara
Ashoka (Gonandiya)
Jalauka
Damodara II
Abhimanyu I

Gonanditya dynasty (c. 1175 – 167 BCE)

The Gonanditya dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. [4]

RulerReign [5] Ascension year
Gonanda III35 years1175 BCE
Vibhishana I53 years, 6 months1147 BCE
Indrajit35 years1094 BCE
Ravana30 years, 6 months
Vibhishana II35 years, 6 months1058 BCE
Nara I (Kinnara)40 years, 9 months1023 BCE
Siddha60 years983 BCE
Utpalaksha30 years, 6 months923 BCE
Hiranyaksha37 years, 7 months893 BCE
Hiranyakula60 years855 BCE
Vasukula (Mukula)60 years795 BCE
Mihirakula70 years735 BCE
Vaka (Baka)63 years, 18 days665 BCE
Kshitinanda30 years602 BCE
Vasunanda52 years, 2 months572 BCE
Nara II60 years520 BCE
Aksha60 years460 BCE
Gopaditya60 years, 6 days400 BCE
Gokarna57 years, 11 months340 BCE
Narendraditya I (Khingkhila)36 years, 3 months, 10 days282 BCE
Yudhisthira I34 years, 5 months, 1 day246 BCE to 167 BCE

King Pratapaditya's dynasty (c. 167 BCE – 25 CE)

No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. [6] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192 years. [5]

RulerReign [5] Ascension year
Pratapaditya I32 years167 BCE
Jalauka 32 years135 BCE
Tungjina I36 years103 BCE
Vijaya8 years67 BCE
Jayendra37 years59 BCE
Sandhimati47 years22 BCE to 25 CE

Gonanda dynasty II (c. 25 – 625 CE)

RulerReign [5] Ascension year
Meghavahana 34 years25 CE
Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II)30 years59 CE
Hiranya30 years, 2 months89 CE
Matrigupta4 years, 9 months, 1 day120 CE
Pravarasena II 60 years125 CE
Yudhishthira II39 years, 8 months185 CE
Narendraditya I (Lakshmana)13 years206 CE
Ranaditya I (Tungjina III)42 years219 CE
Vikramaditya42 years267 CE
Baladitya36 years, 8 months309 to 345 CE

Gandhara Kingdom (c. 1500 – 518 BCE)

Gandhara region centered around the Peshawar Valley and Swat river valley, though the cultural influence of "Greater Gandhara" extended across the Indus river to the Taxila region in Potohar Plateau and westwards into the Kabul and Bamiyan valleys in Afghanistan, and northwards up to the Karakoram range. [7] [8]

Known Gandhara rulers are-

Kuru Kingdom (c. 1200 – 345 BCE)

Kuru II was the ruler of Puru dynasty after whom the dynasty was named Kuruvāmshā and the kingdom was renamed from Puru dynasty to Kuru Kingdom. He had three sons, namely Vidhuratha I who became the ruler of Pratisthana, Vyushitaswa who died at a very young age, and Sudhanva, who became the ruler of Magadha. So Vidhuratha I became the king of Hastinapura.

List of rulers–
  1. Kuru II
  2. Vidhuratha I
  3. Jahnu
  4. Suratha
  5. Vidhuratha II
  6. Sarvabhauma II
  7. Jayasena
  8. Radhika
  9. Ayutayu
  10. Akrodhana II
  11. Devaththi II
  12. Riksha III
  13. Dilipa
  14. Anaswan II
  15. Parikshit II
  16. Janamejaya III
  17. Bheemasena
  18. Pratishravas
  19. Pratipa
  20. Shantanu
  21. Chitrāngada
  22. Vichitravirya
  23. Pandu
  24. Dhritarashtra II
  25. Yudhisthira
  26. Parikshit III was the son of Abhimanyu; and grandson of the Pandava Arjuna
  27. Janamejaya IV
  28. Śatānīka
  29. Ashwamedhatta (Ashwamedhaja)
  30. Asīmakṛṣṇa
  31. Nemicakra
  32. Citraratha
  33. Vṛṣṭimān
  34. Suṣeṇa
  35. Sunītha
  36. Nṛcakṣu
  37. Sukhīnala
  38. Pariplava
  39. Sunaya
  40. Nṛpañjaya
  41. Timi
  42. Bṛhadratha
  43. Sudāsa
  44. Śatānīka
  45. Durdamana
  46. Mahīnara
  47. Daṇḍapāṇi
  48. Nimi
  49. Kṣemaka

Kṣemaka was the last Kuru king dethroned by Mahapadma Nanda of Nanda Empire in 345 BCE. [9] [10]

Heheya Kingdom of Avanti (c. 1100 – 400 BCE)

  1. Sahasrajit
  2. Satajit
  3. Mahahaya, Renuhaya and Haihaya (the founder of Haihaya Kingdom). (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Mandhatri)
  4. Dharma was the son of Haihaya.
  5. Netra
  6. Kunti
  7. Sohanji
  8. Mahishman was the founder of Mahishmati on the banks of River Narmada.
  9. Bhadrasenaka (Bhadrasena) (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Trishanku)
  10. Durmada (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Harischandra)
  11. Durdama
  12. Bhima
  13. Samhata
  14. Kanaka
  15. Dhanaka
  16. Krtavirya, Krtagni, Krtavarma and Krtauja. (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Rohitashva)
  17. Sahasrabahu Kartavirya Arjuna was the son of Krtavirya who ruled 88 years and was finally killed by Lord Parashurama.
  18. Jayadhwaja, Vrshabha, Madhu and Urujit were left by Parshurama and 995 others were killed by Lord Parashurama. Pajanya was adopted by Kroshta king Devamidha
  19. Talajangha (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Asita)
  20. Vithihotra (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Sagara)
  21. Madhu
  22. Vrshni

Later they were divided among different sub-castes which include Kansara, Kasera, Tamrakar, Thathera, Tambat and many more. [11]

Medieval Haihayas

A number of early medieval dynasties, which include the Kalachuri and Mushika Kingdom of Kerala, claimed their descent from the Haihayas. [12]

Videha dynasty of Mithila (c. 1100 – 700 BCE)

There were 52 Janaka (kings) ruled Videha dynasty of Mithila – [13]

  1. Mithi - (founder of Mithila and the first Janaka) [14]
  2. Udavasu
  3. Nandivardhana
  4. Suketu
  5. Devarata
  6. Brihadvrata
  7. Mahavira
  8. Sudhriti
  9. Dristaketu
  10. Haryasva
  11. Maru
  12. Pratindhaka
  13. Kritiratha
  14. Devamidha
  15. Vibhuta
  16. Mahidhrata
  17. Kirtirata
  18. Mahorama
  19. Swarnorama
  20. Hrasovarma
  21. Seeradhwaja (Rama's father-in-law)
  22. Bhaanumaan
  23. Shatadyumna
  24. Shuchi
  25. Urjnama
  26. Kirti I
  27. Anjan
  28. Kurujita
  29. Arishtnemi
  30. Shrutaayu
  31. Supaarshwa
  32. Srinjaya
  33. Kshemavee
  34. Anenaa
  35. Bhaumarath
  36. Satyarath
  37. Upagu
  38. Upagupta
  39. Swaagat
  40. Swaanand
  41. Suvarchaa
  42. Supaarshwa
  43. Subhaash
  44. Sushruta
  45. Jaya
  46. Vijaya
  47. Rit
  48. Sunaya
  49. Veetahavya
  50. Dhriti
  51. Bahulaashwa
  52. Kirti II - last King of Videha or Janaka dynasty, Kirti Janak was atrocious ruler who lost control over his subjects. He was dethroned by public under leadership of acharyas.

During this period of fall of Videha dynasty, the famous republic of Licchavi was rising in Vaishali and Mithila region came under control of Licchavi clan of Vajji confederacy in around eight century BCE. [15]

Kalinga Kingdom (c. 1100 – 261 BCE)

Kalinga dynasty (I) (c. 1100 – 700 BCE)

According to Mahabharata and some Puranas, the prince 'Kalinga' founded the Kalinga Kingdom, in the current day region of coastal Odisha, including the North Sircars. [16] [17] The Mahabharata also mentions one 'Srutayudha' as the king of the Kalinga kingdom, who joined the Kaurava camp. [18] In the Buddhist text, Mahagovinda Suttanta, Kalinga and its ruler, 'Sattabhu', have been mentioned. [19]

Known rulers are-
  • King Kalinga, (founder of Kalinga Kingdom)
  • King Odra, (founder of Odra Kingdom)
  • Srutayudha
  • Srutayush
  • Manimat
  • Chitrangada
  • Subahu
  • Virasena
  • Sudatta
  • Nalikira
  • Yavanaraj
  • Dantavakkha or Dantavakhra (c. 9th century BCE)
  • Avakinnayo Karakandu (c. late 9th to early 8th century BCE)
  • Vasupala (c. 8th century BCE)

Kalinga dynasty (II) (c. 700 – 350 BCE)

This dynasty is mentioned in Chullakalinga Jataka and Kalingabodhi Jataka. The last ruler of First Kalinga dynasty is said to have broken away from the Danda kingdom along with the kings of Asmaka and Vidarbha as its feudal states, and established rule of Second Kalinga dynasty.

Known rulers are-
Other or late Kalinga rulers according to Dāṭhavaṃsa are-

This was probably another dynasty or late rulers of Second Kalinga dynasty, which is mentioned in Dāṭhavaṃsa .

Known rulers are-
  • Brahmadatta (c. 6th – 5th century BCE)
  • Sattabhu
  • Kasiraja
  • Sunanda
  • Guhasiva

Suryavamsha of Kalinga (c. 350 – 261 BCE)

Known rulers are-
  • Brahmaadittiya (c. 4th century BCE)

His son, prince 'Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya' was exiled and as per Maldivian history, established the first kingdom Dheeva Maari and laid the foundation of the Adeetta dynasty. [20]

After Kalinga War (261 BCE), Kalinga Kingdom became a part of Mauryan Empire, after which Kalinga Kingdom was succeeded by Mahameghavahana Empire between 230 and 190 BCE which ruled until 350 CE. [22]

Kosala Kingdom (c. 1100 – 345 BCE)

List of rulers– [23]

Sumitra was the last ruler of Kosala kingdom, who was defeated by the Nanda ruler emperor Mahapadma Nanda of Magadha in 340 BCE. However, he wasn't killed, and fled to Rohtas, located in present-day Bihar. [24]

Panchala Kingdom (c. 1100 BCE – 350 CE)

Ajamida II had a son named Rishin. Rishin had two sons namely Samvarana II, whose son was Kuru and Brihadvasu whose descendants were Panchalas. [25] [26] [27]

List of Panchala Kingdom rulers are-

Anga Kingdom (c. 1100 – 530 BCE)

Known Anga rulers are-

Kamboja Kingdom (c. 700 – 200 BCE)

Known Kamboja rulers are-

Shakya Republic of Kapilavastu (c. 7th to 5th century BCE)

Known Shakya rulers are– [28]

Later Shakya Republic was conquered by Virudhaka of Kosala.

First Magadha Empire (c. 544 – 28 BCE)

Haryanka Dynasty (c. 544 – 413 BCE)

Rulers-
List of Haryanka dynasty rulers
RulerReign (BCE)
Bimbisara 544–491 BCE
Ajatashatru 491–461 BCE
Udayin 461–428 BCE
Anirudha428–419 BCE
Munda419–417 BCE
Darshaka417–415 BCE
Nāgadāsaka 415–413 BCE

( Nāgadāsaka was last ruler of dynasty overthrowed by his named as Shishunaga in 413 BCE)

Shishunaga Dynasty (c. 413 – 345 BCE)

Rulers-
List of Shishunga dynasty rulers
RulerReign (BCE)
Shishunaga 413–395 BCE
Kalashoka 395–377 BCE
Kshemadharman377–365 BCE
Kshatraujas365–355 BCE
Nandivardhana 355–349 BCE
Mahanandin 349–345 BCE

(Mahanandin was murdered by his illegitimate son Mahapadma Nanda in 345 BCE)

Nanda Dynasty (c. 345 – 322 BCE)

Rulers-
List of Nanda dynasty rulers
RulerReign (BCE)
Mahapadma Nanda 345–340 BCE
Pandukananda340–339 BCE
Pandugatinanda339–338 BCE
Bhutapalananda338–337 BCE
Rashtrapalananada337–336 BCE
Govishanakananda336–335 BCE
Dashasiddhakananda335–334 BCE
Kaivartananda334–329 BCE
Dhana Nanda 329–321 BCE

(Dhana Nanda lost the throne to Chandragupta Maurya (the son-in-law of Dhana Nanda) after being defeated by him in 322 BCE)

Maurya Dynasty (c. 322 – 184 BCE)

Rulers-
RulerReign
Chandragupta Maurya 322–297 BCE
Bindusara I42 1karshapana Maurya Bindusara MACW4165 1ar (8486583162).jpg 297–273 BCE
Ashoka Ashoka's visit to the Ramagrama stupa Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern gateway.jpg 268–232 BCE
Dasharatha Maurya Dasaratha Maurya inscription on entrance of Vadathika cave.jpg 232–224 BCE
Samprati 224–215 BCE
Shalishuka Mauryan Empire. temp. Salisuka or later. Circa 207-194 BC.jpg 215–202 BCE
Devavarman 202–195 BCE
Shatadhanvan 195–187 BCE
Brihadratha 187–184 BCE

(Brihadratha, the last ruler of this dynasty, was dethroned by Pushyamitra Shunga in 185 BCE)

Shunga Dynasty (c. 185 – 73 BCE)

Rulers-
List of Shunga dynasty rulers
RulerReign (BCE)
Pushyamitra Shunga 185–149 BCE
Agnimitra 149–141 BCE
Vasujyeshtha 141–131 BCE
Vasumitra 131–124 BCE
Bhadraka124–122 BCE
Pulindaka122–119 BCE
Ghosha119–108 BCE
Vajramitra108–94 BCE
Bhagabhadra 94–83 BCE
Devabhuti 83–73 BCE

(Devabhuti was the last ruler of dynasty dethroned by Vasudeva Kanva in 73 BCE)

Kanva Dynasty (c. 73 – 28 BCE)

Rulers-
List of Kanava dynasty rulers
RulerReignPeriod
Vasudeva Kanva 73–64 BCE9
Bhumimitra64–50 BCE14
Narayana50–38 BCE12
Susarman38–28 BCE10

(Susarman was the last ruler of dynasty, defeated by Simuka of Satavahana Empire)

Pandyan dynasty (c. 600 BCE – 1650 CE)

Early Pandyans

  • Koon Pandiyan - (Earliest Known Pandyan king)
  • Nedunj Cheliyan I (Aariyap Padai Kadantha Nedunj Cheliyan), he was mentioned in legend of Kannagi
  • Pudappandiyan
  • Mudukudumi Paruvaludhi
  • Nedunj Cheliyan II (Pasumpun Pandiyan)
  • Nan Maran
  • Nedunj Cheliyan III (Talaiyaalanganathu Seruvendra Nedunj Cheliyan)
  • Maran Valudi
  • Musiri Mutriya Cheliyan
  • Ukkirap Peruvaluthi

Middle Pandyans (c. 590–920 CE)

Pandyans under Chola Empire (c. 920–1216 CE)

  • Sundara Pandyan I
  • Vira Pandyan I
  • Vira Pandyan II
  • Amarabhujanga Tivrakopa
  • Jatavarman Sundara Chola Pandyan
  • Maravarman Vikrama Chola Pandyan
  • Maravarman Parakrama Chola Pandyan
  • Jatavarman Chola Pandya
  • Seervallabha Manakulachala (1101–1124)
  • Maaravaramban Seervallaban (1132–1161)
  • Parakrama Pandyan I (1161–1162)
  • Kulasekara Pandyan III
  • Vira Pandyan III
  • Jatavarman Srivallaban (1175–1180)
  • Jatavarman Kulasekaran I (1190–1216)

Pandalam dynasty (Later Pandyans) (c. 1212–1345 CE)

Tenkasi Pandya dynasty (c. 1422–1650 CE)

During the 15th century, the Pandyans lost their traditional capital city Madurai because of the Islamic and Nayaks invasion, and were forced to move their capital to Tirunelveli in southern Tamilakam and existed there as vassals.

  • Cataiyavarman Parakrama Pandyan (1422–1463)
  • Cataiyavarman III Kulasekara Pandyan (1429–1473)
  • Azhagan Perumal Parakrama Pandyan (1473–1506)
  • Kulasekara Pandyan (1479–1499)
  • Cataiyavarman Civallappa Pandyan (1534–1543)
  • Parakrama Kulasekara Pandyan (1543–1552)
  • Nelveli Maran (1552–1564)
  • Cataiyavarman Adiveerama Pandyan (1564–1604)
  • Varathunga Pandyan (1588–1612)
  • Varakunarama Pandyan (1613–1618)
  • Kollankondan (1618–1650)

Chera dynasty (c. 600 BCE – 1530 CE)

Ancient Chera (c. 600 BCE–400 CE)

  • Vanavan or Vanavaramban (425–350 BCE)
  • Kuttuvan Uthiyan Cheralathan (350–328 BCE)
  • Imayavaramban Neduncheralathan (328–270 BCE)
  • Palyaanai Chelkezhu Kuttuvan (270–245 BCE)
  • Kalangaikanni narmudicheral (245–220 BCE)
  • Perumcheralathan (220–200 BCE)
  • Kudakko Neduncheralathan (200–180 BCE)
  • Kadal Pirakottiya Velkezhu kuttuvan (180–125 BCE)
  • Adukotpattuch Cheralathan (125–87 BCE)
  • Selvak kadungo Vazhiyathan (87–62 BCE)
  • Yanaikatchei Mantharanj Cheral Irumborai (62–42 BCE)
  • Thagadoor Erintha Perum Cheral Irumborai (42–25 BCE), (unification of Upper and lower Kongu Nadu).
  • Ilancheral Irumborai (25–19 BCE)
  • Karuvur Eriya Koperumcheral Irumborai (19–1 BCE)
  • Vanji Mutrathu tunjiya Anthuvancheral (1 BCE–10 CE)
  • Kanaikal Irumborai (20–30 CE)
  • Palai Padiya Perum kadngko (1–30 CE)
  • Kokothai Marban (30–61 CE)
  • Cheran Chenguttuvan (61–140 CE)
  • Kottambalathu tunjiya Maakothai (140–150 CE)
  • Cheraman mudangi kidantha Nedumcheralathan (150–160 CE)
  • Cheraman Kanaikkal Irumborai (160–180 CE)
  • Cheraman Ilamkuttuvan (180–200 CE)
  • Thambi Kuttuvan (200–220 CE)
  • Poorikko (220–250 CE)
  • Cheraman Kuttuvan Kothai (250–270 CE)
  • Cheraman Vanjan (270–300 CE)
  • Mantharanj Cheral (330–380 CE), found in Allahabad Pillar of Samudragupta.

Kongu Chera dynasty (c. 400–844 CE)

  • Ravi Kotha
  • Kantan Ravi
  • Vira Kotha
  • Vira Narayana
  • Vira Chola
  • Vira Kerala
  • Amara Bhujanga Deva
  • Kerala Kesari Adhirajaraja Deva

Kodungallur Cheras (c. 844–1122 CE)

(The Perumals, formerly Kulasekharas)

Venadu Cheras (Kulasekharas) (c. 1090–1530 CE)

  • Rama Kulasekhara (1090–1102)
  • Kotha Varma Marthandam (1102–1125)
  • Vira Kerala Varma I (1125–1145)
  • Kodai Kerala Varma (1145–1150)
  • Vira Ravi Varma (1145–1150)
  • Vira Kerala Varma II (1164–1167)
  • Vira Aditya Varma (1167–1173)
  • Vira Udaya Martanda Varma (1173–1192)
  • Devadaram Vira Kerala Varma III (1192–1195)
  • Vira Manikantha Rama Varma Tiruvadi (1195- ?)
  • Vira Rama Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1209–1214)
  • Vira Ravi Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1214–1240)
  • Vira Padmanabha Martanda Varma Tiruvadi (1240–1252)
  • Ravi Varma (1252–1313)
  • Vira Udaya Martanda Varma (1313–1333)
  • Aditya Varma Tiruvadi (1333–1335)
  • Vira Rama Udaya Martanda Varma Tiruvadi (1335–1342)
  • Vira Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1342–1363)
  • Vira Martanda Varma III (1363–1366)
  • Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1366–1382)
  • Vira Ravi Varma (1383–1416)
  • Vira Ravi Ravi Varma (1416–1417)
  • Vira Kerala Martanda Varma (1383)
  • Chera Udaya Martanda Varma (1383–1444)
  • Vira Ravi Varma (1444–1458)
  • Sankhara Sri Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1458–1468)
  • Vira Kodai Sri Aditya Varma (1468–1484
  • Vira Ravi Ravi Varma (1484–1503)
  • Martanda Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1503–1504)
  • Vira Ravi Kerala Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1504–1530)

Chola dynasty (c. 600 BCE – 1279 CE)

Ancient Chola rulers (c. 600 BCE – 300 CE)

Chola Empire (c. 848 – 1279 CE)

RulerReign
Vijayalaya Chola 848–870
Aditya I
Parantaka I 907–955
Gandaraditya 955–957Ruled jointly.
Arinjaya 956–957
Parantaka II 957–970
Uttama 970–985
Rajaraja I the Great Rajaraja mural-2 (cropped).jpg 985–1014
Rajendra I Domlur chola stone art 10th century,bangalore.jpg 1014–1018
Rajadhiraja I Coin of Rajadhiraja Chola.png 1018–1054
Rajendra II 1054–1063
Rajamehendra 1060-1063
Virarajendra
Athirajendra 1070
Kulothunga I Sculpture in a wall at Nataraja Temple in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu.jpg 1070–1122
Vikrama 1122–1135
Kulothunga II The stonescupture.jpg 1135–1150
Rajaraja II Raja Chola II.png 1150–1173
Rajadhiraja II 1173–1178
Kulothunga III Third Kulothunga cholan.jpg 1178–1218
Rajaraja III 1218–1256
Rajendra III 1256–1279

Kingdom of Tambapanni (c. 543 – 437 BCE)

House of Vijaya

PortraitNameBirthDeathRuler From (in BCE)Ruler Until (in BCE)MarriagesClaim
The Consecration Of King Sinhala-Prince Vijaya (Detail From The Ajanta Mural Of Cave No 17).jpg Vijaya ?
Sinhapura
son of Sinhabahu, and Sinhasivali 		505
Tambapanni 		543505 Kuveni
two children Pandu Princess 		Founded Kingdom
Marriage to Kuveni
Upatissa
(regent)		--505504Prince Vijaya's Chief Minister
Panduvasdeva --504474Nephew of Vijaya
Abhaya --474454Son of Panduvasdeva
Tissa
(regent)		--454437Younger brother of Abhaya

Velir dynasties (c. 300 BCE – 1200 CE)

Major dynasties of Velir are-

Ay dynasty (Velir) (c. 300 BCE – 800 CE)

Early Ay Kings

Medieval Ay Kings

  • Chadayan Karunanthan
  • Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha (r. 856–884 CE)
  • Vikramaditya Varaguna (r. 884–911 CE)

Satavahana dynasty (c. 228 BCE – 224 CE)

The beginning of the Satavahana rule is dated variously between 230 BCE to 100 BCE and lasted until the early 3rd century CE. [29] Satavahanas dominated the Deccan region from the 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE. [30] The following Satavahana kings are historically attested by epigraphic records, although the Puranas name several more kings.

S. Nagaraju relies on the Puranic lists of 30 kings, and gives the following regnal dates: [31]

List of Satavahana dynasty rulers
S. NoRulerReign
1 Simuka (r. 228 – 205 BCE)
2 Krishna (r. 205 – 187 BCE)
3 Satakarni I(r. 187 – 177 BCE)
4Purnotsanga(r. 177 – 159 BCE)
5Skandhastambhi(r. 159 – 141 BCE)
6 Satakarni II (r. 141 – 85 BCE)
7Lambodara(r. 85 – 67 BCE)
8Apilaka(r. 67 – 55 BCE)
9Meghasvati(r. 55 – 37 BCE)
10Svati(r. 37 – 19 BCE)
11Skandasvati(r. 19 – 12 BCE)
12Mrigendra Satakarni(r. 12 – 9 BCE)
13Kunatala Satakarni(r. 9 – 1 BCE)
14Satakarni III(r. 1 BCE – 1 CE)
15Pulumavi I(r. 1 – 36 CE)
16Gaura Krishna(r. 36 – 61 CE)
17 Hāla (r. 61 – 66 CE)
18Mandalaka aka Puttalaka or Pulumavi II(r. 69 – 71 CE)
19Purindrasena(r. 71 – 76 CE)
20Sundara Satakarni(r. 76 – 77 CE)
21Chakora Satakarni(r. 77 – 78 CE)
22 Shivasvati (r. 78 – 106 CE)
23 Gautamiputra Satkarni (r. 106 – 130 CE)
24 Vasisthiputra aka Pulumavi III(r. 130 – 158 CE)
25 Shiva Sri Satakarni (r. 158 – 165 CE)
26 Shivaskanda Satakarni (r. 165–172)
27 Sri Yajna Satakarni (r. 172 – 201 CE)
28Vijaya Satakarni(r. 201 – 207 CE)
29Chandra Sri Satakarni(r. 207 – 214 CE)
30Pulumavi IV(r. 217 – 224 CE)

Mahameghavahana dynasty of Kalinga (c. 225 BCE – 300 CE)

Mahamegha Vahana was the founder of the Kalingan Chedi or Cheti Dynasty. [32] [33] The names of Sobhanaraja, Chandraja, Ksemaraja also appear in context. [34] But, Kharavela is the most well known among them. The exact relation between Mahamegha Vahana and Kharavela is not known. [32]

Classical Period (c. 200s BCE – c. 550s CE)

Kingdom of Kangleipak (Manipur) (c. 200s BCE –1950 CE)

The Meitei people are made up of seven major clans, known as Salai Taret.

The clans include:

  1. Mangang
  2. Khuman Salai
  3. Luwang
  4. Angom
  5. Moilang
  6. Kha Nganpa
  7. Salai Leishangthem

Ancient dynasties (clans) of Kangleipak

Khapa-Nganpa Salai
  • Taang-chaa Leela Pakhangpa
  • Kangba
  • Maliya Fampalcha
  • Kaksu Tonkonpa
  • Koilou Nongtailen Pakhangpa
  • Samlungpha (44–34 BCE)
  • Chingkhong Poireiton (34–18 BCE )
  • Singtabung (18–8 BCE)
  • Paangminnaba (8–1 BCE)
Luwang Salai
  • Luwang Khunthipa (1–5 CE)
  • Luwang Punshipa (5–33 CE)

Ningthouja or Mangang dynasty (c. 33–1074 CE)

  • Nongta Lailen Pakhangpa (33–154 CE)
  • Khuiyoi Tompok (154–264 CE)
  • Taothingmang (264–364 CE)
  • Khui Ningonba (364–379 CE)
  • Pengsipa (379–394 CE)
  • Kaokhangpa (394–411 CE)
  • Naokhampa (411–428 CE)
  • Naophangpa (428–518 CE)
  • Sameilang (518–568 CE)
  • Urakonthoupa (568–658 CE)
  • Naothingkhon (663–763 CE)
  • Khongtekcha (763–773 CE)
  • Keilencha (784–799 CE)
  • Yalaba (799–821 CE)
  • Ayangpa (821–910 CE)
  • Ningthoucheng (910–949 CE)
  • Chenglei-Ipan-Lanthapa (949–969 CE)
  • Keiphaba Yanglon (969–984 CE)
  • Irengba (984–1074 CE)

Kangleipak dynasty (c. 1074–1819 CE)

  1. Loiyumpa (1074–1112)
  2. Loitongpa (1112–1150)
  3. Atom Yoilempa (1150–1163)
  4. Iyanthapa (1163–1195)
  5. Thayanthapa (1195–1231)
  6. Chingthang Lanthapa (1231–1242)
  7. Thingpai Shelhongpa (1242–1247)
  8. Pulanthapa (1247–1263)
  9. Khumompa (1263–1278)
  10. Moilampa (1278–1302)
  11. Thangpi Lanthapa (1302–1324)
  12. Kongyampa (1324–1335)
  13. Telheipa (1335–1355)
  14. Tonapa (1355–1359)
  15. Tapungpa (1359–1394)
  16. Lailenpa (1394–1399)
  17. Punsipa (1404–1432)
  18. Ningthoukhompa (1432–1467)
  19. Senpi Kiyampa (1467–1508)
  20. Koilempa (1508–1512)
  21. Lamkhyampa (1512–1523)
  22. Nonginphapa (1523–1524)
  23. Kapompa (1524–1542)
  24. Tangchampa (1542–1545)
  25. Chalampa (1545–1562)
  26. Mungyampa (1562–1597)
  27. Khaki Ngampa(1597–1652)
  28. Khunchaopa (1652–1666)
  29. Paikhompa (1666–1697)
  30. Charairongba (1697–1709)
  31. Gharib Nawaz (Ningthem Pamheipa) (1709–1754), (adoption of the name Manipur)
  32. Chit Sain (1754–1756)
  33. Gaurisiam (1756–1763)
  34. Ching-Thang Khomba (Bhagya Chandra) (1764–1798)
  35. Rohinchandra (Harshachandra Singh) (1798–1801)
  36. Maduchandra Singh (1801–1806)
  37. Charajit Singh (1806–1812)
  38. Marjit Singh (1812–1819)

(Came to power with Burmese support).

Burmese rule (c. 1819–1825 CE)

Princely State (c. 1825–1947 CE)

(Restored after the First Anglo-Burmese War )

Kuninda Kingdom (c. 2nd century BCE to 3rd century CE)

The Kingdom of Kuninda was an ancient central Himalayan kingdom documented from around the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century CE, located in the southern areas of modern Himachal Pradesh and far western areas of Uttarakhand in North India.

The only known ruler of Kuninda Kingdom is

Foreign assimilated kingdoms in Indian subcontinent

These empires were vast, centered in Persia or the Mediterranean; their satrapies (provinces) in India were at their outskirts.

The sequence of there invasions are-

Indo-Greek Kingdom (Yavanarajya) (c. 200 BCE – 10 CE)

Indo-Scythian (Saka) ( c. 12 BCE – 395 CE)

Aprācas rulers (c. 12 BCE − 45 CE )
Northern Satraps rulers (Mathura area) (c. 20 BCE – 20 CE)
  • Hagamasha (satrap)
  • Hagana (satrap)
  • Rajuvula (Great Satrap) (c. 10 CE)
  • Sodasa
Minor local rulers
Northwestern Scythian rulers (c. 85 BCE – 10 CE)
Kshaharatas rulers
Western Satraps (Western Saka) (c. 119 – 395 CE)
Pāratas rulers (c. 125 – 300 CE)
  • Yolamira (c. 125–150)
  • Bagamira (c. 150)
  • Arjuna (c. 150–160)
  • Hvaramira (c. 160–175)
  • Mirahvara (c. 175–185)
  • Miratakhma (c. 185–200)
  • Kozana (c. 200–220)
  • Bhimarjuna (c. 220–235)
  • Koziya (c. 235–265)
  • Datarvharna (c. 265–280)
  • Datayola II (c. 280–300)

Kushan Empire (c. 1 – 375 CE)

RulerReign
Heraios Heraios profile.jpg 1–30
Kujula Kadphises KujulaKadphisesCoinAugustusImitation.jpg 30–80
Vima Takto Soter Megas Coin of Kushan King Vima Takto.jpg 80–90
Vima Kadphises WimaKadphises.JPG 90–127
Kanishka I the Great KanishkaCoin3.JPG 127–144
Huvishka KushanCoinage2.jpg 144–191
Vasudeva I Coin of the Kushan king Vasudeva I.jpg 191–232
Kanishka II KanishkaIIObverse.JPG 232–245
Vashishka Vasishka.jpg 245–250
Kanishka III Dinar of Kanishka III or Vashishka LACMA M.77.56.18 (2 of 2).jpg 250–275
Vasudeva II Coin of VasudevaII.jpg 275–310
Chhu 310–325
Vasudeva III c.300?Kings whose existence is uncertain.
Vasudeva IV
Vasudeva V
Shaka Kushan/Shaka I KushanCoinage.jpg 325–350
Kipunada Kipunada.jpg 350–375

Indo-Parthian (Pahalava) (c. 21 – 100 CE)

Indo-Sasanian Kingdom (c. 233 – 365 CE)

Alchon Huns (Huna) (c. 400 – 670 CE)

Chutu dynasty of Banavasi (c. 100 BCE–200 CE)

The following Chutu rulers are known from coins and inscriptions: [39]

Nagvanshi dynasty of Chotanagpur (c. 64–1952 CE)

Following is the list of Nagvanshi rulers according to Nagpuri poem "Nagvanshavali" written by Beniram Mehta and book "Nagvansh" written by Lal Pradumn Singh. The list of Kings and chronology varies in these books. 57th Nagvanshi king Dripnath Shah (c.1762–1790 CE) submitted list of Nagvanshi kings to Governor general of India in 1787. [40]

Rajas and Maharajas of Chotanagpur

  • Raja Phani Mukut Rai (c. 64 – 162 CE), first Raja
  • Raja Mukut Rai (c. 162 – 221 CE)
  • Raja Ghat Rai (c. 221 – 278 CE)
  • Raja Madan Rai (c. 278 – 307 CE)
  • Raja Pratap Rai (c. 307 – 334 CE)
  • Raja Kandrap Rai (c. 334 – 365 CE)
  • Raja Udaimani Rai (c. 365 – 403 CE)
  • Raja Jaimani Rai (c. 403 – 452 CE)
  • Raja Srimani Rai (c. 452 – 476 CE)
  • Raja Phani Rai (c. 476 – 493 CE)
  • Raja Gendu Rai (c. 493 – 535 CE)
  • Raja Hari Rai (c. 535 – 560 CE)
  • Raja Gajraj Rai (c. 560 – 606 CE)
  • Raja Sundar Rai (c. 606 – 643 CE)
  • Raja Mukund Rai (c. 643 – 694 CE)
  • Raja Udai Rai (c. 694 – 736 CE)
  • Raja Kanchan Rai (c. 736 – 757 CE)
  • Raja Magan Rai (c. 757 – 798 CE)
  • Raja Jagan Rai (c. 798 – 837 CE)
  • Raja Mohan Rai (c. 837 – 901 CE)
  • Raja Gajdant Rai (c. 901 – 931 CE)
  • Raja Gajghant Rai (c. 931 – 964 CE)
  • Raja Chandan Rai (c. 964 – 992 CE)
  • Raja Anand Rai (c. 992 – 1002 CE)
  • Raja Sripati Rai (c. 1002 – 1055 CE)
  • Raja Jaganand Rai (c. 1055 – 1074 CE)
  • Raja Nripendra Rai (c. 1074 -1084 CE)
  • Raja Gandharva Rai (c. 1084 -1098 CE)
  • Raja Bhim Karn (c.1098 -c.1132)
  • Raja Jash Karn (c.1132-c.1180)
  • Raja Jai Karn (c.1180-c.1218)
  • Raja Go Karn (c.1218-c.1236)
  • Raja Hari Karn (c.1236-c.1276)
  • Raja Shiv Karn (c.1276-c.1299)
  • Raja Benu Karn (c.1299-c.1360)
  • Raja Phenu Karn
  • Raja Tihuli Karn
  • Raja Shivdas Karn (c.1367-c.1389)
  • Raja Udai Karn (c.1389-c.1427)
  • Raja Pritvi Karn (c.1427-c.1451)
  • Raja Pratap Karn (c.1451-c.1469)
  • Raja Chhatra Karn (c.1469 – c.1515)
  • Raja Virat Karn (c.1515 – c.1522)
  • Raja Sindhu Karn (c.1522 – c.1535)
  • Raja Madhu Karn Shah (c. 1584 -c.1599)
  • Raja Bairisal (c. 1599 -c.1614)
  • Raja Durjan Sal (c. 1614–1615)(c.1627 -c.1640)
  • Raja Deo Shah
  • Raja Raghunath Shah (1640–1690)
  • Raja Ram Shah (1690–1715)
  • Raja Yadunath Shah (1715–1724)
  • Raja Shivnath Shah (1724–1733)
  • Raja Udainath Shah (1733–1740)
  • Raja Shyamsundar Nath Shah (1740–1745)
  • Raja Balram Nath Shah (1745–1748)
  • Raja Maninath Shah (1748–1762)
  • Raja Dhripnath Shah (1762–1790)
  • Raja Deo Nath Shah (1790–1806)
  • Maharaja Gobind Nath Shah Deo (1806–1822), first Maharaja
  • Maharaja Jagannath Shah Deo (1822–1872)
  • Maharaja Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo (1872–1950)
  • Maharaja Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo (1950–1952)

Bharshiva dynasty (Nagas of Padmavati) (c. 170–350 CE)

(Possibly ruled at Vidisha in the late 2nd Century).

(May also be the name of a distinct king who succeeded Vrisha-naga).

(Probably the first king to rule from Padmavati)

Chandra dynasty (c. 202–1050 CE)

List of rulers– [41] [42]
List of Chandra dynasty Rulers
#KingPeriodReign (CE)
1Chandrodaya27202–229
2Annaveta5229–234
3Chandra77234–311
4Rimbhiappa23311–334
5 Kuverami (Queen)7334–341
6Umavira20341–361
7Jugna7361–368
8Lanki2368–370
9Dvenchandra55370–425
10Rajachandra20425–445
11Kalachandra9445–454
12Devachandra22454–476
13Yajnachandra7476–483
14Chandrabandu6483–489
15Bhumichandra7489–496
16Bhutichandra24496–520
17Nitichandra55520–575
18Virachandra3575–578
19Pritichandra12578-90
20Prithvichandra7590–597
21Dhirtichandra3597–600
22Mahavira12600-12
23Virayajap12612-24
24Sevinren12624-36
25Dharmasura13636-49
26Vajrashakti16649-65
27Dharmavijaya36665–701
28Narendravijaya2 yr 9 months701–703
29Dharmachandra16703–720
30Anandachandra9+720-729+
Harikela Dynasty
1 Traillokyachandra 30900–930
2 Srichandra 45930–975
3 Kalyanachandra 25975–1000
4 Ladahachandra 201000–1020
5 Govindachandra 301020–1050

Abhira dynasty of Nasik (203–370 CE)

The following is the list of the sovereign and strong Abhira rulers: [43]

Second Magadha Empire (c. 240 – 750 CE)

Imperial Guptas

RulerReign
Srigupta Maharaja Sri Gupta inscription on the Allahabad pillar Samudragupta inscription.jpg 240–290
Ghatotkacha Maharaja Sri Ghatotkacha inscription on the Allahabad pillar Samudragupta inscription.jpg 290–320
Chandragupta I Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandragupta I on a coin.jpg 320–325
Samudragupta SamudraguptaCoin.jpg 325–375
Kacha Kachagupta of the Gupta Empire circa AD 335.jpg 4th-century
Ramagupta 375–380
Chandragupta II Vikramaditya ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg 380–415
Kumaragupta I KumaraguptaFightingLion.jpg 415–455
Skandagupta Skandagupta Circa 455-480 CE.jpg 455–467
Purugupta 467–472
Kumaragupta II Kramaditya Kumaragupta II Kramaditya Circa 530-540 CE.jpg 472–479
Buddhagupta Budhagupta in Malwa Circa 476-495 CE.jpg 479–496
Narasimhagupta Baladitya Narasinhagupta I Circa 414-455 AD.jpg 496–530
Kumaragupta III 530–540
Vishnugupta Candraditya Vishnugupta Candraditya Circa 540-550 CE.jpg 540–550
Bhanugupta ?

Later Guptas (c. 490 – 750 CE)

The genealogy of Later Gupta rulers regin is disputed, this list is approx to there original regin: [44] [45]

List of Later Gupta dynasty rulers
Nu.KingReign (CE)
1Krishna-guptac. 490–505
2Harsha-guptac. 505–525
3Jivita-gupta Ic. 525–550
4Kumara-guptac. 550–560
5Damodara-guptac. 560–562
6Mahasena-guptac. 562–601
7Madhava-guptac. 601–655
8Aditya-senac. 655–680
9Deva-guptac. 680–700
10Vishnu-guptac. 700–725
11Jivita-gupta IIc. 725–750

Vakataka dynasty (c. 250–500 CE)

RulerReignCapital
Vindhyashakti 250-275 Vatsagulma
Pravarasena I 275-330 Vatsagulma
Rudrasena I 330-360 Pravapura and
Nandivardhana
(Northern)]
Sarvasena I 330-355 Vatsagulma
(Southern)
Vindhyasena 355-400 Vatsagulma
(Southern)
Prithivishena I 360-385 Pravapura and
Nandivardhana
(Northern)
Rudrasena II 385-390 Pravapura and
Nandivardhana
(Northern)
Regency of Prabhavatigupta (390-410)
Divakarasena 390-410 Pravapura and
Nandivardhana
(Northern)
Pravarasena II 400-415 Vatsagulma
(Southern)
Damodarasena 410-420 Pravapura and
Nandivardhana
(Northern)
Sarvasena II 415-455 Vatsagulma
(Southern)
Pravarasena II 430-440 Pravapura and
Nandivardhana
(Northern)
Narendrasena 440-460 Pravapura and
Nandivardhana
(Northern)
Devasena 455-480 Vatsagulma
(Southern)
Prithivishena II 460-480 Pravapura and
Nandivardhana
(Northern)
Harishena 480-510 Vatsagulma
(Southern)

Pallava dynasty (c. 275 – 897 CE)

Early or Middle Pallavs rulers regin is disputed, this timeline is approx to there original regin:

List of Pallava dynasty rulers
Nu.KingReign (CE) (disputed)
Former Pallava
1 Simhavarman I c. 275–300
2Sivaskandavarmanc. 300–330
3Skandavarman Ic. 330–340
Middle Pallava
4 Vishnugopa c. 340–360
5Skandavarman IIc. 360–380
6Kumaravishnu Ic. 380–400
7Buddhavarmanc. 400–410
8Kumaravishnu IIc. 410–420
9Viravarmanc. 420–425
10Skandavarman IVc. 425–436
11 Simhavarman II c. 436–458
12Skandavarman Vc. 458–480
13Nandivarmanc. 480–500
14Vishnugopavarmanc. 500–520
15Candadandac. 520–540
16 Simhavarman III c. 540–560
Later Pallava
17 Simhavishnu c. 560–600
18 Mahendravarman I c. 600–630
19 Narasimhavarman I (Mamalla)c. 630–668
20 Mahendravarman II c. 668–672
21 Paramesvaravarman I c. 672–700
22 Narasimhavarman II (Raja Simha)c. 700–728
23 Paramesvaravarman II c. 728–732
24 Nandivarman II (Pallavamalla)c. 732–796
25 Thandivarman c. 796–840
26 Nandivarman III c. 840–869
27 Nrpatungavarman c. 869–882
28 Aparajitavarman c. 882–897

Aulikara dynasty (c. 300 – 550 CE)

Rulers of First Aulikara dynasty-

Rulers of Second Aulikara dynasty-

Kadamba dynasties (345 – 1310 CE)

Kadamba dynasty of Banavasi (c. 345 – 540 CE)

Banavasi branch rulers-

  • Mayurasharma (345–365)
  • Kangavarma (365–390)
  • Bhageerath (390–415)
  • Raghu (415–435)
  • Kakusthavarma (435–455)
  • Santivarma (455–460)
  • Shiva Mandhatri (460–475)
  • Mrigeshavarma (475–485)
  • Ravivarma (485–519)
  • Harivarma (519–530)

Triparvatha branch rulers-

  • Krishna Varma I (455–475)
  • Vishnuvarma (475–485)
  • Simhavarma (485–516)
  • Krishna Varma II (516–540)

Kadamba dynasty of Goa (960 – 1345 CE)

  • Shashthadeva I alis Kantakacharya (c. 960 CE), founder of dynasty
  • Nagavarma
  • Guhalladeva I
  • Shashathadeva II
  • Guhalladeva II (1038–1042)
  • Veeravarmadeva ( 1042–1054)
  • Jayakeshi I (1054–1080)
  • Guhalladeva II alias Tribhuvanamalla (1080–1125)
  • Vijayaditya I alias Vijayarka, (ruling prince up to 1104)
  • Jayakeshi II (1125–1148)
  • Shivachitta alis Paramadideva ( 1148–1179)
  • Vishnuchitta alias Vijayaditya II (1179–1187)
  • Jayakeshi III (1188–1216)
  • Vajradeva alis Shivachitta (regin?)
  • Sovideva alis Tribhuvanamalla (1216–1246?)
  • Shashthadeva III (?1246–1265)
  • Kamadeva (1265–1310), last known ruler of dynasty

Kadamba dynasty of Hangal (980 – 1275 CE)

known rulers are-
  • Chattadeva (980–1031), founder of dynasty
  • Kamadeva
  • Somadeva
  • Mayuravarma

Other minor Kadamba Kingdoms

Kadambas of Halasi
Kadambas of Bankapur
Kadambas of Bayalnad
Kadambas of Nagarkhanda
Kadambas of Uchchangi
Kadambas of Bayalnadu (Vainadu)

Varman dynasty of Kamarupa (350–650 CE)

The dynastic line, as given in the Dubi and Nidhanpur copperplate inscriptions: [46]

ReignNamesuccessionQueen
1350-374 Pushyavarman (unknown)
2374-398 Samudravarman son of PushyavarmanDattadevi
3398-422 Balavarman son of SamudravarmanRatnavati
4422-446 Kalyanavarman son of BalavarmanGandharavati
5446-470 Ganapativarman son of KalyanavarmanYajnavati
6470-494 Mahendravarman son of GanapativarmanSuvrata
7494-518 Narayanavarman son of MahendravarmanDevavati
8518-542 Bhutivarman son of NarayanavarmanVijnayavati
9542-566 Chandramukhavarman son of BhutivarmanBhogavati
10566-590 Sthitavarman son of ChandramukhavarmanNayanadevi
11590-595 Susthitavarman son of SthitavarmanSyamadevi
12595-600 Supratisthitavarman son of Susthitavarman(Bachelor)
13600-650 Bhaskaravarman brother of Supratisthitavarman(Bachelor)
14650-655Avanti Varman(unknown)(unknown)

Ganga dynasty (350–1424 CE)

RulerReignCapital
Konganivarma Madhava I 350-370 Talakad (Western)
Madhava II 370-390 Talakad (Western)
Harivarman 390-410 Talakad (Western)
Vishnugopa 410-430 Talakad (Western)
Madhava III Tadangala 430-469 Talakad (Western)
Avinita 469-529 Talakad (Western)
Indravarman I 498-537 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Durvinita 529-579 Talakad (Western)
Samantavarman 537-562 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Hastivarman 562-578 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Indravarman II 578-589 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Mushkara 579-604 Talakad (Western)
Danarnava 589-652 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Polavira 604-629 Talakad (Western)
Indravarman III 652-682 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Srivikrama 629-654 Talakad (Western)
Bhuvikrama 654-679 Talakad (Western)
Shivamara I 679-725 Talakad (Western)
Gunarnava 682-730 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Sripurusha 725-788 Talakad (Western)
Devendravarman I 730-780 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Anantavarman I 780-812 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Shivamara II 788-816 Talakad (Western)|-bgcolor=#eca Rajendravarman 812-840 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Rachamalla I 817-853 Talakad (Western)
Devendravarman II 840-895 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Neetimarga I Ereganga 853-869 Talakad (Western)
Rachamalla II 869-907 Talakad (Western)
Gunamaharnava I 895-910 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Neetimarga II Ereyappa 907-921 Talakad (Western)
Vajrahasta-Anangabhimadeva I 910-939 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Narasimha I 921-933 Talakad (Western)
Rachamalla III 933-938 Talakad (Western)
Butuga 938-961 Talakad (Western)Ruled jointly, in 949.
Takkolam 949 Talakad (Western)
Gundama I 939-942 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Kamarnava I 942-977 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Neetimarga III Marulaganga 961-963 Talakad (Western)
Narasimha II 963-975 Talakad (Western)
Rachamalla IV 975-986 Talakad (Western)
Vinayaditya 977-980 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Vajrahasta II 980-1015 Dantapuram (Eastern
Rachamalla V 986-999 Talakad (Western)
Neetimarga IV Permanadi 999 Talakad (Western)
Annexed to the Chola Empire
Kamarnava II 1015 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Gundama II 1015-1018 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Madhukamarnava 1018-1038 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Vajrahasta III 1038-1070 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Rajarajadeva I 1070-1078 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Anantavarman II Chodaganga Chodaganga Deva.jpg 1078-1150 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Jatesvaradeva 1150-1156 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Raghavadeva 1156-1170 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Rajarajadeva II 1170-1178 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Anangabhimadeva II 1178-1198 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Rajarajadeva III 1198-1211 Dantapuram (Eastern)
Anangabhimadeva III Anangabhima Deva III .jpg 1211-1238 Kataka (Eastern)
Narasinghadeva I Narasingha Deva Practicing Archery.jpg 1238-1264 Kataka (Eastern)
Bhanudeva I 1264-1279 Kataka (Eastern)
Narasinghadeva II 1279-1306 Kataka (Eastern)
Bhanudeva II 1306-1328 Kataka (Eastern)
Narasinghadeva III 1328-1352 Kataka (Eastern)
Bhanudeva III 1352-1378 Kataka (Eastern)
Narasinghadeva IV 1378-1424 Kataka (Eastern)
Bhanudeva IV 1424-1434 Kataka (Eastern)
Annexed to the Gajapati Kingdom

Other minor Ganga states

Gudari Kataka Ganga State

According to Gangavansucharitam written in sixteenth or seventeenth century, Bhanu Deva IV also known as Kajjala Bhanu founded a new small princedom in southern Odisha at Gudari in modern Rayagada district after he was toppled from power by his general Kapilendra Deva. [47]

  • Kajjala Bhanu (or Bhanu Deva IV)
  • Svarna Bhanu
  • Kalasandha Deva
  • Chudanga Deva
  • Harimani Deva
  • Narasimha Deva
  • Ananta Deva
  • Padmanabha Deva
  • Pitambara Deva
  • Vasudeva
  • Purrushottama Anangabhima Deva (or Bhima Deva)
Chikiti Ganga State (c. 881–1950 CE)

Historians conclude that the rulers of Chikiti were from the line of Ganga ruler Hastivarman. [48] [49]

  • Kesaba Rautara (or Bira Karddama Singha Rautara) (881–940)
  • Balabhadra Rautara (941–997)
  • Madhaba Rautara (998–1059)
  • Languli Rautara (1060–1094)
  • Mohana Rautara (1095–1143)
  • Balarama Rautara (1144–1197)
  • Biswanatha Rautara (1198–1249)
  • Harisarana Rautara (1250–1272)
  • Raghunatha Rautara (1273–1313)
  • Dinabandhu Rautara (1314–1364)
  • Gopinatha Rautara (1365–1417)
  • Ramachandra Rautara (1418–1464)
  • Narayana Rautara (1465–1530)
  • Narasingha Rautara (1531–1583)
  • Lokanatha Rautara (1584–1633)
  • Jadumani Rautara (1634–1691)
  • Madhusudana Rajendra Deba (1692–1736)
  • Kulamani Rajendra Deba (1737–1769)
  • Krusnachandra Rajendra Deba (1770–1790)
  • Pitambara Rajendra Deba (1791–1819)
  • Gobindachandra Rajendra Deba (1820–1831)
  • Kulamani Rajendra Deba (1832–1835)
  • Brundabanachandra Rajendra Deba (1835–1846)
  • Jagannatha Rajendra Deba (1847–1855)
  • Biswambhara Rajendra Deba (1856–1885)
  • Kisorachandra Rajendra Deba (1885–1903)
  • Radhamohana Rajendra Deba (1903–1923)
  • Gaurachandra Rajendra Deba (1923–1934)
  • Sachhidananda Rajendra Deba (1934–1950)
Parlakhemundi Ganga State (c. 1309–1950)

Parlakhemundi state rulers were the direct descendants of the Eastern Ganga dynasty rulers of Odisha. [50] [51]

  • Narasingha Deba (1309–1320)
  • Madanrudra Deba (1320–1339)
  • Narayana Rudra Deba (1339–1353)
  • Ananda Rudra Deba (1353–1354)
  • Ananda Rudra Deba (1354–1367)
  • Jayarudra Deba (1367–1399)
  • Lakhsmi Narasingha Deba (1399–1418)
  • Madhukarna Gajapati (1418–1441)
  • Murtunjaya Bhanu Deba (1441–1467)
  • Madhaba Bhanu Deba (1467–1495)
  • Chandra Betal Bhanu Deba (1495–1520)
  • Subarnalinga Bhanu Deba (1520–1550)
  • Sibalinga Narayan Bhanudeo (1550–1568)
  • Subarna Kesari Govinda Gajapati Narayan Deo (1568–1599)
  • Mukunda Rudra Gajapati Narayan Deo (1599–1619)
  • Mukunda Deo (1619–1638)
  • Ananta Padmanabh Gajapati Narayan Deo I (1638–1648)
  • Sarbajgan Jagannatha Gajapati Narayan Deo I (1648–1664)
  • Narahari Narayan Deo (1664–1691)
  • Bira Padmanabh Narayan Deo II (1691–1706)
  • Prataprudra Gajapati Narayan Deo I (1706–1736)
  • Jagannatha Gajapati Narayana Deo II (1736–1771)
  • Goura Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo I (1771–1803)
  • Purushottam Gajapati Narayan Deo (1803–1806)
  • Jagannath Gajapati Narayan Deo III (1806–1850)
  • Prataprudra Gajapati Narayan Deo II (1850–1885)
  • Goura Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo II (1885–1904)
  • Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo (1913–1950)
  • Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo (1950 – 25 May 1974), titular
  • Gopinath Gajapati Narayan Deo (25 May 1974 – 10 January 2020), titular
  • Kalyani Gajapati (10 January 2020–present), titular

Traikutaka dynasty (c. 370–520 CE)

The following Traikuta rulers are known from the coins and inscriptions of Gupta Empire: [52]

Vishnukundina dynasty (c. 420–624 CE)

Maitraka dynasty of Vallabhi (c. 475–776 CE)

Rai dynasty (c. 489–632 CE)

Chalukya dynasty (c. 500–1200 CE)

RulerReignCapital
Jayasimha I 500–520 Badami
Ranaraga 520–540 Badami
Pulakeshin I 540–567 Badami
Kirtivarman I 567–592 Badami
Mangalesha 6th century Kannada inscription in cave temple number 3 at Badami.jpg 592–610 Badami
Pulakeshin II Pulikesin II, the Chalukhaya, receives envoys from Persia (1).jpg 610–642 Badami
Kubja Vishnuvardhana I 615/24–641 Vengi (Eastern)
Jayasimha I (II) 641–673 Vengi (Eastern)|
Adityavarman 642–645 Badami
Abhinavaditya 645–646 Badami
Chandraditya 646–649 Badami
Regency of Vijaya-Bhattarika (649-655)Regent for her minor son. She was deposed by her brother-in-law.
A son of Chandraditya649-655 Badami
Satyashraya c.650-675 Vemulavada
Vikramaditya I 655–680 Badami
Indra Bhattaraka 673 Vengi (Eastern)
Vishnuvardhana II 673–682 Vengi (Eastern)
Prithvipathi c.675-700 Vemulavada
Vinayaditya 680–696 Badami
Mangi Yuvaraja 682–706 Vengi (Eastern)
Vijayaditya I 696–733 Badami
Maharaja c.700-725 Vemulavada
Jayasimha III 706–718 Vengi (Eastern)
Kokkli 718–719 Vengi (Eastern)
Vishnuvardhana III 719–755 Vengi (Eastern)
Rajaditya c.725-750 Vemulavada
Vikramaditya II 8th century Kannada inscription on victory pillar at Pattadakal.jpg 733–746 Badami
Kirtivarman II Rahappa 746- 757 Badami
Vinayaditya Yuddhamalla I c.750-775 Vemulavada
Vijayaditya I (II) 755–772 Vengi (Eastern)
Vishnuvardhana IV 755–808 Vengi (Eastern)
Arikesari I c.775-800 Vemulavada
Narasimha I c.800-825 Vemulavada
Vijayaditya II (III) 808–847 Vengi (Eastern)
Yuddhamalla II c.825-850 Vemulavada
Kali Vishnuvardhana V 847–849 Vengi (Eastern)
Vijayaditya III (IV) 849–892 Vengi (Eastern)Brothers, ruled together.
Vikramaditya I (III) Vengi (Eastern)
Yuddhamalla I Vengi (Eastern)
Baddega I Soladaganda c.850-895 Vemulavada
Bhima I 892–921 Vengi (Eastern)
Yuddhamalla III c.895-915 Vemulavada
Narasimha II c.915-930 Vemulavada
Vijayaditya IV (V) 921 Vengi (Eastern)
Amma I 921–927 Vengi (Eastern)Probably brothers, ruled jointly.
Vishnuvardhana VI Vengi (Eastern)
Vijayaditya V (VI) 927 Vengi (Eastern)
Tadapa 927 Vengi (Eastern)
Vikramaditya II (IV) 927–928 Vengi (Eastern)
Bhima II 928–929 Vengi (Eastern)
Yuddhamalla II 929–935 Vengi (Eastern)
Arikesari II c.930-941 Vemulavada
Bhima III 935–947 Vengi (Eastern)
Baddega II 941-946 Vemulavada Ruled jointly.
Vagaraja 941-950 Vemulavada
Arikesari III 946/950-968 Vemulavada
Annexed to the Western Chalukya Empire
Amma II 947–970 Vengi (Eastern)
Danarnava 970–973 Vengi (Eastern)|- bgcolor=#bda Tailapa II Ahvamalla Old Kannada inscription dated Shaka 913 (c.991 AD) of Kalyani (Western) Chalukya King Ahvamalla Tailapa II.JPG 973–997 Kalyani (Western)
Jata Choda Bhima 973–999 Vengi (Eastern)
Satyashraya 997–1008 Kalyani (Western)
Shaktivarman I 999–1011 Vengi (Eastern)
Vikramaditya V 1008–1015 Kalyani (Western)
Vimaladitya 1011–1018 Vengi (Eastern)
Jayasimha II (III) Old Kannada inscription dated Shaka 957 (c.1035 AD) of Kalyani (Western) Chalukya King Jayasimha II.JPG 1015–1043 Kalyani (Western)
Rajaraja Narendra King Rajaraja Narendra founder of rajahmundry city.jpg 1018–1061 Vengi (Eastern)
Rajaraja had support in the throne from the Cholas, whose influence grew significantly. He supported Cholas against his cousins, the Western Chalukyas. His own son managed to succeed in the Chola Empire, in 1070, as Kulottunga I, beginning the Later Cholas period, in which the Chola Empire was ruled by a branch of the Eastern Chalukyas renamed Chola, which inherited Narendra's kingdom. It's possible, then, that the following rulers were governors for the Chola Emperor ruling Eastern Chalukya territory:
Annexed to the Chola Empire (1061-1118); Annexed to the Western Chalukya Empire (since 1118)
Someshvara I Trilokyamalla Western Chalukyas of Kalyana King Somesvara I Trailokyamalla 1043-1068.jpg 1042–1068 Kalyani (Western)
Someshvara II Bhuvanaikamalla Old Kannada inscription dated Shaka 990 (c.1068 AD) of Kalyani (Western) Chalukya King Bhuvanaikamalla Someshvara II.JPG 1068–1076 Kalyani (Western)
Vikramaditya VI Tribhuvanamalla Old Kannada inscription (c.1108 AD) of Kalyani (Western) Chalukya King Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya VI.jpg 1076–1126 Kalyani (Western)
Someshvara III Old Kannada inscription (1129 AD) at Kedareshvara temple in Balligavi.JPG 1126–1138 Kalyani (Western)
Jagadhekamalla II Old Kannada inscription (c.1148 AD) of Kalyani (Western) Chalukya King Jagadekamalla II.JPG 1138–1151 Kalyani (Western)
Tailapa III 1151–1164 Kalyani (Western)
Jagadhekamalla III 1164–1183 Kalyani (Western)
Someshvara IV Chalukyas of Kalyana (Western Chalukyas) Possibly King Somesvara IV Chalukya. 1181-4 1189.jpg 1183–1200 Kalyani (Western)
Annexed to the Seuna, Hoysala and the Kakatiya dynasties

Shahi Kingdom (c. 500–1026 CE)

In Kabul Shahi Kingdom two Dynasties ruled (both were Hindu dynasties) from:

Turk Shahi dynasty (c. 500–850 CE)

Hindu Shahi dynasty (c. 850–1026 CE)

Pushyabhuti dynasty (c. 500 – 647 CE)

Rulers-
List of Pushyabhuti dynasty rulers
RulerReign (CE)Notes
Pushyabhuti~500
Nāravardhana500–525
Rājyavardhana I525–555
Ādityvardhana 555–580
Prabhākaravardhana 580–605
Rājyavardhana II 605–606
Harṣavardhana 606–647

Jaintia Kingdom (c. 525–1835 CE)

Old dynasty

  1. Urmi Rani (?-550)
  2. Krishak Pator (550–570)
  3. Hatak (570–600)
  4. Guhak (600–630)

Partitioned Jaintia

  1. Jayanta (630–660)
  2. Joymalla (660-?)
  3. Mahabal (?)
  4. Bancharu (?-1100)
  5. Kamadeva (1100–1120)
  6. Bhimbal (1120)

Brahmin dynasty

  1. Kedareshwar Rai (1120–1130)
  2. Dhaneshwar Rai (1130–1150)
  3. Kandarpa Rai (1150–1170)
  4. Manik Rai (1170–1193)
  5. Jayanta Rai (1193–1210)
  6. Jayanti Devi
  7. Bara Gossain

New dynasty

  1. Prabhat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1500–1516)
  2. Majha Gosain Syiem Sutnga (1516–1532)
  3. Burha Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1532–1548)
  4. Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga I (1548–1564)
  5. Bijay Manik Syiem Sutnga (1564–1580)
  6. Pratap Ray Syiem Sutnga (1580–1596)
  7. Dhan Manik Syiem Sutnga (1596–1612)
  8. Jasa Manik Syiem Sutnga (1612–1625)
  9. Sundar Ray Syiem Sutnga (1625–1636)
  10. Chota Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1636–1647)
  11. Jasamanta Ray Syiem Sutnga (1647–1660)
  12. Ban Singh Syiem Sutnga (1660–1669)
  13. Pratap Singh Syiem Sutnga (1669–1678)
  14. Lakshmi Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1678–1694)
  15. Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga I (1694–1708)
  16. Jay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1708–1731)
  17. Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga II (1731–1770)
  18. Chattra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1770–1780)
  19. Yatra Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1780–1785)
  20. Bijay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1785–1786)
  21. Lakshmi Singh Syiem Sutnga (1786–1790)
  22. Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga II (1790–1832)
  23. Rajendra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1832–1835) [56] [57]

Early Medieval Period (c. 550s CE – c. 1200s CE)

Kalachuri dynasties (c. 550 – 1225 CE)

Kalachuri dynasty of Mahishmati/Malwa (Early Kalachuris) (c. 550 – 625 CE)

The following are the known rulers of the Kalachuri dynasty of Malwa with their estimated reigns (IAST names in brackets): [58]

  • Krishnaraja (Kṛṣṇarāja) (r. c. 550–575 CE)
  • Shankaragana (Śaṃkaragaṇa) (r. c. 575–600 CE)
  • Buddharaja (Buddharāja) (r. c. 600–625 CE)

Kalachuri dynasty of Tripuri/Chedi (Later Kalachuris) (c. 675 – 1212 CE)

Rulers-

Kalachuri dynasty of Ratnapura (c. 1000 – 1225 CE)

The following is a list of the Ratnapura Kalachuri rulers, with estimated period of their reigns: [60]

  • Kalinga-raja (1000–1020 CE), founder of dynasty
  • Kamala-raja (1020–1045 CE)
  • Ratna-raja (1045–1065 CE), alias Ratna-deva I
  • Prithvi-deva I (1065–1090 CE), alias Prithvisha
  • Jajalla-deva I (1090–1120 CE) (declared independence)
  • Ratna-Deva II (1120–1135 CE)
  • Prithvi-deva II (1135–1165 CE)
  • Jajalla-deva II (1165–1168 CE)
  • Jagad-deva (1168–1178 CE)
  • Ratna-deva III (1178–1200 CE)
  • Pratapa-malla (1200–1225 CE)
  • Parmardi Dev (governor of Eastern Gangas)

Kalachuri dynasty of Kalyani (Southern Kalachuris) (c. 1130 – 1184 CE)

Rulers-
  • Bijjala II (1130–1167), proclaimed independence from Kalyani Chalukyas in 1162 CE
  • Sovideva (1168–1176)
  • Mallugi, overthrown by his brother Sankama
  • Sankama (1176–1180)
  • Ahavamalla (1180–83)
  • Singhana (1183–84), last ruler

Patola/Gilgit Shahi dynasty (c. 550 – 750 CE)

Regin of known rulers is disputed- [61] [62]

Gurjara-Pratihara Empire (c. 550 – 1036 CE)

Pratiharas of Mandavyapura (Mandor) (c. 550 – 860 CE)

R. C. Majumdar, on the other hand, assumed a period of 25 years for each generation, and placed him in c. 550 CE. The following is a list of the dynasty's rulers (IAST names in brackets) and estimates of their reigns, assuming a period of 25 years.

  • Harichandra (Haricandra) alias Rohilladhi (r. c. 550 CE), founder of dynasty
  • Rajilla (r. c. 575 CE)
  • Narabhatta (Narabhaṭa) alias Pellapelli (r. c. 600 CE)
  • Nagabhata (Nāgabhaṭa) alias Nahada (r. c. 625 CE)
  • Tata (Tāta) and Bhoja (r. c. 650 CE)
  • Yashovardhana (Yaśovardhana) (r. c. 675 CE)
  • Chanduka (Canduka) (r. c. 700 CE)
  • Shiluka (Śīluka) alias Silluka (r. c. 725 CE)
  • Jhota (r. c. 750 CE)
  • Bhilladitya alias Bhilluka (r. c. 775 CE)
  • Kakka (r. c. 800 CE)
  • Bauka (Bāuka) (r. c. 825 CE)
  • Kakkuka (r. c. 861 CE), last ruler

Imperial Pratiharas of Kannauj (c. 730 – 1036 CE)

List of rulers–
List of Imperial Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty rulers
Serial No.RulerReign (CE)
1 Nagabhata I 730–760
2 Kakustha and Devaraja 760–780
3 Vatsaraja 780–800
4 Nagabhata II 800–833
5 Ramabhadra 833–836
6 Mihira Bhoja or Bhoja I836–885
7 Mahendrapala I 885–910
8 Bhoja II 910–913
9 Mahipala I 913–944
10 Mahendrapala II 944–948
11Devapala948–954
12Vinayakapala954–955
13Mahipala II955–956
14Vijayapala II956–960
15Rajapala960–1018
16Trilochanapala1018–1027
17 Yasahpala 1024–1036

Other Pratihara Branches

Baddoch Branch (c. 600 – 700 CE)

Known Baddoch rulers are-

Rajogarh Branch

Badegujar were rulers of Rajogarh

Chahamana (Chauhan) dynasties (c. 551 – 1315 CE)

The ruling dynasties belonging to the Chauhan clan included–

Chahamanas of Sambhar Ajmer and Delhi (c. 551 – 1194 CE)

Following is a list of Chahamana rulers of Shakambhari, Ajmer and Delhi with approximate period of reign, as estimated historian by R. B. Singh: [63]

Serial no.Regnal namesReign (CE)
1 Chahamana (mythical)
2 Vasu-deva c. 551 CE (disputed)
3 Samanta-raja 684–709
4 Nara-deva 709–721
5 Ajaya-raja I 721–734
6 Vigraha-raja I 734–759
7 Chandra-raja I 759–771
8 Gopendra-raja 771–784
9 Durlabha-raja I 784–809
10 Govinda-raja I alias Guvaka I809–836
11 Chandra-raja II 836–863
12 Govindaraja II alias Guvaka II863–890
13 Chandana-raja 890–917
14 Vakpati-raja 917–944
15 Simha-raja 944–971
16 Vigraha-raja II 971–998
17 Durlabha-raja II 998–1012
18 Govinda-raja III 1012–1026
19 Vakpati-raja II 1026–1040
20 Viryarama 1040 (few months)
21 Chamunda-raja 1040–1065
22 Durlabha-raja III alias Duśala1065–1070
23 Vigraha-raja III alias Visala1070–1090
24 Prithvi-raja I 1090–1110
25 Ajaya-raja II 1110–1135
26 Arno-raja alias Ana1135–1150
27 Jagad-deva 1150
28 Vigraha-raja IV alias Visaladeva1150–1164
29 Apara-gangeya 1164–1165
30 Prithvi-raja II 1165–1169
31 Someshvara -32 Prithviraja III Rai Pithora1177–1192
33 Govinda-raja IV 1192
34 Hari-raja 1193–1194

Chahamanas of Naddula (c. 950 – 1197 CE)

Following is a list of Chahmana rulers of Naddula, with approximate period of reign, as estimated by R. B. Singh:

List of Chauhan rulers of Naddula
Serial no.KingsReign (CE)
1 Lakshmana 950–982
2 Shobhita 982–986
3 Baliraja 986–990
4 Vigrahapala 990–994
5 Mahindra 994–1015
6 Ashvapala 1015–1019
7 Ahila 1019–1024
8 Anahilla 1024–1055
9 Balaprasada 1055–1070
10 Jendraraja 1070–1080
11 Prithvipala 1080–1090
12 Jojalladeva 1090–1110
13 Asharaja 1110–1119
14 Ratnapala 1119–1132
15 Rayapala 1132–1145
16 Katukaraja 1145–1148
17 Alhanadeva 1148–1163
18 Kelhanadeva 1163–1193
19 Jayatasimha 1193–1197

Chahamanas of Jalor (c. 1160 – 1311 CE)

The Chahamana rulers of the Jalor branch, with their estimated periods of reign, are as follows: [64]

Virama-deva (1311 CE) was last ruler of dynasty, crowned during the Siege of Jalore, but died 21⁄2 days later. [65] [66]

List of Chauhan rulers of Jalor
Serial no.KingsReign (CE)
1 Kirti-pala 1160–1182
2 Samara-simha 1182–1204
3 Udaya-simha 1204–1257
4 Chachiga-deva 1257–1282
5 Samanta-simha 1282–1305
6 Kanhada-deva 1292–1311
7 Virama-deva 1311

Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura (c. 1192 – 1301 CE)

List of Chauhan rulers of Ranastambhapura
Serial no.KingsReign (CE)
1 Govinda-raja 1192
2Balhana-deva
3Prahlada-deva
4Viranarayana
5Vagabhata
6Jaitra-simha
7Shakti-deva
8 Hammira-deva 1283–1311

Kingdom of Mewar (c. 566 – 1947 CE)

In the 6th century, three different Guhila dynasties are known to have ruled in present-day Rajasthan:

  1. Guhilas of Nagda-Ahar– most important branch and future ruling dynasty of Mewar.
  2. Guhilas of Kishkindha (modern Kalyanpur)
  3. Guhilas of Dhavagarta (modern Dhor)

Guhila dynasty (c. 566 – 1303 CE)

List of Guhila dynasty rulers
Nu.King (Rawal)Reign (CE)Notes
1 Rawal Guhil 566–586
2Rawal Bhoj586–606
3Rawal Mahendra I606–626
4Rawal Naga (Nagaditya)626–646
5Rawal Shiladitya646–661
6Rawal Aprajeet661–688
7Rawal Mahendra II688–716
8 Bappa Rawal 728–753
9Rawal Khuman I753–773
10Rawal Mattat773–793
11Rawal Bhartri Bhatt I793–813
12Rawal Sinh813–828
13Rawal Khuman II828–853
14Rawal Mahayak853–878
15Rawal Khuman III878–926
16Rawal Bhartri Bhatt II926–951
17Rawal Allat951–971
18Rawal Narwahan971–973
19Rawal Saliwahan973–977
20Rawal Shakti Kumar977–993
21Rawal Amba Prasad993–1007
22Rawal Shuchivarma1007–1021
23Rawal Narvarma1021–1035
24Rawal Keertivarma1035–1051
25Rawal Yograj1051–1068
26Rawal Vairath1068–1088
27Rawal Hanspal1088–1103
28Rawal Vair Singh1103–1107
29Rawal Vijai Singh1107–1116
30Rawal Ari Singh I1116–1138
31Rawal Chaudh Singh1138–1148
32Rawal Vikram Singh1148–1158
33Rawal Ran Singh1158–1168
Post-split Rawal branch rulers
34Rawal Khshem Singh1168–1172
35Rawal Samant Singh1172–1179
36Rawal Kumar Singh1179–1191
37Rawal Mathan Singh1191–1211
38Rawal Padam Singh1211–1213
39 Rawal Jaitra Singh 1213–1252
40 Rawal Tej Singh 1252–1273
41 Rawal Samar Singh 1273–1302
42 Rawal Ratan Singh 1302–1303

Branching of Guhil dynasty

During reign of Rawal Ran Singh (1158–1168), the Guhil dynasty got divided into two branches.

First (Rawal Branch)

Rawal Khshem Singh (1168–1172), son of Ran Singh, ruled over Mewar by building Rawal Branch.

Second (Rana Branch)

Rahapa, the second son of Ran Singh started the Rana Branch by establishing Sisoda bases. Later Hammir Singh of Sisoda base started main Sisodia or Mewar dynasty in 1326 CE.

Rana branch rulers (c. 1168 – 1326 CE)

"Rahapa", a son of Ranasimha alias Karna, established the Rana branch. According to the 1652 Eklingji inscription, Rahapa's successors were:

List of Rana branch rulers
Nu.King (Rana)Reign (CE)Notes
1Rahapa/Karna1168 CE
2Narapati
3Dinakara
4Jasakarna
5Nagapala
6Karnapala
7Bhuvanasimha
8Bhimasimha
9Jayasimha
10Lakhanasimha
11Arisimha
12 Hammir Singh 1326 CE

Sisodia dynasty (c. 1326 – 1947 CE)

PictureKing (Maharana)ReignNotes
Hammir Singh 1326–1364He attacked Chittor in 1326 and re-took it from the Khiljis after the family lost it in 1303. Defeated Muhammad Bin Tughluq in SSingoli taking the sultan himself a prisoner of war.

Captured Ajmer, Ranthambor, Nagaur and Sopore. [67]

Kshetra Singh 1364–1382Hammir's son, he captured Madalgarh and Bundi, completely annexed Ajmer. He also defeated Amin Shah of Malwa at the "Battle of Bakrole" and inflicted heavy casualties. His death can actually by as late as 1405. [68]
Lakha Singh 1382–1421Khsetra's son, he was defeated multiple battles by Zafar Khan of Gujrat, but the territories were recovered. He rebuilt temples and shrines destroyed by Allaudin Khilji. [69]
Rana Mokal Singh.jpg Mokal Singh 1421–1433Lakha's son, he defeated the Sultan of Nagaur and Gujrat. Later the sultan of Gujrat invaded Mewar and during this invasion. He was assassinated by his uncles Chacha and Mera. [70]
Kumbha of Mewar.jpg Rana Kumbha 1433–1468Mokal's son, he first attacked and killed his fathers assassins. Defeated the Sultans of Nagaur, Gujarat and Malwa. Mewar became the strongest kingdom in North India. Built multiple strong forts in Mewar. [71]
Udai Singh I 1468–1473Kumbha' son, he assassinated his father and was then defeated by his brother. [72]
Rana Raimal 1473–1508Son of Kumbha, he killed his brother for assassinating his father. Fought against Malwa sultanate. [73] [74]
Depiction of king Rana Sanga.jpg Rana Sanga 1508–1527Raimal's son, defeated the Sultan of Gujrat, Malwa and Delhi. Under his rule Mewar reached its pinnacle in power and prosperity. Eventually defeated by Babur. [75] [76]
Ratan Singh II 1528–1531Sanga's son, defeated and killed by Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. [77]
Vikramaditya Singh 1531–1536Sanga's son, assassinated by his cousin Vanvir Singh. [78]
Vanvir Singh 1536–1540Usurper of the throne. Defeated and expelled by his cousin Udai Singh II. [79]
Rana-udai-singh-ii.jpg Udai Singh II 1540–1572Sanga's son, defeated Vanvir. Fought against Mughals and was defeated in Siege of Chittorgarh. [80] [81]
RajaRaviVarma MaharanaPratap.jpg Maharana Pratap 1572–1597Udai's son, notable for his military resistance against the Mughals. [82]
Raja Ravi Varma, Maharana Amar Singh - I.jpg Amar Singh I 1597–1620Pratap's son, notable for his struggle against Mughals. [83]
Karan Singh.jpg Karan Singh II 1620–1628Amar's son, maintained good relations with Mughals, built many temples, forts and strengthened existing ones. [84]
Jagat Singh I.jpg Jagat Singh I 1628–1652Karan's son, attempted to restore fort of Chittor but Shah Jahan blocked his attempt.
Painting of Maharana Raj Singh - I (1652 - 80).jpg Raj Singh I 1652–1680Jagat's son, fought and defeated Mughals many times. Regained territory and increased the wealth of the kingdom. Fought against Aurangzeb. Eventually poisoned by Aurangzeb's loyalists. [85] [86] [87]
Raja Ravi Varma, Maharana Jai Singh.jpg Jai Singh 1680–1698Raj's son, struggled to regain captured parts of Mewar from Mughals. [88]
Maharana Amar Singh II.jpg Amar Singh II 1698–1710Jai's son, invaded neighboring territories, formed an alliance against the Mughals with Jaipur and Marwar. Capitalized over a weak Mughal empire. [89]
Maharana Sangram Singh Riding a Prize Stallion.jpg Sangram Singh II 1710–1734Amar's son, defeated Ranabaaz Khan at the Battle of Bandanwara. Reestablished relations with a weak Mughal emperor.
Maharana Jagat Singh II.jpg Jagat Singh II 1734–1751Sangram's son, started paying Chauth to the Marathas. Heavily invested in placing Sawai Madho Singh on the throne of Jaipur, eventually bankrupting Mewar.
Brooklyn Museum - Maharaja Pratap Singh II of Mewar Hunting Boar.jpg Pratap Singh II 1751–1754Jagat's son.
Equestrian portrait of Maharana Raj Singh II.jpg Raj Singh II 1754–1762Pratap's son, paid heavy tribute to Maratha's, financially devastating Mewar.
Mewar Maharana Ari Singh.jpg Ari Singh II 1762–1772Raj's son, under him, Maratha's raided Mewar multiple times for not paying tribute.
Hamir Singh II 1772–1778Ari's son, underaged when became Rana and died.
Bhim Singh of Mewar.jpg Bhim Singh 1778–1828Hamir's brother, under him Mewar was repeatedly raided by Pindaris, Marwar and Jaipur fought for his daughter Krishna Kumari. Accepted sub ordinance of East India Company.
Maharana Jawan Singh.jpg Jawan Singh 1828–1838Bhim's son, abused alcohol, not interested in ruling Mewar. Mewar racked up a lot of debt under his rule.
Sardar Singh 1838–1842Jawan's son
Portrait of Sarup Singh with attendants (after William Carpenter). Udaipur, 1851, City Palace Museum, Udaipur. (cropped).jpg Swarup Singh 1842–1861Ruler during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Maharana Shambhu Singh throwing a javelin, By Tara, Mewar 1866.jpg Shambhu Singh 1861–1874Focused on reform of education and social reforms.
Maharana Sajjan Singh.jpg Sajjan Singh 1874–1884Shambhu's ruler.
Maharana Fateh Singh of Udaipur.jpg Fateh Singh 1884–1930Sajjan's son
Maharana Bhupal Singh.jpg Bhupal Singh 1930–1948

1948-1955
(titular)		Signed the Instrument of Accession to India, dissolving his kingdom into the India. Titular ruler from 1955
Titular Maharanas
Maharana of Udaipur Bhagwat Singh at Lake Palace on Lake Pichola in India.jpg Bhagwat Singh 1955–1984Lost the Privy Purse.
MS-Mewar.jpg Mahendra Singh 1984–presentPresent ruler


Gauda Kingdom (c. 590 – 626 CE)

Karkota dynasty of Kashmir (c. 625–855 CE)

Other puppet rulers under Utpala dynasty are

Chacha dynasty of Sindh (c. 632–724 CE)

The known rulers of the Brahman dynasty are: [90]

Under the Umayyad Caliphate

Mlechchha dynasty of Kamarupa (650–900 CE)

Garhwal Kingdom (c. 688–1949 CE)

Mola Ram the 18th century painter, poet, historian and diplomat of Garhwal wrote the historical work Garhrajvansh Ka Itihas (History of the Garhwal royal dynasty) which is the only source of information about several Garhwal rulers. [92] [93]

Rulers of Garhwal - Panwar clan of Garhwali Rajputs
No.NameReignYears ReignedNo.NameReignYears ReignedNo.NameReignYears Reigned
1 Kanak Pal 688–6991121Vikram Pal1116–11311541Vijay Pal1426–143711
2Shyam Pal699–7252622Vichitra Pal1131–1140942Sahaj Pal1437–147336
3Pandu Pal725–7563123Hans Pal1141–11521143Bahadur Shah1473–149825
4Abhijat Pal756–7802424Som Pal1152–1159744Man Shah1498–151820
5Saugat Pal781–8001925Kadil Pal1159–1164545Shyam Shah1518–15279
6Ratna Pal800–8494926Kamadev Pal1172–1179746Mahipat Shah1527–155225
7Shali Pal850–857727Sulakshan Dev1179–11971847Prithvi Shah1552–161462
8Vidhi Pal858–8771928Lakhan Dev1197–12202348Medini Shah1614–166046
9Madan Pal877–8941729Anand Pal II1220–12412149 Fateh Shah 1660–170848
10Bhakti Pal895–9192430Purva Dev1241–12601950Upendra Shah1708–17091
11Jayachand Pal920–9482831Abhay Dev1260–1267751Pradip Shah1709–177263
12Prithvi Pal949–9712232Jayaram Dev1267–12902352Lalit Shah1772–17808
13Medinisen Pal972–9952333Asal Dev1290–1299953Jayakrit Shah1780–17866
14Agasti Pal995–10141934Jagat Pal1299–13111254 Pradyumna Shah 1786–180418
15Surati Pal1015–10362135Jit Pal1311–13301955 Sudarshan Shah 1804–185955
16Jay Pal1037–10551836Anant Pal II1330–13582856Bhawani Shah1859–187112
17Anant Pal I1056–10721637Ajay Pal1358–13893157Pratap Shah1871–188615
18Anand Pal I1072–10831138Kalyan Shah1389–1398958Kirti Shah1886–191327
19Vibhog Pal1084–11011739Sundar Pal1398–14131559Narendra Shah1913–194633
20Suvayanu Pal1102–11151340Hansadev Pal1413–14261360 Manabendra Shah 1946–19493

Mallabhum (Bishnupur) kingdom (c. 694–1947 CE)

Mallabhum kingdom or Bishnupur kingdom was the kingdom ruled by the Malla kings of Bishnupur, primarily in the present Bankura district in Indian state of West Bengal. [94] (also known as Mallabhoom), [95]

Name of the king [96] [97] ReignNotes
Adi Malla 694–710
Jay Malla 710–720
Benu Malla720–733
Kinu Malla 733–742
Indra Malla742–757
Kanu Malla 757–764
Dha (Jhau) Malla764–775
Shur Malla 775–795
Kanak Malla795–807
Kandarpa Malla807–828
Sanatan Malla828–841
Kharga Malla 841–862
Durjan (Durjay) Malla862–906
Yadav Malla 906–919
Jagannath Malla919–931
Birat Malla931–946
Mahadev Malla946–977
Durgadas Malla977–994
Jagat Malla 994–1007
Ananta Malla1007–1015
Rup Malla1015=1029
Sundar Malla1029–1053
Kumud Malla1053–1074
Krishna Malla1074–1084
Rup II (Jhap) Malla1084–1097
Prakash Malla 1097–1102
Pratap Malla1102–1113
Sindur Malla1113–1129
Sukhomoy(Shuk) Malla1129–1142
Banamali Malla1142–1156
Yadu/Jadu Malla1156–1167
Jiban Malla1167–1185
Ram Malla 1185=1209
Gobinda Malla1209–1240
Bhim Malla 1240–1263
Katar(Khattar) Malla1263–1295
Prithwi Malla 1295 -1319
Tapa Malla1319–1334
Dinabandhu Malla 1334–1345
Kinu/Kanu II Malla1345–1358
Shur Malla II1358–1370
Shiv Singh Malla 1370–1407
Madan Malla 1407–1420
Durjan II (Durjay) Malla1420–1437
Uday Malla1437–1460
Chandra Malla 1460–1501
Bir Malla 1501–1554
Dhari Malla 1554–1565
Hambir Malla Dev (Bir Hambir) 1565–1620
Dhari Hambir Malla Dev 1620–1626
Raghunath Singha Dev 1626–1656
Bir Singha Dev 1656–1682
Durjan Singha Dev 1682–1702
Raghunath Singha Dev II 1702–1712
Gopal Singha Dev 1712–1748
Chaitanya Singha Dev 1748–1801
Madhav Singha Dev 1801–1809
Gopal Singha Dev II 1809–1876
Ramkrishna Singha Dev 1876–1885
Dwhaja Moni Devi1885–1889
Nilmoni Singha Dev 1889–1903
Churamoni Devi (Regency)1903–1930
Kalipada Singha Thakur 1930–1947

Chand Kingdom of Kumaon (700–1790 CE)

Badri Datt Pandey, in his book Kumaun Ka Itihaas lists the Chand kings as following:

KingReignNotes
Som Chand700–721
Atm Chand721–740
Purn Chand740–758
Indra Chand758–778Opened Silk Factories
Sansar Chand778–813
Sudha Chand813–833
Hamir Chand833–856
Vina Chand856–869Lost to Khas Kings
Vir Chand1065–1080
Rup Chand1080–1093
Laxmi Chand1093–1113
Dharm Chand1113–1121
Karm Chand1121–1140
Ballal Chand1140–1149
Nami Chand1149–1170
Nar Chand1170–1177
Nanaki Chand1177–1195
Ram Chand1195–1205
Bhishm Chand1205–1226
Megh Chand1226–1233
Dhyan Chand1233–1251
Parvat Chand1251–1261
Thor Chand1261–1275
Kalyan Chand II1275–1296
Trilok Chand1296–1303Conquered Chhakhata
Built a fort at Bhimtal
Damaru Chand1303–1321
Dharm Chand1321–1344Defeated One Lakh Army of Delhi Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughluq under Khusrau Malik in his Qarachil Expedition
Abhay Chand1344–1374
Garur Gyan Chand1374–1419Established authority over Bhabar and Terai; later lost them to nawab of Sambhal, Recaptured it by defeating Turkish Nawab of Sambhal under General Nilu Kathait
Harihar Chand1419–1420
Udyan Chand1420–1421built Baleshwar Temple at Champawat
Captured Chaugarkha
Atma Chand II1421–1422
Hari Chand II1422–1423
Vikram Chand1423–1437Completed Baleshwar Temple
Bharati Chand1437–1450Defeated Doti
Ratna Chand1450–1488Defeated Bams of Sor,
defeated Doti again
Kirti Chand1488–1503annexed Barahmandal, Pali and Faldakot, Conquered Garhwal by defeating Ajaypal and made it vassal state of Kumaon
Pratap Chand1503–1517
Tara Chand1517–1533
Manik Chand1533–1542
Kalyan Chand III1542–1551
Purna Chand1551–1555
Bhishm Chand1555–1560laid foundation stone of Alamnagar
lost Barahmandal to Khas Sardar Gajuwathinga
Balo Kalyan Chand1560–1568recaptured Barahmandal
moved capital to Alamnagar and renamed it Almora
Annexed Mankot and Danpur
Rudra Chand1568–1597Successfully defended Terai from nawab of Kath and Gola
founded the city of Rudrapur
Annexed Sira
Laxmi Chand1597–1621built Laxmeswar and Bagnath Temple at Almora and Bageshwar respectively
Invaded Garhwal 7 times without any Success
Dilip Chand1621–1624
Vijay Chand1624–1625
Trimal Chand1625–1638
Baz Bahadur Chand1638–1678Captured Dehradun and Hindu Pilgrimage Kailash Mansarovar defeated Garhwal and Tibet, has his kingdom from ton river until karnali
Udyot Chand1678–1698Defeated combined armies of Garhwal and Doti
Gyan Chand1698–1708Defeated Garhwal and expelled fateh shah from Srinagar
Jagat Chand1708–1720Invaded Garhwal and captured its capital Srinagar, defeated combined armies of Sikhs|Khalsa and Garhwal
Devi Chand1720–1726Made Afghani Daud Khan General of Kumaon, looted Moradabad, Mughal Empire and captured villages of Mughals
Ajit Chand1726–1729
Kalyan Chand V1729–1747Defeated Rohillas
Deep Chand1747–1777Defeated Garhwal King Pradip Shah left him embarrassed
Mohan Chand1777–1779Defeated by King Lalit Shah of Garhwal
Pradyumn Chand1779–1786Son of king Lalit Shah of Garhwal
Mohan Chand1786–1788Overthrew Pradyumn Shah; Became king for second time
Shiv Chand1788
Mahendra Chand1788–1790Defeated by Gorkhas

Karttikeyapur (Katyur) Kingdom (700–1065 CE)

The period of certain Katyuri rulers, is generally determined as below, although there is some ambiguity in respect to exact number of years ruled by each King [98]

List–

Varman dynasty of Kannauj (c. 725–770 CE)

Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta (c. 735–982 CE)

Tomar dynasty of Delhi (c. 736–1151 CE)

Various historical texts provide different lists of the Tomara kings: [101]

As stated earlier, the historians doubt the claim that the Tomaras established Delhi in 736 CE. [102]

List of Tomara rulers according to various sources [103] [104]
# Abul Fazl's Ain-i-Akbari / Bikaner manuscriptGwalior manuscript of Khadag RaiKumaon-Garhwal manuscriptAscension year in CE (according to Gwalior manuscript)Length of reign
YearsMonthsDays
1Ananga PālaBilan Dev7361800
2Vasu Deva75419118
3GangyaGanggeva77321328
4Prithivi Pāla (or Prithivi Malla)PrathamaMahi Pāla79419619
5Jaya DevaSaha DevaJadu Pāla81420728
6Nīra Pāla or Hira PālaIndrajita (I)Nai Pāla8341449
7Udiraj (or Adereh)Nara PālaJaya Deva Pāla84926711
8Vijaya (or Vacha)Indrajita (II)Chamra Pāla87521213
9Biksha (or Anek)Vacha RajaBibasa Pāla89722316
10Rīksha PālaVira PālaSukla Pāla9192165
11Sukh Pāla (or Nek Pāla)Go-PālaTeja Pāla9402044
12Go-PālaTillan DevMahi Pāla96118315
13Sallakshana PālaSuvariSursen979251010
14Jaya PālaOsa PālaJaik Pāla10051643
15Kunwar PālaKumara Pāla102129918
16 Ananga Pāla (or Anek Pāla)Ananga PālaAnek Pāla105129618
17Vijaya Pāla (or Vijaya Sah)Teja PālaTeja Pāla10812416
18Mahi Pāla (or Mahatsal)Mahi PālaJyūn Pāla110525223
19Akr Pāla (or Akhsal)Mukund PālaAne Pāla113021215
Prithivi Raja (Chahamana) Prithvi Pala1151

Another resource tells that the son of King Mukundpal Tomar, King Prithvipal Tomar had a son named King Govind Raj Tomar ruled for 1189 to 1192 .

Pala dynasty of Bengal (c. 750 – 1174 CE)

Most of the Pala inscriptions mention only the regnal year as the date of issue, without any well-known calendar era. Because of this, the chronology of the Pala kings is hard to determine. [105] Based on their different interpretations of the various epigraphs and historical records, different historians estimate the Pala chronology as follows: [106]

RC Majumdar (1971) [107] AM Chowdhury (1967) [108] BP Sinha (1977) [109] [ failed verification ] DC Sircar (1975–76) [110] D. K. Ganguly (1994) [105]
Gopala I 750–770756–781755–783750–775750–774
Dharmapala 770–810781–821783–820775–812774–806
Devapala 810–c. 850821–861820–860812–850806–845
Mahendrapala NA (Mahendrapala's existence was conclusively established through a copper-plate charter discovered later.)845–860
Shurapala I Deemed to be alternate name of Vigrahapala I850–858860–872
Gopala II NA (copper-plate charter discovered in 1995. Text of inscription published in 2009.)
Vigrahapala I 850–853861–866860–865858–60872–873
Narayanapala 854–908866–920865–920860–917873–927
Rajyapala 908–940920–952920–952917–952927–959
Gopala III 940–957952–969952–967952–972959–976
Vigrahapala II 960–c. 986969–995967–980972–977976–977
Mahipala I 988–c. 1036995–1043980–1035977–1027977–1027
Nayapala 1038–10531043–10581035–10501027–10431027–1043
Vigrahapala III 1054–10721058–10751050–10761043–10701043–1070
Mahipala II 1072–10751075–10801076–1078/91070–10711070–1071
Shurapala II 1075–10771080–10821071–10721071–1072
Ramapala 1077–11301082–11241078/9–11321072–11261072–1126
Kumarapala 1130–11401124–11291132–11361126–11281126–1128
Gopala IV 1140–11441129–11431136–11441128–11431128–1143
Madanapala 1144–11621143–11621144–1161/621143–11611143–1161
Govindapala 1158–1162NA1162–1176 or 1158–11621161–11651161–1165
PalapalaNANANA1165–11991165–1200

Note: [106]

Shilahara dynasty (765–1265 CE)

Shilahara Kingdom was split into three branches:

South Konkan branch (c. 765–1020 CE)

List of rulers–
  1. Sanaphulla (765–795 CE)
  2. Dhammayira (795–820 CE)
  3. Aiyaparaja (820–845 CE)
  4. Avasara I (845–870 CE)
  5. Adityavarma (870–895 CE)
  6. Avasara II (895–920 CE)
  7. Indraraja (920–945 CE)
  8. Bhima (945–970 CE)
  9. Avasara III (970–995 CE)
  10. Rattaraja (995–1020 CE)

North Konkan (Thane) branch (c. 800–1265 CE)

List of rulers–
  1. Kapardin I (800–825 CE)
  2. Pullashakti (825–850 CE)
  3. Kapardin II (850–880 CE)
  4. Vappuvanna (880–910 CE)
  5. Jhanjha (910–930 CE)
  6. Goggiraja (930–945 CE)
  7. Vajjada I (945–965 CE)
  8. Chhadvaideva (965–975 CE)
  9. Aparajita (975–1010 CE)
  10. Vajjada II (1010–1015 CE)
  11. Arikesarin (1015–1022 CE)
  12. Chhittaraja (1022–1035 CE)
  13. Nagarjuna (1035–1045 CE)
  14. Mummuniraja (1045–1070 CE)
  15. Ananta Deva I (1070–1127 CE)
  16. Aparaditya I (1127–1148 CE)
  17. Haripaladeva (1148–1155 CE)
  18. Mallikarjuna (1155–1170 CE)
  19. Aparaditya II ( 1170–1197 CE)
  20. Ananta Deva II (1198–1200 CE)
  21. Keshideva II (1200–1245 CE)
  22. Ananta Deva III (1245–1255 CE)
  23. Someshvara (1255–1265 CE), last ruler of dynasty

Kolhapur branch (c. 940–1212 CE)

List of rulers–
  1. Jatiga I (940–960 CE)
  2. Naivarman (960–980 CE)
  3. Chandra (980–1000 CE)
  4. Jatiga II (1000–1020 CE)
  5. Gonka (1020–1050 CE)
  6. Guhala I (1050 CE)
  7. Kirtiraja (1050 CE)
  8. Chandraditya (1050 CE)
  9. Marsimha (1050–1075 CE)
  10. Guhala II (1075–1085 CE)
  11. Bhoja I (1085–1100 CE)
  12. Ballala (1100–1108 CE)
  13. Gonka II (1108 CE)
  14. Gandaraditya I (1108–1138 CE)
  15. Vijayaditya I (1138–1175 CE)
  16. Bhoja II (1175–1212 CE)

Ayudha dynasty of Kannauj (c. 770–810 CE)

Chandela dynasty of Jejakabhukti (c. 831–1315 CE)

The Chandelas of Jejakabhukti were a dynasty in Central India. They ruled much of the Bundelkhand region (then called Jejakabhukti) between the 9th and the 13th centuries.

Based on epigraphic records, the historians have come up with the following list of Chandela rulers of Jejākabhukti (IAST names in brackets): [114] [115]

Seuna (Yadava) dynasty of Devagiri (c. 850–1334 CE)

Paramara dynasty of Malwa (c. 9th century to 1305 CE)

According to historical 'Kailash Chand Jain', "Knowledge of the early Paramara rulers from Upendra to Vairisimha is scanty; there are no records, and they are known only from later sources." [117] The Paramara rulers mentioned in the various inscriptions and literary sources include:

List of Paramara dynasty rulers
Serial No.RulerReign (CE)
1 King Paramar (Legendary)
2 Upendra Krishnraja early 9th century
3 Vairisimha (I) early 9th century
4 Siyaka (I) mid of 9th century
5 Vakpatiraj (I) late 9th to early 10th century
6 Vairisimha (II) mid of 10th century
7 Siyaka (II) 940–972
8 Vakpatiraj (II) alias Munja972–990
9 Sindhuraja 990–1010
10 Bhoja 1010–1055
11 JayasimhaI 1055–1070
12 Udayaditya 1070–1086
13 Lakshmadeva 1086–1094
14 Naravarman 1094–1133
15 Yashovarman 1133–1142
16 Jayavarman I 1142–1143
17 Interregnum from (1143 to 1175 CE) under an usurper named 'Ballala' and later the Solanki king Kumarapala 1143–1175
18 Vindhyavarman 1175–1194
19 Subhatavarman 1194–1209
20 Arjunavarman I 1210–1215
21 Devapala 1215/1218–1239
22 Jaitugideva 1239–1255
23 Jayavarman II 1255–1274
24 Arjunavarman II 1274–1285
25 Bhoja II 1285–1301
26 Mahalakadeva 1301–1305

After death of Mahalakadeva in 1305 CE, Paramara dynasty rule was ended in Malwa region, but not in other Parmar states.

Utpala dynasty of Kashmir (c. 855 – 1009 CE)

RulerReign
Avantivarman 853/855 – 883 CE
Shankaravarman 883 – 902 CE
Gopalavarman902 – 904 CE
Sankata904 CE
Sugandha 904 – 906 CE
Partha906 – 921 CE
Nirjitavarman921 – 922 CE
Chakravarman922 – 933 CE
Shuravarman I933 – 934 CE
Partha (2nd reign)934 – 935 CE
Chakravarman (2nd reign)935 CE
Shankaravardhana (or Shambhuvardhana)935 – 936 CE
Chakravarman (3rd reign)936 – 937 CE
Unmattavanti ("Mad Avanti")937 – 939 CE
Shuravarman II939 CE
Yashaskara-deva939 CE
Varnata948 CE
Sangramadeva (Sanggrama I)948 CE
Parvagupta948 – 950 CE
Kshemagupta950 – 958 CE
Abhimanyu II958 – 972 CE
Nandigupta972 – 973 CE
Tribhuvanagupta973 – 975 CE
Bhimagupta975 – 980 CE
Didda 980 to 1009/1012 CE

Didda (c. 980 – 1003 CE) placed Samgrāmarāja, son of her brother on the throne, who became founder of the Lohara dynasty .

Somavamshi dynasty (c. 882 – 1110 CE)

Historian Krishna Chandra Panigrahi provides the following chronology of the later Somavamshis: [118]

Name (IAST)Regnal name (IAST)Reign
Janmejaya IMahābhavagupta Ic. 882–922
Yayāti IMahāśivagupta I (Mahashivagupta)c. 922–955
BhīmarathaMahābhavagupta IIc. 955–980
DharmarathaMahāśivagupta IIc. 980–1005
Nahuṣa (Nahusha)Mahābhavagupta IIIc. 1005–1021
Yayāti IICandihara (Chandihara) Mahāśivagupta IIIc. 1025–1040
Uddyotakeśarī (Uddyotakeshari)Mahābhavagupta IVc. 1040–1065
Janmejaya IIMahāśivagupta IVc. 1065–1085
PurañjayaMahābhavagupta Vc. 1085–1110
KarṇadevaMahāśivagupta Vc. 1100–1110

Pala dynasty of Kamarupa (c. 900 – 1100 CE)

S.nuKingReign (CE)Notes
1 Brahma Pala 900–920Founder of the dynasty
2 Ratna Pala 920–960
3 Indra Pala 960–990
4 Go Pala aka Gopalavarman 990–1015
5 Harsha Pala 1015–1035
6 Dharma Pala 1035–1060
7 Jaya Pala 1075–1100Last ruler of dynasty

Paramara dynasty of Chandravati (Abu) (c. 910 – 1220 CE)

The following is a list of Paramara rulers of Chandravati, with approximate regnal years, as estimated by epigraphist H. V. Trivedi. [119] [120] The rulers are sons of their predecessors unless noted otherwise:

Regional Name IAST NameReign (CE)
Utpala-rajaUtpalarājac. 910–930
Arnno-raja, or Aranya-rajaArṇṇorāja, or Araṇyarājac. 930–950
Krishna-rajaKṛṣṇarājac. 950–979
Dhara-varaha or Dharani-varahaDhāravarāha or Dharaṇīvarāhac. 970–990
DhurbhataDhūrbhaṭac. 990–1000
Mahi-palaMahīpālac. 1000–1020
DhandhukaDhaṃdhukac. 1020–1040
Punya-pala or Purna-palaPuṇyapāla or Pūrṇapālac. 1040–1050
Danti-varmmanDaṃtivarmmanc. 1050–1060
Krishna-deva, or Krishna-raja IIKṛṣṇadeva, or Kṛṣṇarāja IIc. 1060–1090
Kakkala-deva, or Kakala-devaKakkaladeva, or Kākaladevac. 1090–1115
Vikrama-simhaVikramāsiṃhac. 1115–1145
Yasho-dhavalaYaśodhavalac. 1145–1160
Rana-simhaRaṇāsiṃha ?
Dhara-varshaDhāravarṣac. 1160–1220

Kingdom of Ladakh (c. 930 – 1842 CE)

Maryul dynasty of Ngari (c. 930 – 1460 CE)

Known Maryul rulers are-

Namgyal dynasty (Gyalpo of Ladakh) (c. 1460 – 1842 CE)

The kings of the Namgyal dynasty along with their periods of reign are as follows: [121] [122] [123]

  • Lhachen Bhagan (c. 1460–1485)
  • Unknown ruler (c. 1485–1510)
  • Lata Jughdan (c. 1510–1535)
  • Kunga Namgyal I (c. 1535–1555)
  • Tashi Namgyal (c. 1555–1575)
  • Tsewang Namgyal I (c. 1575–1595)
  • Namgyal Gonpo (c.1595–1600)
  • Jamyang Namgyal (c. 1595–1616)
  • Sengge Namgyal (first rule, c. 1616–1623)
  • Norbu Namgyal (c. 1623–1624)
  • Sengge Namgyal (second rule, c. 1624–1642)
  • Deldan Namgyal (c. 1642–1694)
  • Delek Namgyal (c. 1680–1691)
  • Nyima Namgyal (c. 1694–1729)
  • Deskyong Namgyal (c. 1729–1739)
  • Phuntsog Namgyal (c. 1739–1753)
  • Tsewang Namgyal II (c. 1753–1782)
  • Tseten Namgyal (c. 1782–1802)
  • Tsepal Dondup Namgyal (c. 1802–1837, 1839–1840)
  • Kunga Namgyal II (c. 1840–1842)
Later Ladakh was conquered by Sikh Empire in 1842 CE.

Solanki dynasty (Chaulukyas of Gujarat) (c. 940–1244 CE)

The Chalukya rulers of Gujarat, with approximate dates of reign, are as follows: [124] [125]

Kachchhapaghata dynasty (c. 950–1150 CE)

Simhapaniya (Sihoniya) and Gopadri (Gwalior) branch

  • Lakshmana (r. c. 950–975), first ruler of dynasty
  • Vajradaman (r. c. 975–1000)
  • Mangalaraja (r. c. 1000–1015)
  • Kirtiraja (r. c. 1015–1035)
  • Muladeva (r. c. 1035–1055)
  • Devapala (r. c. 1055–1085)
  • Padmapala (r. c. 1085–1090)
  • Mahipala (r. c. 1090–1105)
  • Ratnapala (r. c. 1105–1130)
  • Ajayapala (r. c. 1192–1194)
  • Sulakshanapala (r. c. 1196)

Dubkund (Dobha) branch

  • Yuvaraja (r. c. 1000)
  • Arjuna (r. c. 1015–1035)
  • Abhimanyu (r. c. 1035–1045)
  • Vijayapala (r. c. 1045–1070)
  • Vikramasimha (r. c. 1070–1100)

Nalapura (Narwar) branch

  • Gaganasimha (r. c. 1075–1090)
  • Sharadasimha (r. c. 1090–1105)
  • Virasimha (r. c. 1105–1125)
  • Tejaskarana (r. c. 1125–1150), last ruler of dynasty [126] [127]

Kachwaha dynasty (c. 966–1949 CE)

Kachwahas King Sorha Dev and Dulha Rao defeated Meena of Dhundhar kingdom & established Kachwaha dynasty, which ruled for more than 1000 years & still ruling in Jaipur district of Rajasthan. [128]

Rulers

  • 27 Dec 966 – 15 Dec 1006 Sorha Dev (d. 1006)
  • 15 Dec 1006 – 28 Nov 1036 Dulha Rao (d. 1036)
  • 28 Nov 1036 – 20 Apr 1039 Kakil (d. 1039)
  • 21 Apr 1039 – 28 Oct 1053 Hanu (d. 1053)
  • 28 Oct 1053 – 21 Mar 1070 Janddeo (d. 1070)
  • 22 Mar 1070 – 20 May 1094 Pajjun Rai (d. 1094)
  • 20 May 1094 – 15 Feb 1146 Malayasi (d. 1146)
  • 15 Feb 1146 – 25 Jul 1179 Vijaldeo (d. 1179)
  • 25 Jul 1179 – 16 Dec 1216 Rajdeo (d. 1216)
  • 16 Dec 1216 – 18 Oct 1276 Kilhan (d. 1276)
  • 18 Oct 1276 – 23 Jan 1317 Kuntal (d. 1317)
  • 23 Jan 1317 – 6 Nov 1366 Jonsi (d. 1366)
  • 6 Nov 1366 – 11 Feb 1388 Udaikarn (d. 1388)
  • 11 Feb 1388 – 16 Aug 1428 Narsingh (d. 1428)
  • 16 Aug 1428 – 20 Sep 1439 Banbir (d. 1439)
  • 20 Sep 1439 – 10 Dec 1467 Udharn (d. 1467)
  • 10 Dec 1467 – 17 Jan 1503 Chandrasen (d. 1503)
  • 17 Jan 1503 – 4 Nov 1527 Prithviraj Singh I (d. 1527) [129]
  • 5 Nov 1527 – 19 Jan 1534 Puranmal (d. 1534) [130]
  • 19 Jan 1534 – 22 Jul 1537 Bhim Singh (d. 1537)
  • 22 Jul 1537 – 15 May 1548 Ratan Singh (d. 1548)
  • 15 May 1548 – 1 June 1548 Askaran (d. 1599)
  • 1 Jun 1548 – 27 Jan 1574 Bharmal (d. 1574)
  • 27 Jan 1574 – 4 Dec 1589 Bhagwant Das (b. 1527 – d. 1589)
  • 4 Dec 1589 – 6 Jul 1614 Man Singh (b. 1550 – d. 1614)
  • 6 Jul 1614 – 13 Dec 1621 Bhau Singh (d. 1621)
  • 13 Dec 1621 – 28 Aug 1667 Jai Singh I (b. 1611 – d. 1667)
  • 10 Sep 1667 – 30 Apr 1688: Ram Singh I (b. 1640 – d. 1688)
  • 30 Apr 1688 – 19 Dec 1699: Bishan Singh (b. 1672 – d. 1699)
  • 19 Dec 1699 – 21 Sep 1743: Jai Singh II (b. 1688 – d. 1743)
  • 1743 – 12 Dec 1750: Ishwari Singh (b. 1721 – d. 1750)
  • Dec 1750 – 6 Mar 1768: Madho Singh I (b. 1728 – d. 1768) [131]
  • 7 Mar 1768 – 16 Apr 1778: Prithvi Singh II [132]
  • 1778 – 1803: Pratap Singh (b. 1764 – d. 1803)
  • 1803 – 21 Nov 1818: Jagat Singh II (b. ... – d. 1818)
  • 22 Dec 1818 – 25 Apr 1819: Mohan Singh (regent) (b. 1809 – d. ...)
  • 25 Apr 1819 – 6 Feb 1835: Jai Singh III (b. 1819 – d. 1835)
  • Feb 1835 – 18 Sep 1880: Ram Singh II (b. 1835 – d. 1880)
  • 18 Sep 1880 – 7 Sep 1922: Madho Singh II (b. 1861 – d. 1922)
  • 7 Sep 1922 – 15 Aug 1947 (subsidiary): Sawai Man Singh II (b. 1912 – d. 1970)
  • 15 Aug 1947 – 7 Apr 1949 (independent): Sawai Man Singh II (b. 1912 – d. 1970)

He was the last ruler of Kachawa dynasty, he annexed Jaipur State with Union of India in 1949 CE. [133] [134]

Titular rulers

Titles were abolished in 1971 according to the 26th amendment to the Indian Constitution.

Hoysala Empire (c. 1000–1343 CE)

Lohara dynasty of Kashmir (c. 1003–1320 CE)

The Lohara dynasty were Hindu rulers of Kashmir from the Khasa tribe, [135] [136] in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, between 1003 and approximately 1320 CE. The dynasty was founded by the Samgramaraja, the grandson of Khasha chief Simharaja and the nephew of the Utpala dynasty Queen Didda.

First Lohara dynasty

RulerReign [5] Ascension year
Sangramaraja (Samgramaraja / Kshamapati)25 Years1003 CE
Hariraja22 days1028 CE
Ananta-deva 35 Years1028 CE
Kalasha (Ranaditya II)26 Years1063 CE
Utkarsha22 days1089 CE
Harsha 12 Yearsdied in 1101 CE

Second Lohara dynasty

  • Radda (Shankharaja)
  • Salhana
  • Sussala
  • Bhikshachara
  • Sussala (2nd reign)
  • Jayasimha (Sinha-deva)

Khasa Malla Kingdom (c. 10th to 14th century CE)

The list of Khas Malla kings mentioned by Giuseppe Tucci is in the following succession up to Prithvi Malla: [137]

List–

Naga dynasty of Kalahandi (1005 – 1947 CE)

Sena dynasty of Bengal (1070 – 1230 CE)

List of Sena dynasty dynasty rulers
Serial No.RulerReign (CE)
1 Hemanta Sen 1070–1096
2 Vijay Sen 1096–1159
3 Ballal Sen 1159–1179
4 Lakshman Sen 1179–1206
5 Vishwarup Sen 1206–1225
6 Keshab Sen 1225–1230

Kakatiya dynasty (1083–1323)

Gahadavala dynasty (1089–1197 CE)

List of rulers–

Karnata dynasty of Mithila (1097 – 1324 CE)

List of rulers– [142] [143]
S.N.RulerRegin
1 Nanyadeva 1097–1147
2 Gangadeva 1147–1187
3 Narsimhadeva 1187–1227
4 Ramasimhadeva 1227–1285
5 Shaktisimhadeva 1285–1295
6 Harisimhadeva 1295–1324

Chutia (Sadiya) Kingdom of Assam (1187–1524 CE)

List of rulers

Late Medieval Period (c. 1200s CE – c. 1500s CE)

Delhi Sultanate (c. 1206–1526 CE)

Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290 CE)

Khalji dynasty (1290–1320 CE)

Tughlaq dynasty (1321–1414 CE)

After the invasion of Timur in 1398, the governor of Multan, Khizr Khan abolished the Tughluq dynasty in 1414.

Jaunpur Sultanate (1394–1479 CE)

  • Malik Sarwar Shah (1394–1399)
  • Mubarak Shah (1399–1402)
  • Ibrahim Shah (1402–1440)
  • Mahmud Shah (1440–1457)
  • Muhammad Shah (1457–1458)
  • Hussain Shah (1458–1479)

Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451 CE)

Lodi dynasty (1451–1526 CE)

Kadava dynasty (c. 1216–1279 CE)

Kingdom of Marwar (c. 1226–1950 CE)

Rathore dynasty of Jodhpur

Rulers from Pali & Mandore (1226–1438 CE)
NameReign beganReign ended
1Rao Siha12261273
2Rao Asthan12731292
3Rao Doohad12921309
4Rao Raipal13091313
5Rao Kanhapal13131323
6Rao Jalansi13231328
7Rao Chado13281344
8Rao Tida13441357
9Rao Kanha Dev13571374
10Rao Viram Dev13741383
11Rao Chandra13831424
12Rao Kanha14241427
13Rao Ranmal 14271438
Rulers from Jodhpur (1459–1950 CE)
NameReign beganReign ended
1Rao Jodha 12 May 14386 April 1489
2Rao Satal 6 April 1489March 1492
3Rao Suja March 14922 October 1515
4Rao Biram Singh 2 October 15158 November 1515
5Rao Ganga 8 November 15159 May 1532
6 Rao Maldeo 9 May 15327 November 1562
7 Rao Chandra Sen 7 November 15621581
8 Raja Udai Singh 4 August 158311 July 1595
9 Sawai Raja Suraj-Mal 11 July 15957 September 1619
10 Maharaja Gaj Singh I 7 September 16196 May 1638
11 Maharaja Jaswant Singh 6 May 163828 December 1678
12 Maharaja Ajit Singh 19 February 167924 June 1724
13 Raja Indra Singh 9 June 16794 August 1679
14 Maharaja Abhai Singh 24 June 172418 June 1749
15 Maharaja Ram Singh First reign18 June 1749July 1751
16 Maharaja Bakht Singh July 175121 September 1752
17 Maharaja Vijay Singh 21 September 175231 January 1753
18 Maharaja Ram Singh 31 January 1753September 1772
19 Maharaja Vijay Singh September 177217 July 1793
20 Maharaja Bhim Singh 17 July 179319 October 1803
21 Maharaja Man Singh 19 October 18034 September 1843
22 Maharaja Sir Takht Singh 4 September 184313 February 1873
23 Maharaja Sir Jaswant Singh II 13 February 187311 October 1895
24 Maharaja Sir Sardar Singh 20 March 1911
25 Maharaja Sir Sumair Singh 20 March 19113 October 1918
26 Maharaja Sir Umaid Singh 3 October 19189 June 1947
27 Maharaja Sir Hanwant Singh 9 June 19477 April 1949
28 (titular) Maharaja Gaj Singh II of Jodhpur 26 January 1952Present

Ahom dynasty of Assam (c. 1228–1826 CE)

The list of Swargadeos of the Ahom Kingdom
YearsReignAhom nameOther namessuccessionEnd of reignCapital
1228–126840y Sukaphaa natural death Charaideo
1268–128113y Suteuphaa son of Sukaphaanatural deathCharaideo
1281–12938y Subinphaa son of Suteuphaanatural deathCharaideo
1293–133239y Sukhaangphaa son of Subinphaanatural deathCharaideo
1332–136432y Sukhrangpha son of Sukhaangphaanatural deathCharaideo
1364–13695yInterregnum [144]
1369–13767y Sutuphaa brother of Sukhrangphaa [145] assassinated [146] Charaideo
1376–13804yInterregnum
1380–13899y Tyao Khamti brother of Sutuphaaassassinated [147] Charaideo
1389–13978yInterregnum
1397–140710y Sudangphaa Baamuni Konwarson of Tyao Khaamti [148] natural deathCharagua
1407–142215y Sujangphaa son of Sudangphaanatural death
1422–143917y Suphakphaa son of Sujangphanatural death
1439–148849y Susenphaa son of Suphakphaanatural death
1488–14935y Suhenphaa son of Susenphaaassassinated [149]
1493–14974y Supimphaa son of Suhenphaanatural death
1497–153942y Suhungmung Swarganarayan,
Dihingiaa Rojaa I		son of Supimphaaassassinated [150] Bakata
1539–155213y Suklenmung Garhgayaan Rojaason of Suhungmungnatural death Garhgaon
1552–160351y Sukhaamphaa Khuraa Rojaason of Suklenmungnatural deathGarhgaon
1603–164138y Susenghphaa Prataap Singha,
Burhaa Rojaa,
Buddhiswarganarayan		son of Sukhaamphaanatural deathGarhgaon
1641–16443y Suramphaa Jayaditya Singha,
Bhogaa Rojaa		son of Susenghphaadeposed [151] Garhgaon
1644–16484y Sutingphaa Noriyaa Rojaabrother of Suramphaadeposed [152] Garhgaon
1648–166315y Sutamla Jayadhwaj Singha,
Bhoganiyaa Rojaa		son of Sutingphaanatural deathGarhgaon/Bakata
1663–16707y Supangmung Chakradhwaj Singha cousin of Sutamla [153] natural deathBakata/Garhgaon
1670–16722y Sunyatphaa Udayaditya Singhabrother of Supangmung [154] deposed [155]
1672–16742y Suklamphaa Ramadhwaj Singhabrother of Sunyatphaapoisoned [156]
1674–167521d Suhung [157] Samaguria Rojaa KhamjangSamaguria descendant of Suhungmungdeposed [158]
1675-167524d Gobar Roja great-grandson of Suhungmung [159] deposed [160]
1675–16772y Sujinphaa [161] Arjun Konwar,
Dihingia Rojaa II		grandson of Pratap Singha, son of Namrupian Gohaindeposed, suicide [162]
1677–16792y Sudoiphaa Parvatia Rojaagreat-grandson of Suhungmung [163] deposed, killed [164]
1679–16813y Sulikphaa Ratnadhwaj Singha,
Loraa Rojaa		Samaguria familydeposed, killed [165]
1681–169615y Supaatphaa Gadadhar Singha son of Gobar Rojaanatural deathBorkola
1696–171418y Sukhrungphaa Rudra Singha son of Supaatphaanatural death Rangpur
1714–174430y Sutanphaa Siva Singha son Sukhrungphaanatural death
1744–17517y Sunenphaa Pramatta Singha brother of Sutanphaanatural death
1751–176918y Suremphaa Rajeswar Singha brother of Sunenphaanatural death
1769–178011y Sunyeophaa Lakshmi Singha brother of Suremphaanatural death
1780–179515y Suhitpangphaa Gaurinath Singha son of Sunyeophaanatural deathJorhat
1795–181116y Suklingphaa Kamaleswar Singha great-grandson of Lechai, the brother of Rudra Singha [166] natural death, smallpoxJorhat
1811–18187y Sudingphaa (1) Chandrakaanta Singha brother of Suklingphaadeposed [167] Jorhat
1818–18191y Purandar Singha (1)descendant of Suremphaa [167] deposed [168] Jorhat
1819–18212y Sudingphaa (2) Chandrakaanta Singha fled the capital [169]
1821–18221y Jogeswar Singha 5th descendant of Jambor, the brother of Gadadhar Singha. Jogeswar was brother of Hemo Aideo, and was puppet of Burmese ruler [170] removed [171]
1833–1838 Purandar Singha (2) [172]

Vaghela dynasty (1244–1304 CE)

The sovereign Vaghela rulers include:

Jaffna (Aryachakravarti) dynasty (c. 1277–1619 CE)

List of rulers–

Kingdom of Tripura (c. 1280–1949 CE)

Manikya dynasty

List of rulers–
  • Ratna Manikya (1280 CE)
  • Pratap Manikya (1350 CE)
  • Mukul Manikya (1400 CE)
Kingdom of Tripura
Part of History of Tripura
Maha Manikya c. 1400–1431
Dharma Manikya I 1431–1462
Ratna Manikya I 1462–1487
Pratap Manikya 1487
Vijaya Manikya I 1488
Mukut Manikya 1489
Dhanya Manikya 1490–1515
Dhwaja Manikya 1515–1520
Deva Manikya 1520–1530
Indra Manikya I 1530–1532
Vijaya Manikya II 1532–1563
Ananta Manikya 1563–1567
Udai Manikya I 1567–1573
Joy Manikya I 1573–1577
Amar Manikya 1577–1585
Rajdhar Manikya I 1586–1600
Ishwar Manikya 1600
Yashodhar Manikya 1600–1623
Interregnum1623–1626
Kalyan Manikya 1626–1660
Govinda Manikya 1660–1661
Chhatra Manikya 1661–1667
Govinda Manikya 1661–1673
Rama Manikya 1673–1685
Ratna Manikya II 1685–1693
Narendra Manikya 1693–1695
Ratna Manikya II 1695–1712
Mahendra Manikya 1712–1714
Dharma Manikya II 1714–1725
Jagat Manikya 1725–1729
Dharma Manikya II 1729
Mukunda Manikya 1729–1739
Joy Manikya II c. 1739–1744
Indra Manikya II c. 1744–1746
Udai Manikya II c. 1744
Joy Manikya II 1746
Vijaya Manikya III 1746–1748
Lakshman Manikya 1740s/1750s
Interregnum1750s–1760
Krishna Manikya 1760–1783
Rajdhar Manikya II 1785–1806
Rama Ganga Manikya 1806–1809
Durga Manikya 1809–1813
Rama Ganga Manikya 1813–1826
Kashi Chandra Manikya 1826–1829
Krishna Kishore Manikya 1829–1849
Ishan Chandra Manikya 1849–1862
Bir Chandra Manikya 1862–1896
Birendra Kishore Manikya 1909–1923
Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya 1923–1947
Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya 1947–1949
1949–1978 (titular)
Kirit Pradyot Manikya 1978–present (titular)
Tripura monarchy data
Manikya dynasty (Royal family)
Agartala (Capital of the kingdom)
Ujjayanta Palace (Royal residence)
Pushbanta Palace (Royal residence)
Neermahal (Royal residence)
Rajmala (Royal chronicle)
Tripura Buranji (Chronicle)
Chaturdasa Devata (Family deities)

On 9 September 1949, "Tripura Merger Agreement", was signed and come in effect from 15 October 1949 & Tripura became part of Indian Union. [174]

Nayaka Kingdoms (c. 1325–1815 CE)

The Nayakas were originally military governors under the Vijayanagara Empire. It is unknown, in fact, if these founded dynasties were related, being branches of a major family, or if they were completely different families. Historians tend to group them by location.

Nayaka dynasty

RulerReignCapital
Prolaya 1323-1333 Warangal
(Musunuri line)
Kapaya Kaapaneedu.jpg 1333-1368 Warangal
(Musunuri line)
Warangal annexed to Recherla
Singama I 1335-1361 Rachakonda
(Recherla line)
Anavotha I 1361-1384 Rachakonda
(Recherla line)
Singama II 1384-1399 Rachakonda
(Recherla line)
Anavotha II 1399-1421 Rachakonda
(Recherla line)
Mada 1421-1430 Rachakonda
(Recherla line)
Singama III 1430-1475 Rachakonda
(Recherla line)		Son of Anavotha II. Last of his line.
Rachakonda annexed to Vijayanagara Empire
Kumaravira Timma I 1441-1462 Gandikota
(Pemmasani line)		Ruler of Gandikota, and vassal of the Vijayanagara Empire; his dynasty established a solid rule that lasted 200 years.
Chenna Vibhudu 1462-1505 Gandikota
(Pemmasani line)		During his rule other lines of Nayaks gained relevance.
Vaiyappa 1464-1490 Gingee
(Gingee line) [175]
Tubaki Krishnappa 1490-1520 Gingee
(Gingee line)		Originally Bala/Vala Krishnappa, became Tubbaki/Dubakki/Dubala Krishnappa in local legends.
Chaudappa 1499-1530 Keladi
(Keladi line)		He was originally from a village called Pallibailu near Keladi. He was the son of couple Basavappa and Basavamambe, who were into farming. [176] He was the earliest chieftain to rule the area surrounding Shimoga, rose through self capability and acumen and was a feudatory of Vijayanagara Empire.
Ramalinga 1505-1540 Gandikota
(Pemmasani line)
Achyutavijaya Ramachandra 1520-1540 Gingee
(Gingee line)
Viswanatha King Viswanatha Nayak1.JPG 1529-1564 Madurai
(Madurai line)		Founder of one of the most successful Nayaka branches: the Madurai line.
Sadashiva 1530-1566 [177] Keladi
(Keladi line)		He was an important ruler in the Vijayanagara Empire and earned the title Kotekolahala from emperor Aliya Rama Raya for his heroics in the battle of Kalyani. The coastal provinces of Karnataka came under his direct rule. He moved the capital to Ikkeri some 20 km. from Keladi.
Chevappa 1532-1580 Tanjore
(Thanjavur line)
Bangaru Timma 1540-1565 Gandikota
(Pemmasani line)
Muthialu 1540-1570 Gingee
(Gingee line)
Krishnappa I 1564-1572 Madurai
(Madurai line)
Narasimha 1565-1598 Gandikota
(Pemmasani line)
Sankanna I 1566-1570 Keladi
(Keladi line)
Timanna 1568-1589 Chitradurga
(Chitradurga line)
Sankanna II the Younger
(Chikka Sankanna)		1570-1580 Keladi
(Keladi line)		Opportunistic king who took advantage of the confusion in the Vijayanagara Empire, following its defeat at Tallikota and grabbed a few provinces in Uttara Kannada district.
Venkatappa 1570-1600 Gingee
(Gingee line)
Virappa 1572-1595 Madurai
(Madurai line)
Ramaraja 1580-1586 Keladi
(Keladi line)
Achuthappa 1580-1614 Tanjore
(Thanjavur line)
Venkatappa I the Elder
(Hiriya Venkatappa)		1586-1629 Keladi
(Keladi line)		He is considered by scholars as the ablest monarch of the clan. He completely freed himself from the overlordship of the relocated Vijayanagar rulers of Penugonda. Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle, who visited his kingdom in 1623, called him an able soldier and administrator. In his reign the kingdom expanded so that it covered coastal regions, Malnad regions, and some regions to the east of the western Ghats of present-day Karnataka. He is also known to have defeated the Adilshahis of Bijapur in Hanagal. Though a Virashaiva by faith, he built many temples for Vaishnavas and Jains and a mosque for Muslims. He defeated the Portuguese in 1618 and 1619. [178]
Obanna-Madakari I 1589-1602 Chitradurga
(Chitradurga line)
Krishnappa II 1595-1601 Madurai
(Madurai line)
Timma 1598-1623 Gandikota
(Pemmasani line)
Varadappa 1600-1620 Gingee
(Gingee line)
Muthu Krishnappa 1601-1609 Madurai
(Madurai line)
Kasturi Rangappa I 1602-1652 Chitradurga
(Chitradurga line)
Muthu Virappa I 1609-1623 Madurai
(Madurai line)
Raghunatha 1614-1634 Tanjore
(Thanjavur line)
Appa 1620-1649 Gingee
(Gingee line)
Gingee annexed to the Bijapur Sultanate
Chenna Timma 1623-1652 Gandikota
(Pemmasani line)
Tirumala 1623-1659 Madurai
(Madurai line)
Virabhadra 1629-1645 Keladi
(Keladi line)		He faced many troubles from the start, including competition from rival Jain chieftains of Malenad for the throne of Ikkeri and invasion by the Sultanate armies of Bijapur. Ikkeri was plundered by the Bijapur army during his time.
Vijaya Raghava 1634-1673 Tanjore
(Thanjavur line)
Thanjavur annexed to the Maratha Empire
Shivappa Shivappanayaka (cropped).jpg 1645-1660 Keladi
(Keladi line)		He is widely considered as the ablest and greatest of the Keladi rulers. Uncle of his predecessor, Shivappa deposed him. Not only was he an able administrator, but also patronised literature and fine arts. His successful campaigns against the Bijapur sultans, the Mysore kings, the Portuguese, and other Nayakas of the neighbouring territories east of the western ghats helped expand the kingdom to its greatest extent, covering large areas of present-day Karnataka. He gave importance to agriculture and developed new schemes for collection of taxes and revenues which earned him much praise from later British officials. A statue of him and the palace built by him containing many artifacts of his times are reminders of the respect he has earned even from the present generation of people of the region. He destroyed the Portuguese political power in the Kanara region by capturing all the Portuguese forts of the coastal region. [179]
Madakari II 1652-1674 Chitradurga
(Chitradurga line)
Kumaravira Timma II 1652-1685 Gandikota
(Pemmasani line)		Last of his line.
Gandikota annexed to the Sultanate of Golconda
Muthu Virappa II 1659 Madurai
(Madurai line)
Chokanatha I 1659-1682 Madurai
(Madurai line)
Venkatappa II the Younger
(Chikka Venkatappa)		1660-1662 Keladi
(Keladi line)
Bhadrappa 1662-1664 Keladi
(Keladi line)		During his reign the rule of Vokkaligas came to an end and was replaced by the rule of Banajigas. [180]
Somashekara I 1664-1672 Keladi
(Keladi line)		Was once a good administrator, gave up his interest in administration after his association with a dancer named Kalavati. Bharame Mavuta, a relative of Kalavati slow poisoned the king which eventually led to his death.
Chennamma Details on the temple dwajasthamba - Rameshwara Temple.JPG 1672-1697 Keladi
(Keladi line)		Widow of Somashekara I. She was an able ruler who some scholars claim was allied with the Maratha Shivaji and later his son Sambhaji to defeat all rival claimants to the throne. She gave shelter to Chhatrapathi Rajaram when he fled from the Mughal army. Chennamma of Keladi is well remembered by local people through tales of her bravery.
Obanna II 1674-1675 Chitradurga
(Chitradurga line)
Shoora Kantha 1675-1676 Chitradurga
(Chitradurga line)
Chikanna 1676-1686 Chitradurga
(Chitradurga line)
Regency of Queen Mangammal (1682-1689)
Aranga Krishna
Muthu Virappa III 		1682-1689 Madurai
(Madurai line)
Madakari III 1686-1688 Chitradurga
(Chitradurga line)
Donne Rangappa 1688-1689 Chitradurga
(Chitradurga line)
Regency of Queen Mangammal (1689-1704)
Vijayaranga
Chokanatha II 		1689-1732 Madurai
(Madurai line)
Bharamana 1689-1721 Chitradurga
(Chitradurga line)
Basavappa 1697-1714 Keladi
(Keladi line)		He was a brave ruler and was adopted by Rani Chennammaji from their relative

Markappa Shetty of Bedanur [181]

Somashekara II 1714-1739 Keladi
(Keladi line)
Madakari IV 1721-1748 Chitradurga
(Chitradurga line)
Meenakshi 1732-1736 Madurai
(Madurai line)		Widow of the predecessor. The ruling dynasty ends with her death. According to some sources, she was a regent for an adopted son of hers.
Madurai annexed to the Nawab of Carnatic
Basavappa 1739-1754 Keladi
(Keladi line)
Sri Vijaya Rajasinha 1739-1747 Kandy
(Kandy line)		This branch was related to the Madurai Nayaks. Sri Vijaya was a brother-in-law of the late king of Kandy.
Kirti Sri Rajasinha 118 King Rajasingha makes Ven Saranankara Sangharaja (19820173144).jpg 1747-1782 Kandy
(Kandy line)
Kasturi Rangappa II 1748-1758 Chitradurga
(Chitradurga line)
Basappa 1754-1759 Keladi
(Keladi line)
Madakari V Raja Veera Madakari Nayaka1.jpg 1758-1779 Chitradurga
(Chitradurga line)
Chitradurga annexed to the Kingdom of Mysore
Virammaji 1759-1763 Keladi
(Keladi line)		She was defeated by Hyder Ali, who merged the Keladi kingdom with the Kingdom of Mysore. The queen was captured by Hyder Ali and was kept in confinement along with her son in the fort of Madugiri. [182] They were however rescued in 1767 when Madhavrao I of the Maratha Empire defeated Hyder Ali in the battle of Madugiri. Later, they were sent to Pune the capital of the Maratha Empire for protection. [182]
Keladi annexed to the Kingdom of Mysore
Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha Sri Rajadhi Raja Sinha, King of Kandy, on his throne.jpg 1782-1798 Kandy
(Kandy line)
Sri Vikrama Rajasinha Sri Vikrama Rajasinha.jpg 1798-1815 [183] [184] Kandy
(Kandy line)
Kandy annexed to Great Britain

Vellore Nayaka Kingdom (c. 1540–1601 CE)

The list of nayaks are unclear. Some of the Nayaks are:

  • Chinna Bommi Reddy
  • Thimma Reddy Nayak
  • Lingama Nayak

Other Nayaka kingdoms

Reddy Kingdom (c. 1325–1448 CE)

List of rulers–

Oiniwar (Sugauna) dynasty of Mithila (c. 1325–1526 CE)

List of rulers–

According to historian Makhan Jha, the rulers of the Oiniwar dynasty are as follows: [187]

Vijayanagara Empire (c. 1336–1646 CE)

Vijayanagara Empire was ruled by four different dynasties for about 310 years on entire South India. [190]

Serial no.Regnal namesReign (CE)Notes
Sangama dynasty rulers (1336 to 1485 CE)
1 Harihara I 1336–1356
2 Bukka Raya I 1356–1377
3 Harihara II 1377–1404
4 Virupaksha Raya 1404–1405
5 Bukka Raya II 1405–1406
6 Deva Raya 1406–1422
7 Ramachandra Raya 1422
8 Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya 1422–1424
9 Deva Raya II 1424–1446
10 Mallikarjuna Raya 1446–1465
11 Virupaksha Raya II 1465–1485
12 Praudha Raya 1485
Saluva dynasty rulers (1485 to 1505 CE)
13 Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya 1485–1491
14 Thimma Bhupala 1491
15 Narasimha Raya II 1491–1505
Tuluva dynasty rulers (1491 to 1570 CE)
16 Tuluva Narasa Nayaka 1491–1503
17 Viranarasimha Raya 1503–1509
18 Krishnadevaraya 1509–1529
19 Achyuta Deva Raya 1529–1542
20 Sadasiva Raya 1542–1570
Aravidu dynasty rulers (1542 to 1646 CE)
21 Aliya Rama Raya 1542–1565
22 Tirumala Deva Raya 1565–1572
23 Sriranga Deva Raya 1572–1586
24 Venkatapati Deva Raya 1586–1614
25 Sriranga II 1614–1617
26 Rama Deva Raya 1617–1632
27 Peda Venkata Raya 1632–1642
28 Sriranga III 1642–1646/1652

Bahmani Sultanate (c. 1347–1527 CE)

Malwa Sultanate (c. 1392–1562 CE)

Ghoris (1390–1436 CE)
Khaljis (1436–1535 CE)

Baro-Bhuyan kingdoms (c. 1365–1632 CE)

List of Kingdoms and their rulers are

Baro-Bhuyan of Assam (1365–1440 CE)

  • Sasanka (Arimatta) (1365–1385 CE)
  • Gajanka (1385–1400 CE)
  • Sukranka (1400–1415 CE)
  • Mriganka (1415–1440 CE)

Baro-Bhuyan of Bengal (1576–1632 CE)

Tomara dynasty of Gwalior (c. 1375–1523 CE)

The Tomara rulers of Gwalior include the following. [191] [192]

Name in dynasty's inscriptions (IAST)ReignNames in Muslim chronicles and vernacular literature
Vīrasiṃha-deva1375–1400 CE or (c. 1394–1400 CE)Virsingh Dev, Bir Singh Tomar, Bar Singh (in Yahya's writings), Har Singh (in Badauni's writings), Nar Singh (in Firishta's and Nizamuddin's writings). [193]
Uddharaṇa-deva1400–1402 CEUddharan Dev, Usaran or Adharan (in Khadagrai's writings) [194]
Virāma-deva1402–1423 CEViram Dev, Biram Deo (in Yahya's writings), Baram Deo (in Firishta's writings)
Gaṇapati-deva1423–1425 CEGanpati Dev
Dungarendra-deva alias Dungara-siṃha1425–1459 CEDungar Singh, Dungar Sen
Kirtisiṃha-deva1459–1480 CEKirti Singh Tomar
Kalyāṇamalla1480–1486 CEKalyanmal, Kalyan Singh
Māna-siṃha 1486–1516 CEMana Sahi, Man Singh
Vikramāditya1516–1523 CEVikram Sahi, Vikramjit

Wadiyar Kingdom of Mysore (c. 1399–1950 CE)

List of rulers

Gajapati Empire (c. 1434–1541 CE)

Rulers–
PictureKingReignNotes
Gajapati Kapilendradeva.jpg Kapilendra Deva 1434–1467Founder and first ruler of dynasty
Purushottam Deva Return from Kanchi Expedition.jpg Purushottama Deva 1467–1497Second ruler of dynasty
Gajapati Prataprudra Deva.png Prataparudra Deva 1497–1540Third ruler of dynasty
Kalua Deva 1540–1541Fourth ruler of dynasty
Kakharua Deva 1541Fifth and last ruler of dynasty

Rathore dynasty of Bikaner (c. 1465–1947 CE)

Rulers–
NameReign Began (in CE)Reign Ended (in CE)Notes
1 Rao Bika 14651504First ruler of dynasty and founder of Bikaner city.
2 Rao Narayan Singh 15041505
3 Rao Luna Karana (Lon-Karan)15051526
4 Rao Jait Singh (Jetasi)15261542
5 Rao Kalyan Mal 15421574Acknowledged the suzerainty of Emperor Akbar at Nagaur in November 1570
6 Rao Rai Singh I (Rai Rai Singh)15741612Important general in the Mughal army like Raja Man Singh I of Amber
7 Rai Dalpat Singh (Dalip)16121613
8 Rai Surat Singh Bhuratiya 16131631
9 Rao Karan Singh (Jangalpat Badhshah)16311667Deposed by Emperor Aurangzeb for dereliction of duty at Attock, 11 January 1667. Exiled to his betel gardens at Karanpura in the Deccan.
10 Anup Singh 16691698To be the first to be granted the title "Maharaja" by Emperor Aurangzeb. Served in the Deccan campaign at Salher in 1672, Bijapur in 1675, and the siege of Golconda in 1687. He was administrator of Aurangabad from 1677 to 1678, 'Hakim' of Adoni in 1678, Imtiazgarh and Adoni from 1689 to 1693, and of Nusratabad and Sukkar from 1693 to 1698 CE.
11 Rao Sarup Singh 16981700He died from smallpox at Adoni in the Deccan on 15 December 1700.
12 Rao Sujan Singh 17001735Ordered to attend Emperor Aurangzeb in the Deccan, where he remained for ten years. Faced invasions from Maharaja Abhai Singh of Jodhpur and Maharaja Bakht Singh of Nagaur, but successfully repulsed both.
13 Rao Zorawar Singh 17351746
14 Rao Gaj Singh 17461787The first of his line granted permission to mint his own coinage by Emperor Alamgir II.
15 Rao Rai Singh II (Raj Singh)17871787
16 Rao Pratap Singh 17871787Reigned under the Regency of his uncle Surat Singh who poisoned him to assume the throne.
17 Rao Surat Singh 17871828He incurred huge debts due to his military adventures which had reduced his state to near anarchy. Entered the protection of the East India Company with a subsidiary alliance on 9 March 1818.
18 Rao Ratan Singh 18281851Received the hereditary title of Narendra Maharaja from Emperor Akbar Shah II and assisted the British by furnishing them with supplies during the First Afghan War of 1841.
19 Rao Sardar Singh 18511872Assisted the British during the Indian Uprising of 1857 and served in person during many of the battles. Removed the name of the Mughal Emperor from his coinage, replacing the words with Aurang Arya Hind wa Queen Victoria.
20 Dungar Singh 18721887Assisted the British during the Second Afghan War.
21 Ganga Singh 18871943Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha) for Bikaner, 1952–1977. On 28 December 1971, India amended its Constitution to remove the position of the rulers of princely states and their right to receive privy-purse payments, thus making him the last ruler of Bikaner. Imperial Conferences and at the League of Nations.
22 Sadul Singh 19431947Signed the Instrument of Accession to the Dominion of India on 7 August 1947. Merged his state into the present state of Rajasthan, India on 30 March 1949.
23 Karni Singh 19471971First titular ruler.

Deccan Sultanates (c. 1490–1686 CE)

Barid Shahi dynasty (1490–1619 CE)

Imad Shahi dynasty (1490–1572 CE)

Adil Shahi dynasty (1490–1686 CE)

Nizam Shahi dynasty (1490–1636 CE)

Qutb Shahi dynasty (1518–1686 CE)

Gatti Mudalis of Taramangalam (c. 15th–17th century CE)

List of known rulers–

Early Modern Period (c. 1500s CE – 1850s CE)

Kingdom of Cochin (c. 1503–1948 CE)

Veerakerala Varma, nephew of Cheraman Perumal Nayanar, is supposed to have been the first king of Cochin around the 7th century. But the records we have start in 1503.[ citation needed ]

  1. Unniraman Koyikal I (?–1503)
  2. Unniraman Koyikal II (1503–1537)
  3. Veera Kerala Varma (1537–1565)
  4. Keshava Rama Varma (1565–1601)
  5. Veera Kerala Varma (1601–1615)
  6. Ravi Varma I (1615–1624)
  7. Veera Kerala Varma (1624–1637)
  8. Godavarma (1637–1645)
  9. Veerarayira Varma (1645–1646)
  10. Veera Kerala Varma (1646–1650)
  11. Rama Varma I (1650–1656)
  12. Rani Gangadharalakshmi (1656–1658)
  13. Rama Varma II (1658–1662)
  14. Goda Varma (1662–1663)
  15. Veera Kerala Varma (1663–1687)
  16. Rama Varma III (1687–1693)
  17. Ravi Varma II (1693–1697)
  18. Rama Varma IV (1697–1701)
  19. Rama Varma V (1701–1721)
  20. Ravi Varma III (1721–1731)
  21. Rama Varma VI (1731–1746)
  22. Veera Kerala Varma I (1746–1749)
  23. Rama Varma VII (1749–1760)
  24. Veera Kerala Varma II (1760–1775)
  25. Rama Varma VIII (1775–1790)
  26. Shaktan Thampuran (Rama Varma IX) (1790–1805)
  27. Rama Varma X (1805–1809), Vellarapalli-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Vellarapali")
  28. Veera Kerala Varma III (1809–1828), Karkidaka Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "karkidaka" month (Kollam Era))
  29. Rama Varma XI (1828–1837), Thulam-Maasathil Theepett1a Thampuran (King who died in "Thulam" month (ME))
  30. Rama Varma XII (1837–1844), Edava-Maasathil Theepett1a Thampuran (King who died in "Edavam" month (ME))
  31. Rama Varma XIII (1844–1851), Thrishur-il Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Thrishivaperoor" or Thrishur)
  32. Veera Kerala Varma IV (1851–1853), Kashi-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Kashi" or Varanasi)
  33. Ravi Varma IV (1853–1864), Makara Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Makaram" month (ME))
  34. Rama Varma XIV (1864–1888), Mithuna Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Mithunam" month (ME))
  35. Kerala Varma V (1888–1895), Chingam Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Chingam" month (ME))
  36. Rama Varma XV (1895–1914), a.k.a. Rajarshi, abdicated (d. in 1932)
  37. Rama Varma XVI (1915–1932), Madrasil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in Madras or Chennai)
  38. Rama Varma XVII (1932–1941), Dhaarmika Chakravarthi (King of Dharma), Chowara-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Chowara")
  39. Kerala Varma VI (1941–1943), Midukkan (syn: Smart, expert, great) Thampuran
  40. Ravi Varma V (1943–1946), Kunjappan Thampuran (Brother of Midukkan Thampuran)
  41. Kerala Varma VII (1946–1948), Ikya-Keralam (Unified Kerala) Thampuran
  42. Rama Varma XVIII (1948–1964), Pareekshit Thampuran

Koch dynasty (c. 1515–1949 CE)

Rulers of undivided Koch kingdom (c. 1515–1586)

Rulers of Koch Bihar (c. 1586–1949)

Rulers of Koch Hajo (c. 1581–1616 CE)

  • Raghudev (son of Chilarai, nephew of Nara Narayan)
  • Parikshit Narayan

Rulers of Darrang

  • Balinarayan (brother of Parikshit Narayan)
  • Mahendra Narayan
  • Chandra Narayan
  • Surya Narayan

Rulers of Beltola

  • Gaj Narayan Dev (brother of Parikshit Narayan, ruler of Koch Hajo, brother of Balinarayan, first Koch ruler of Darrang).
  • Shivendra Narayan Dev (Son of Gaj Narayan)
  • Gandharva Narayan Dev (Son of Shivendra Narayan)
  • Uttam Narayan Dev (Son of Gandharva Narayan Dev)
  • Dhwaja Narayan Dev (Son of Uttam Narayan Dev)
  • Jay Narayan Dev (Son of Dhwaja Narayan Dev)
  • Lambodar Narayan Dev (Son of Jay Narayan Dev)
  • Lokpal Narayan Dev (Son of Lambodar Narayan Dev)
  • Amrit Narayan Dev (Son of Lokpal Narayan Dev)
  • Chandra Narayan Dev (Son of Lokpal Narayan Dev) (died 1910 CE)
  • Rajendra Narayan Dev (Son of Chandra Narayan Dev) (died 1937 CE)
  • Lakshmipriya Devi (wife of Rajendra Narayan Dev) (reign:1937–1947 CE died: 1991 CE)

Rulers of Bijni

The Bijni rulers reigned between the Sankosh and the Manas rivers, the region immediately to the east of Koch Bihar.

  • Chandra Narayan (son of Parikshit Narayan)
  • Joy Narayan
  • Shiv Narayan
  • Bijoy Narayan
  • Mukunda Narayan
  • Haridev Narayan
  • Balit Narayan
  • Indra Narayan
  • Amrit Narayan
  • Kumud Narayan
  • Jogendra Narayan
  • Bhairabendra Narayan

Rulers of Khaspur

The rulers of the Koch kingdom at Khaspur were: [196]

  • Kamal Narayan (Gohain Kamal, son of Biswa Singha, governor of Khaspur)
  • Udita Narayan (declared independence of Khaspur in 1590)
  • Vijay Narayana
  • Dhir Narayana
  • Mahendra Narayana
  • Ranjit
  • Nara Singha
  • Bhim Singha (his only issue, daughter Kanchani, married a prince of Kachari kingdom, and Khaspur merged with the Kachari kingdom)

Khandwala (Raj Darbhanga) dynasty of Mithila (c. 1526–1947 CE)

List of rulers–

Mughal Empire (c. 1526–1857 CE)

Mughal emperors

PortraitTitular NameBirth (modern-day name)ReignDeath
1 Babur of India.jpg Babur 14 February 1483 Andijan, Uzbekistan 20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530

(4 years 8 months 9 days)

26 December 1530 (aged 47) Agra, India
2 Humayun Emperor.jpg Humayun 6 March 1508 Kabul, Afghanistan 26 December 1530  – 17 May 1540

22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556

(10 years 3 months 25 days)

27 January 1556 (aged 47) Delhi, India
3 Emperor Akbar the Great.jpg Akbar 15 October 1542 Umerkot, Pakistan 11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605   

(49 years 9 months 0 days)

27 October 1605 (aged 63) Agra, India 
4 Jahangircrop.jpeg Jahangir 31 August 1569 Agra, India 3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627

(21 years 11 months 23 days)

28 October 1627 (aged 58) Jammu and Kashmir, India
5 Shah Jahan of Mughal empire.jpg Shah Jahan 5 January 1592 Lahore, Pakistan 19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658

(30 years 8 months 25 days)

22 January 1666 (aged 74) Agra, India
6 The Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir.jpg Aurangzeb 3 November 1618 Gujarat, India 31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707

(48 years 7 months 0 days)

3 March 1707 (aged 88) Ahmednagar, India
7 Azam shah (cropped).jpg Azam Shah 28 June 1653 Burhanpur, India 14 March 1707 – 20 June 170720 June 1707 (aged 53) Agra, India
8 Bahadur Shah I of India.jpg Bahadur Shah I 14 October 1643 Burhanpur, India 19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712

(4 years, 253 days) 

27 February 1712 (aged 68) Lahore, Pakistan
9 Jahandar Shah of India.jpg Jahandar Shah 9 May 1661 Deccan, India27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713

(0 years, 350 days)

12 February 1713 (aged 51) Delhi, India
10 Farrukhsiyar of India.jpg Farrukhsiyar
Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha 		20 August 1685 Aurangabad, India 11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719

(6 years, 48 days)

19 April 1719 (aged 33) Delhi, India
11 Rafi ud-Darajat of India.jpg Rafi ud-Darajat
Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha 		1 December 169928 February 1719 – 6 June 1719

(0 years, 98 days)

6 June 1719 (aged 19) Agra, India
12 Shah Jahan II of India.jpg Shah Jahan II
Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha 		5 January 16966 June 1719 – 17 September 1719

(0 years, 105 days)

18 September 1719 (aged 23) Agra, India
13 Muhammad Shah of India.jpg Muhammad Shah
Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha 		7 August 1702 Ghazni, Afghanistan 27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748

(28 years, 212 days)

26 April 1748 (aged 45) Delhi, India
14 Ahmad Shah Bahadur of India.jpg Ahmad Shah Bahadur 23 December 1725 Delhi, India29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754

(6 years, 37 days)

1 January 1775 (aged 49) Delhi, India
15 Alamgir II of India.jpg Alamgir II 6 June 1699 Burhanpur, India 3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759

(5 years, 180 days)

29 November 1759 (aged 60) Kotla Fateh Shah, India
16 Shah Jahan III of India.jpg Shah Jahan III 171110 December 1759 – 10 October 1760

(282 days)

1772 (aged 60–61)
17 Ali Gauhar of India.jpg Shah Alam II 25 June 1728 Delhi, India10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788

(27 years, 301 days)

19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India
18 Mughal Emperor Mahmud Shah Bahadur.jpg Mahmud Shah Bahadur 1749 Delhi, India31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788

(63 days)

1790 (aged 40–41) Delhi, India
19 Ali Gauhar of India.jpg Shah Alam II
Puppet King under the Maratha Empire 		25 June 1728 Delhi, India16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806

(18 years, 339 days)

19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India
20 Akbar Shah II of India.jpg Akbar II
Puppet King under the East India Company 		22 April 1760 Mukundpur, India 19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837

(30 years, 321 days)

28 September 1837 (aged 77) Delhi, India
21 Bahadur Shah II of India.jpg Bahadur Shah II 24 October 1775 Delhi, India28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857

(19 years, 360 days)

7 November 1862 (aged 87) Rangoon, Myanmar

Sur Empire (c. 1540–1555 CE)

Bhoi dynasty (c. 1541–1947 CE)

Gajapati of Odisha

  • Govinda Vidyadhara (1541–1548), founder of dynasty
  • Chakrapratapa (1548–1557)
  • Narasimha Ray Jena (1557–1558) [198]
  • Raghuram Ray Chotaraya (1558–1560) [199]

Khurda Kingdom

  • Ramachandra Deva I (Abhinav Indradyumna) (1568–1600)
  • Purusottam Deva (1600–1621)
  • Narasingha Deva (1621–1647)
  • Balabhadra Deva (1647–1657)
  • Mukunda Deva I (1657–1689)
  • Divyasingha Deva I (1689–1716)
  • Harekrushna Deva (1716–1720)
  • Gopinath Deva (1720–1727)
  • Ramachandra Deva II (1727–1736)
  • Birakesari Deva I (Bhagirathi Deva) (1736–1793)
  • Divyasingha Deva II (1793–1798)
  • Mukundeva Deva II (1798–1804)

Dhenkanal State

List of rulers of the Dhenkanal princely state of the Bhoi dynasty branch: [200]

  • Harisingh Vidyadhara (1530 -1594)
  • Loknath Ray Singh Bharamarbar (1594 - 1615)
  • Balabhadra Ray Singh (1615 - 1641)
  • Nilakantha Ray Singh (1641 - 1682)
  • Nrusingh Bhramarbar (1682 - 1708)
  • Kunja Behari Bhramarbar (1708 - 1728)
  • Braja Behari Bhramarbar (1728 - 1741)
  • Damodar Bhramarbar (1741 - 1743)
  • Trilochna Dev Mahendra Bahadur (1743 - 1785)
  • Ramchandra Mahendra Bahadur (1796 - 1807)
  • Krishna Chandra Mahendra Bahadur (1807 - 1822)
  • Shyam Chandra Mahendra Bahadur (1822 - 1830)
  • Bhagiratha Mahendra Bahadur (1830 - 1873)
  • Pitambar Deo (1873 - 1877)
  • Dinabandhu Mahendra Bahadur (1877 - 1885)
  • Surya Pratap Mahendra Bahadur (1885 - 1918)
  • Shankar Pratap Singh Dev Mahendra (1918 - 1948), from 1948 titular rulers were appointed but with no real power.
  • Shankar Pratap Singh Dev Mahendra (1948 - 1965), titular
  • Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo (born 6 August 1941), titular

Puri Estate

  • Mukundeva Deva II (1804–1817) (exiled and continued as Raja of Puri)
  • Ramchandra Deva III (1817–1854)
  • Birakesari Deva II (1854–1859)
  • Divyasingha Deva III (1859–1882)
  • Mukundeva Deva III (1882–1926)
  • Ramchandra Deva IV (1926–1947), last official ruler of dynasty. [201] From 1948 titular rulers were appointed but with no real power.
  • Ramchandra Deva IV (1947–1956), titular
  • Birakisore Deva III (1956–1970), titular
  • Divyasingha Deva IV (1970–current, Current Raja of Puri and Titular Gajapati), titular

Kingdom of Ramnad (c. 1601–1949 CE)

As Sethupathi chieftains of Madurai Nayaks (1601 – 1677)

  • Udaiyan Sethupathi (Sadaikkan) (1601–1623)
  • Koottan Sethupathi (1623–1635)
  • Dalavai Raghunatha Sethupathi (1635–1645)
  • Thirumalai Raghunatha Sethupathi (1646–1676)
  • Raja Suriya Sethupathi (1676)
  • Aathana Raghunatha Sethupathi (1677)

Imperial Sethupathi rulers (1678 – 1795 CE)

Rulers of princely state (1795 – 1949 CE)

As king
  • Mangaleswari Nachiyar (1795–1803)
As Zamindars

Chogyal Kingdom of Sikkim (c. 1642–1975 CE)

Rulers-

Maratha Empire (c. 1674–1818 CE)

House of Bhonsle

RulerBirthReignDeathCapitalNotes
Shivaji I Shivaji British Museum.jpg 19 February 1630 [202] 1674-16803 April 1680 Raigad
Venkoji I Vyankoji.jpg 16321674-16861686 Tanjore Half-brother of Shivaji I, established his independent realm at Tanjore. The Thanjavur Marathas were the rulers of Thanjavur principality of Tamil Nadu between the 17th and 19th centuries. Their native language was Thanjavur Marathi. [203]
Sambhaji I Maharaja Sambhajiraje, late 17th century.png 14 May 16571681-168911 March 1689 Raigad
Shahuji I Shahaji of Tanjore.jpg 16721684-17121712 Tanjore
Rajaram I Chhatrapati Rajaram.jpg 24 February 16701689-17003 March 1700 Raigad Brother of the predecessor.
Regency of Queen Tarabai (1700–1707)As a minor, ruled under regency. From 1710 ruled at his own in a separate state.
Shivaji II Shahu Chhatrapati Shivaji II.jpg 9 June 16961700–170714 March 1726 Raigad
1710–1714 Kolhapur
Shahu I Copy of Shahu (3).jpg 18 May 16821707-174915 December 1749 Raigad
(until 1731)

Satara
(from 1731)		Son of Sambhaji I.
The Empire was divided between two branches of the family, the Satara and the Kolhapur (c. 1707–1710); the division was formalized in 1731.
Serfoji I Serfoji I.jpg 16751712-17281728 Tanjore Brother of the predecessor.
Sambhaji II Idols of Sambhaji I of Kolhapur with Queen Jijabai (cropped).jpg 16981714–176018 December 1760 Kolhapur
Tukkoji Tukoji Raje Bhosale.jpg 16771728-17361736 Tanjore Brother of the predecessor.
Venkoji II 16941736-17371737 Tanjore
Sujanabai Sujana Bai.jpg c.1695?1737-17381738 Tanjore Succeeded her husband in the throne for a year, before being deposed.
Shahuji II c.1710?1738-1739After 1739 Tanjore Illegitimate son of Serfoji I.
Raghoji I the Great Raghuji Bhonsle.jpg 16951739-1755February 1755 Nagpur Relative of Shahu I, from whom he usurped part of the kingdom, establishing his own at Nagpur .
Pratapsingh Pratap Singh of Thanjavur.jpg c.16951739-176316 December 1763 Tanjore Brother of Venkoji II.
Rajaram II June 17261749-177711 December 1777 Satara
Janoji Janoji Bhosale, Sena Saheb Subha, 1756-72.jpg 19 February 16301755-177216 May 1772 Nagpur
Shivaji III Idol of Shivaji II of Kolhapur.jpg 17561760-181324 April 1813 Kolhapur
Thuljaji Tulajaji II.jpg 17381763-1773

1776-1787		1787 Tanjore Thanjavur was invaded and loathed under the rule of the Nawab of Carnatic for three years (1773-1776). [204]
Mudhoji I Mudhoji Bhosale, Sena Dhurandhar, 1756-88.jpg ?1772-17881788 Nagpur Brother of the predecessor. Candidate to the throne favored by the British.
Shahu II 17631777-18083 May 1808 Satara
Regency of Prince Amar Singh of Thanjavur (1787-1793)Last ruler to have authority in his own realm. After his death, the power of the rulers started to fade.
Serfoji II Portrait of Sarabhoji, raja of Tanjore, seated on his throne against a bolster (6124603661).jpg 24 September 17771787-1793

1798-1832		7 March 1832 Tanjore
Raghoji II Raghuji Bhonsle II and his courtiers.jpg ?1788-181622 March Nagpur Nephew of Janoji.
Amarsingh Amar Singh of Thanjavur.jpg c.17381793-179819 April 1802 Tanjore Son of Pratapsingh, and previous regent for Serfoji II, usurped the throne from his pupil, but was ultimately deposed.
Pratapsingh Chhatrapati Pratapsingh.jpg 18 January 17931808-183914 October 1847 Satara
Sambhaji III 18011813-18212 July 1821 Kolhapur
Parsoji 17781816-18172 February 1817 Nagpur Murdered.
Mudhoji II Mudhoji Bhosale II Appasaheb.jpg ?1817-181815 July 1840 Nagpur Usurper and murderer of the predecessor, he was then arrested by the British.
Raghoji III Raghuji Bhosale III.jpg 1806/081818-185311 December 1853 Nagpur Maternal grandson of Raghoji II. After his death, the state merged in the British Empire.
The kingdom was annexed by the British on 13 March 1854 under the Doctrine of Lapse. [205]
Shivaji IV 18161821-18223 January 1822 Kolhapur
Shahaji I 22 January 18021822-183829 November 1838 Kolhapur
Shivaji Choladesadhipati Srimant Rajasri Maharaja Kshatrapati Sri Shivaji Raje Sahib Bhonsle Chhatrapati Maharaj.jpg c.1810?1832-185529 October 1855 Tanjore Last ruler of Thanjavur. After his death, Tanjore fell in the British Empire.
Tanjore annexed to the British Empire
Shivaji V Shivaji V.gif 26 December 18301838–18664 August 1866 Kolhapur
Shahaji (II) Shahaji Appa Saheb Chhatrapati.jpg 18021839-18485 April 1848 Satara After his death, Satara was annexed to the British Empire. This didn't stop a titular succession, however:
  • Pratapsinh II (adopted son of Shahaji)
  • Rajaram III
  • Pratapsinh III
  • Shahu (IV) (1918–1950)
Satara annexed to the British Empire
Rajaram II Rajaram Chatrapati of Kolhapur 01.jpg 13 April 18501866-1870November 30, 1870 Kolhapur
Shivaji VI Shivaji VI.jpg 5 April 18631871–188325 December 1883 Kolhapur Distant cousin of the predecessor.
Regencies of Queen Anandbai (1883-1884) and Jaisingrao Ghatge (father of the ruler, 1884-1885)Adopted child of Shivaji VI's widow. Shahu was considered a true democrat and social reformer, being an able ruler associated with many progressive policies.
Shahu III Maharajah of Kolhapur 1912.jpg 26 June 18741883-19226 May 1922 Kolhapur
Rajaram III Rajaram III.jpg 31 July 18971922–194026 November 1940 Kolhapur
Regency of Queen Indumati Tarabai (1941-1946)
Shivaji VII Shivaji VII.jpg 22 November 19411941-194628 September 1946 Kolhapur
Regency of Queen Indumati Tarabai (1946-1947)Formerly Maharaja of Dewas Senior; adopted by Indumati Tarabai, widow of Rajaram IIIn 1947, the state acceded unto the Dominion of India following the independence of India in 1947, but the monarchy was officially abolished. Sahahi continued only as a titular ruler.
Shahaji II (III) Shahaji II.jpg 4 April 19101946-1947

1947-1971
(titular)		9 May 1983 Kolhapur
(titular from 1947)

The Peshwas (c. 1713–1858 CE)

Technically they were not monarchs, but hereditary prime ministers, though in fact they ruled instead of the Chhatrapati (Maratha emperor) after the death of Chattrapati Shahu, and were they were the hegemons of the Maratha confederation.

  • Balaji Vishwanath (1713–2 April 1720) (b. 1660, died 2 April 1720)
  • Peshwa Bajirao I (17 April 1720 – 28 April 1740) (b. 18 August 1700, died 28 April 1740)
  • Balaji Bajirao (4 July 1740 – 23 June 1761) (b. 8 December 1721, d. 23 June 1761)
  • Madhavrao Ballal (1761–18 November 1772) (b. 16 February 1745, d. 18 November 1772)
  • Narayanrao Bajirao (13 Dec 1772 – 30 August 1773) (b. 10 August 1755, d. 30 August 1773)
  • Raghunath Rao Bajirao (5 Dec 1773–1774) (b. 18 August 1734, d. 11 December 1783)
  • Sawai Madhavrao (1774–27 October 1795) (b. 18 April 1774, d. 27 October 1795)
  • Baji Rao II (6 Dec 1796 – 3 June 1818) (d. 28 January 1851)
  • Nana Sahib (1 July 1857 – 1858) (b. 19 May 1825, d. 24 September 1859)

Gaekwad dynasty of Baroda (c. 1721–1947 CE)

Scindia of Gwalior (c. 1731–1947 CE)

Following the independence of India in 1947, the state acceded unto the Dominion of India.

Holkar rulers of Indore (c. 1731–1948 CE)

Following the independence of India in 1947, the state acceded unto the Dominion of India. The monarchy was ended in 1948, but the title is still held by Usha Devi Maharaj Sahiba Holkar XV Bahadur, Maharani of Indore since 1961.

Sinsinwar Jat Kingdom of Bharatpur and Deeg (c. 1683–1947 CE)

List of rulers
Sinsinwar Jats of Bharatpur & Deeg (1683–1947)
RulerYears
Raja Ram Sinsinwar 1683–1688
Churaman 1695–1721
Muhkam Singh 1721–1722
Badan Singh 1722–1755
Suraj Mal 1755–1763
Jawahar Singh 1764–1768
Ratan Singh 1768–1769
Kehri Singh 1769–1778
Ranjit Singh 1778–1805
Randhir Singh 1805–1823
Baldeo Singh 1823–1825
Balwant Singh 1825–1853
Jaswant Singh 1853–1893
Ram Singh 1893–1900
Kishan Singh 1918–1929
Brijendra Singh 1929–1947
This box:

Pudukkottai Kingdom (c. 1686–1948 CE)

Rulers-

Sivaganga Kingdom (c. 1725–1947 CE)

Rulers– [206]
Zamindar under British rule (1803–1947)

Kingdom of Travancore (c. 1729–1949 CE)

Rulers–

Newalkar dynasty of Jhansi (c. 1769–1858 CE)

List of rulers–

Sikh Empire (c. 1801–1849 CE)

List of rulers-

The British Empire annexed the Punjab in 1845–49 CE; after the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars

Muslim vassal kingdoms of the Maratha/Mughal/British Paramountcy (c. 1707–1856 CE)

Nawabs of BengalNawabs of OudhNawabs of Hyderabad

Dogra dynasty of Jammu and Kashmir (c. 1846–1952 CE)

RulerReignNotes
Gulab Singh Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir.jpg 1846–1856 CEFounder of Dogra dynasty and the first Maharaja of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir, the second largest princely state under the British Raj, which was created after the defeat of the Sikh Empire in the First Anglo-Sikh War. The Treaty of Amritsar (1846) formalised the sale by the British to Gulab Singh for 7,500,000 Nanakshahee Rupees of all the lands in Jammu and Kashmir that were ceded to them by the Sikhs by the Treaty of Lahore.
Ranbir Singh Maharajah Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir.jpg 1856–1885 CEAscended the throne in 1856 after Gulab Singh's abdication due to poor health. He allied with the British during the Sepoy Mutiny. Unlike European women and children, Indian mutineers were not allowed to take refuge in his state. He also sent his troops to help the British to besiege Delhi. He was subsequently rewarded for his behaviour during the mutiny. He went on to annex Gilgit which had previously witnessed a rebellion against the state. He also established a modern judicial system. Civil and criminal laws were compiled into the Ranbir Penal Code during his reign.
Pratap Singh Maharaja Partab Singh (1848 - 1925).jpg 1885–1925 CEReigned for 40 years from 1885 to 1925, the longest of all the Dogra rulers. Out of the four Dogra rulers, Maharaja Pratap Singh's era was a period of enlightenment for his subjects, particularly for Kashmiris. He established local self governing bodies, democratic processes, educational systems, health care and hygiene and infrastructure development during his reign. A beginning was made in local self-government by establishing municipalities at Jammu, Srinagar, Sopore and Baramulla. By 1925, then Kashmir, particularly Srinagar had undergone significant social and cultural transformation.
Hari Singh Maharaja hari singh ji.jpg 1925–1952 CEAscended the throne following the death of his uncle, Maharaja Pratap Singh in 1925. He made primary education compulsory in the state, introduced laws prohibiting child marriage, and opened places of worship to the low castes. He signed the Instrument of Accession of Jammu and Kashmir to the Union of India on 26 October 1947, through which the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir became a part of the Dominion of India. He remained the titular Maharaja of the state until 1952, when the monarchy was abolished by Government of India under Jawaharlal Nehru.
Karan Singh
(Prince Regent)		 Dr-Karan-Singh-sept2009.jpg 1949–1952 CEAppointed as Prince Regent of Jammu and Kashmir in 1949, aged eighteen and served until the monarchy's abolition in 1952. He was appointed 'Sadr-e-Riyasat' ('Head of State') in 1952 and Governor of the State in 1964 CE.

Later Modern India (c. 1850s onwards)

Empire of India (1876–1947 CE)

PortraitNameBirthReignDeathConsort Imperial Durbar Royal House
Queen Victoria 1843.jpg Victoria 24 May 18191 May 1876 – 22 January 190122 January 1901None [lower-alpha 1] 1 January 1877
(represented by Lord Lytton )		 Hanover
King Edward VII by Sir (Samuel) Luke Fildes.jpg Edward VII 9 November 184122 January 1901 – 6 May 19106 May 1910 QueenAlexandra.jpg

Alexandra of Denmark

1 January 1903
(represented by Lord Curzon )		 Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
King George V 1911.jpg George V 3 June 18656 May 1910 – 20 January 193620 January 1936 Queen Mary by William Llewellyn.jpg

Mary of Teck

12 December 1911 Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
(1910–1917)
Windsor
(1917–1936)
His Majesty King Edward VIII in Garter Robes (cropped).jpg Edward VIII 23 June 189420 January 1936 – 11 December 193628 May 1972NoneNone [lower-alpha 2] Windsor
King George VI.jpg George VI 14 December 189511 December 1936 – 15 August 1947 [208] 6 February 1952 Queen Elizabeth Bowes Lyon in Coronation Robes by Sir Gerald Kelly.jpg

Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon

None [lower-alpha 3] Windsor

Dominion of India (1947–1950 CE)

PortraitNameBirthReignDeathConsort Royal House
King George VI.jpg George VI 14 December 189515 August 1947 – 26 January 1950 [208] 6 February 1952 Queen Elizabeth Bowes Lyon in Coronation Robes by Sir Gerald Kelly.jpg

Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon

Windsor

See also

Other lists of monarchs

Notes

    1. ↑ Victoria's husband Prince Albert died on 14 December 1861.
    2. ↑ Edward VIII abdicated after less than one year of reign.
    3. ↑ A durbar was deemed expensive and impractical due to poverty and demands for independence. [209]

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    References

    1. ↑ Cunningham, Alexander (1877). Inscriptions of Asoka.
    2. ↑ Inscriptions of Asoka de D.C. Sircar p.30
    3. ↑ Dutt, Jogesh Chandra (1879). Kings of Káshmíra. Trübner & Co. pp. xix–xxiii.
    4. ↑ Stein, Marc Aurel (1979) [First published 1900]. Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir. Vol. 1. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 133–138. ISBN   9780896841017.
    5. 1 2 3 4 5 Stein 1979, pp. 133–138.
    6. ↑ Stein 1979, pp. 65.
    7. ↑ Neelis, Jason (2010). Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia. BRILL. p. 232. ISBN   978-90-04-18159-5.
    8. ↑ Eggermont, Pierre Herman Leonard (1975). Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia. Peeters Publishers. pp. 175–177. ISBN   978-90-6186-037-2.
    9. ↑ B. Kölver, ed. (1997). Recht, Staat und Verwaltung im klassischen Indien[Law, State and Administration in Classical India] (in German). München: R. Oldenbourg. pp. 27–52.
    10. ↑ Samuel, Geoffrey (2010). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Cambridge University Press.
    11. ↑ Kaalpurush Sahasrarjun. (n.d.). (n.p.): Atmaram & Sons.
    12. ↑ Thapar, Romila (1996). Ancient Indian Social History Some Interpretations, New Delhi: Orient Longman, ISBN   81-250-0808-X, p.282
    13. ↑ Jha, Kamal Kant; Vidyabhushan, Pt. Sri ganeshrai; Thakur, Dhanakar. "A Brief History of Mithila State Bihar Articles". bihar.ws. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2008.
    14. ↑ Encyclopaedia of Hinduism. Nagendra Kumar Singh, p. 3239.
    15. ↑ Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (1972), Political History of Ancient India, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, pp. 106–113, 186–90
    16. ↑ Gaṅgā Rām Garg (1992). Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World. Vol. 1. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN   9788170223740 . Retrieved 28 October 2012.
    17. ↑ "Kalingas". www.ancientvoice.wikidot.com. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
    18. ↑ Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa (March 2008). The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Second Book Sabha Parva. Echo Library. p. 10. ISBN   9781406870442 . Retrieved 28 October 2012.
    19. ↑ Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (2006). Political History Of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing. p. 75. ISBN   9788130702919 . Retrieved 25 October 2012.
    20. ↑ Mohamed, Naseema (2005). "First Settlers". Note on the Early History of the Maldives: 9. doi:10.3406/arch.2005.3970 . Retrieved 21 March 2021.
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    137. ↑ Tucci 1956, p. 66.
    138. ↑ Sen 1999, p. 272.
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    140. ↑ Niyogi 1959, p. 38.
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    144. ↑ Gogoi records that Sukhrangphaa died without leaving a son and the two ministers administered the kingdom without a king for five years ( Gogoi 1968 , p. 273). Gait and others do not record this ( Gait 1906 , p. 358), though Baruah does ( Baruah 1993 , p. 282)
    145. ↑ Sutuphaa was the younger brother of Sukhrangphaa, who was settled in a village called Lahanjing. He was invited by the Burhagohain and Borgohain to become the king and he set up his seat at Chapagurinagar ( Gogoi 1968 , p. 273)
    146. ↑ Sukhramphaa was assassinated by the king of the Chutiya kingdom on a barge ride on Suffry river ( Gogoi 1968 :273).
    147. ↑ Sukhangphaa and his chief queen were deposed and executed by the ministers for their autocratic rule ( Gogoi 1968 :274).
    148. ↑ Sudangphaa Bamuni Konwar was born to the second queen of Tyao Khamti in a Brahmin household of Habung ( Gogoi 1968 :274–275).
    149. ↑ Suhenphaa was speared to death in his palace by a Tai-Turung chief in revenge for being accused of theft ( Gogoi 1968 :282).
    150. ↑ Suhungmung was assassinated by a palace staff in a plot engineered by his son, Suklenmung ( Gogoi 1968 :309).
    151. ↑ Suramphaa was deposed by the ministers when he insisted on burying alive a son of each minister in the tomb of his dead step-son ( Gogoi 1968 :386). He was later murdered on the instructions of his nephew, the son of his brother and succeeding Swargadeo.
    152. ↑ Sutingphaa was a sickly king (Noriaya Raja), who participated in an intrigue by his chief queen to install a prince unpopular with the ministers. He was deposed and later murdered on the instructions of his son and successor king Sutamla ( Gogoi 1968 :391–392).
    153. ↑ Supangmung was grandson of Suleng (Deo Raja), the second son of Suhungmung ( Gogoi 1968 :448).
    154. ↑ The Maju Gohain, the brother of Chakradhwaj Singha, became the king. ( Gogoi 1968 , p. 470)
    155. ↑ Udayaaditya Sinha's palace was stormed by his brother (and successor king) with a thousand-strong contingent of men led by Lasham Debera, and the king was executed the next day. Udayaaditya's religious fanaticism under the influence of a godman had made him unpopular, and the three great gohains implicitly supported this group ( Gogoi 1968 :479–482). This event started a very unstable nine-year period of weak kings, dominated by Debera Borbarua, Atan Burhagohain and Laluk-sola Borphukan in succession. This period ended with the accession of Gadadhar Singha.
    156. ↑ Ramadhwaj Sinha was poisoned on the instructions of Debera Borbarua when he tried to assert his authority ( Gogoi 1968 :484).
    157. ↑ Deyell, John S. Ahom Language Coins of Assam.
    158. ↑ The Samaguria raja was deposed by Debera Borbarua, the de facto ruler, and later executed, along with his queen and her brother ( Gogoi 1968 :486).
    159. ↑ Gobar Rojaa was the son of Saranga, the son of Suten, the son of Suhungmung Dihingiya Roja.
    160. ↑ Gobar Raja was deposed and executed by the Saraighatias (the commanders of Saraighat/Guwahati), led by Atan Burhagohain ( Gogoi 1968 :486–488). Their target was the de facto ruler, Debera Borbarua, who was also executed.
    161. ↑ After Ramdhwaj Singha, Chamaguriya Khamjang Konwar alias Shujinpha ruled only 20 days from 10 April 1674 (e.i. Lakni Kat plao (or 26th year) of 18th Taosinga Circle) and on 30 April he was killed. There after Tungkhongiya Gobar Raja rose only 12 ruled. Both were killed by the powerful minister Debera Baruah. After Gobar Raja two more princes rose only for another 12 days who are not recorded in chronicles. The title of Suhung is suitable for Dihingia Arjun Konwar, who minted coins and ruled more than six months and the minted year 1675 is his rising year (e.i. Lakni khut ni (or 27th year) of 18th Taosinga Circle) -- (Phukan, J.N. (1987). Reattribution of the Coins of Suhung)
    162. ↑ Dihingia Arjun Konwar tried to assert control by moving against the de facto ruler, Atan Burhagohain, but was routed in a skirmish. Sujinphaa was blinded and held captive when he committed suicide by striking his head against a stone ( Gogoi 1968 :489).
    163. ↑ Sudoiphaa was the grandson of Suhungmung's third son, Suteng ( Gogoi 1968 :490).
    164. ↑ Sudoiphaa was deposed by Laluk-sola Borphukan, who styled himself as the Burhaphukan, and later executed. Atan Burhagohain, the powerful minister, had been executed earlier ( Gogoi 1968 :492–493).
    165. ↑ Sulikphaa Lora Roja was deposed and then executed by Gadadhar Singha ( Gogoi 1968 :496–497).
    166. ↑ Kamaleswar Singha was installed as the king by Purnananda Burhagohain when he was still an infant. He was the son of Kadam Dighala, the son of Ayusut, the son of Lechai, the second son of Gadadhar Singha. Kadam Dighala, who could not become the king because of physical blemishes, was an important influence during the reign ( Baruah 1993 :148–150).
    167. 1 2 Chandrakanta Singha was deposed by Ruchinath Burhagohain, mutilated and confined as a prisoner near Jorhat ( Baruah 1993 :221). The Burhagohain choose Brajanath, a descendant of Suremphaa Pramatta Singha, as the king and coins were struck in the new king's name, but it was discovered that he had mutilations on his person and his son, Purandar Singha, was instated instead ( Gait 1906 :223).
    168. ↑ Purandar Singha's forces under Jaganath Dhekial Phukan defeated the forces led by the Burmese general Kee-Woomingee (Kiamingi or Alumingi Borgohain) on 15 February 1819, but due to a strategic mistake Jorhat fell into Burmese hands. Kiamingi brought back Chandrakanta Singha and installed him the king ( Baruah 1993 :221–222).
    169. ↑ Chandrakanta Singha fled to Guwahati when the army of Bagyidaw king of Burma, led by Mingimaha Tilwa, approached Jorhat ( Baruah 1993 :223).
    170. ↑ Jogeshwar Singha was the brother of Hemo Aideu, one of the queens of Bagyidaw. He was installed as the king by Mingimaha Tilwa ( Baruah 1993 :223).
    171. ↑ Jogeshwar Singha was removed from all pretense of power and Mingimaha Tilwa was declared the "Raja of Assam" toward the end of June 1822 ( Baruah 1993 :225).
    172. ↑ Purandar Singha was set up by the East India Company as the tributary Raja of Upper Assam ( Baruah 1993 :244).
    173. ↑ "genealogy of the royal house of jaffna". Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
    174. ↑ Suresh K. Sharma, Documents on North-East India: Tripura, pp. 93-95
    175. ↑ The list presented for the Gingee line follows Srinivasachari, which takes chronicles mentioned in copper plate grants into account and notes governorship of Gingee began in Saka era 1386 / CE 1464.
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    194. ↑ Sant Lal Katare (1975). "Two Gangolatal, Gwalior, Inscriptions of the Tomara Kings of Gwalior". Journal of the Oriental Institute. XXIII. Oriental Institute, Maharajah Sayajirao University: 346.
    195. ↑ "Princess Daisy of Pless: The Happy Years. An exhibition at Castle Pless". www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk.
    196. ↑ Bhattacharjee, J B (1994). "Pre-colonial Political Structure of Barak Valley". In Sangma, Milton S (ed.). Essays on North-east India: Presented in Memory of Professor V. Venkata Rao. Indus Publishing Company. p. 71. ISBN   978-81-7387-015-6. The Khaspur state originated with Chilarai's invasion in 1562 AD and remained in existence till 1745 when it merged with the Dimasa state of Maibong.
    197. ↑ "The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Volume 94" (PDF). GandhiServe.
    198. ↑ India), Asiatic Society (Kolkata (1901). Journal.
    199. ↑ Cultural Heritage of [Orissa]: pts. 1-2. Katak. State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad. 2002. ISBN   978-81-902761-5-3.
    200. ↑ Cultural Heritage of [Orissa]: Dhenkanal. State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad. 2002. ISBN   978-81-902761-5-3.
    201. ↑ Bhaskar Mishra (July 2011), The Traditional Role of Gajapati Maharaja in Shri Jagannath Temple (PDF), Orissa Review
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    203. ↑ Anwar, Kombai S. (26 April 2018). "Thanjavur emerged as a thriving cultural capital under the Marathas". The Hindu. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 16 April 2021.
    204. ↑ Subramanian, Pg 61
    205. ↑ Prabhakar Gadre (1994). Bhosle of Nagpur and East India Company. Jaipur, India: Publication Scheme. p. 257. ISBN   978-81-85263-65-6. Cogent arguments were advanced against the lapse of Nagpur State. But ... the view of the Governor-General, Lord Dalhousie, pravailed and the Nagpur kingdom was annexed on 13th March, 1854.
    206. ↑ K. R. Venkatarama Ayyar, Sri Brihadamba State Press, 1938, A Manual of the Pudukkóttai State, p.720
    207. ↑ Guida M. Jackson; Guida Myrl Jackson-Laufer (1999). Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide. ABC-CLIO. p. 227. ISBN   9781576070918.
    208. 1 2 George VI retained the title "Emperor of India" until 22 June 1948.
    209. ↑ Vickers, Hugo (2006), Elizabeth: The Queen Mother, Arrow Books/Random House, p. 175, ISBN   978-0-09-947662-7

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