Musunuri Nayakas

Last updated

Musunuri dynasty
c.1335–1368
CapitalWarangal
GovernmentMonarchy
History 
 Established
c.1335
 Disestablished
1368
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Blank.png Kakatiya dynasty
Blank.png Delhi Sultanate
Recherla Nayaks Blank.png
Bahmani Sultanate Blank.png

The Musunuri Nayakas were a ruling family of 14th-century South India who were briefly significant in the region of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka is said to have taken a leadership role among the Andhra chieftains and driven out the Delhi Sultanate from Warangal. But his rise was soon challenged by the Bahmani Sultanate and he was defeated along with the Vijayanagar in the Bahmani–Vijayanagar War. The Recherla Nayakas wrested power from him in 1368. [1]

Contents

Origins

Little is known of the Musunuri family; they are often described as "obscure". [2] [3] The founding ruler of the family, Musunuri Prolaya Nayaka, suddenly appears as a new ruler at Rekapalle, near Bhadrachalam, around 1330. [4] Prolaya Nayaka was son of Musunuri Pochaya Nayaka.[ citation needed ]

Some Andhra historians state that Musunuri Nayakas belonged to the Kamma caste group. [5] [6] However, according to Cynthia Talbot, the modern castes of Andhra region did not originate until the late stages of the Vijayanagara Empire. [7] Musunuri Nayakas were ardent saivities and Kapaya Nayaka acclaimed that he was chosen by none other than the Lord Visweswara of Kashi (i.e. Lord Siva) to protect the Dharma. [8]

Opposition to the Delhi Sultanate's invasion

After the fall of the Kakatiyas, their empire was annexed by the Delhi Sultanate. Ulugh Khan (also known as Muhammad bin Tughluq), the general that conquered Warangal, renamed it "Sultanpur" and remained as the governor of the region for a short period. In 1324, he was recalled to Delhi to succeed the Khaljis as Muhammad bin Tughluq. A former Kakatiya commander, Nagaya Ganna Vibhudu, now renamed Malik Maqbul, was appointed as the governor of the region. [9] However, the Tughluq hold over the erstwhile Kakatiya empire was tenuous and a number of local chieftains seized effective power. [10]

Vilasa grant

Vilasa grant was the only inscription made by Prolaya Nayaka that got discovered. This grant gave new insight into the history of Andhra and Telangana, and the happenings aftermath of the death of Prataparudra. This Vilasa grant was originally discovered in the 19th century but it took nearly a century to be deciphered by the eminent Indian historian, Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma. As published in Volume 32 of the Epigrahica Indica, the original discovery happened at Kandarada, a village near the ancient town Pithapuram, Andhra Pradesh, by Hundi Venkata Rao Pantulu and his Vaishya partner. These discovered 14 copper plates were equally distributed and the share of 7 plates held by Venkata Rao Pantulu got preserved and now they are currently located in the Government museum at Chennai. [11] These 7 copper plates are deciphered by Somasekhara Sarma and they reveal about a land grant to Brahmins in Konaseema region nearby a village named Vilasa (Telugu: విలస), currently in Ainavilli Mandal of Konaseema district, Andhra Pradesh.

Prolaya Nayaka

Musunuri Nayakas
Invisible Square.svg
Invisible Square.svg
Mapscaleline.svg
100km
62miles
AS-rzeka-icon.svg
Krishna R.
Invisible Square.svg
AS-rzeka-icon.svg
Godavari R.
Invisible Square.svg
Blue pog.svg
Addanki
Invisible Square.svg
Blue pog.svg
Kondavidu
Invisible Square.svg
Blue pog.svg
Rajahmundry
Invisible Square.svg
Red pog.svg
Pithapuram
Invisible Square.svg
Red pog.svg
Bhadrachalam
Invisible Square.svg
Red pog.svg
Warangal
Invisible Square.svg
Red pog.svg
Musunuru
Red pog.svg
Rekapalle
Musunuri Nayakas locations

According to the Vilasa grant, [11] Prolaya Nayaka ruled from Rekapalle. Located at the edge of the Papikondalu hills (part of the Eastern Ghats), Rekapalle could control the narrow Sabari river valley lying between the Bhadrachalam forest and the Papikondalu forest. Konda Reddis, who populate the hill forests would have facilitated Prolaya Nayaka's rebellion against the Sultanate. [4] [12] Rekapalle is also a strategic location to control or obstruct communications on the Godavari river passing through the hills.

Prolaya Vema Reddi of the Panta Reddi clan, who seems to have established his own independent rule in Addanki by 1325, is believed to have taken control of the region between the Krishna and Godavari rivers, perhaps up to Rajahmundry. [13] [14] Historian M. Rama Rao states that Prolayavema Reddi and Prolaya Nayaka must have made a 'joint effort' to drive the Muslim rule out from the area. [14]

In 1330, Prolaya Nayaka published the Vilasa grant, a copper-plate grant near Pithapuram, in which he bemoaned the devastation of the Telugu country brought about by northern Muslim armies and attempted to legitimise himself as the rightful restorer of order. [15] Prolaya Nayaka left no children and was succeeded by a cousin, Kapaya Nayaka, who governed until 1368 and attempted to further expand his rule.

Kapaya Nayaka

Rebellion

Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka Kaapaneedu.jpg
Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka

Kapaya Nayaka (r. 1333–1368) led a larger rebellion against the Tughluq rule, driving it out of Warangal in 1336. According to the Kaluvacheru grant of Anithalli, a female member of the Panta Reddi clan in 1423, Kapaya Nayaka was assisted by 75 Nayakas. The grant also states that Prolaya Vema Reddi was one among these 75 Nayakas. [16] [lower-alpha 1]

Muhammad bin Tughluq, who became the Sultan of Delhi in 1324, witnessed numerous rebellions starting in 1330, first in the immediate vicinity in the Ganga-Yamuna doab, which caused a famine in Delhi, and rebellions within ranks in Ma'bar (Madurai) and Bengal. It is possible that Kapaya Nayaka advanced in the direction of Warangal in this period, acquiring some of its territory. Consequently, Telangana was also counted among the rebellious territories. [19] In 1334–35, the Sultan marched on Deccan in an attempt to quell the rebellions, but his army was struck by some kind of epidemic and the Sultan himself fell gravely ill. He was forced to retreat to Delhi via Daulatabad. It is said that about a third of his army perished due to the epidemic. [20]

Ferishta narrates that, around this time, Kapaya Nayaka approached the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala III for assistance in evicting the Sultanate from Warangal. After consideration, assistance was offered.

Bilal Dew [Ballala], convened a meeting of his kinsmen and resolved, first, to secure the forts of his own country. and then to remove his seat of government among the mountains. Krishn Naig [Kapaya Nayak] promised, on his part also, that when their plans were ripe for execution, to raise all the Hindoos of Wurungole and Telingana and put himself at their head.... He (Bilal Dew) then raised an army and put part of it under the command of Krishn Naig, who reduced Wurungole and compelled Imad-ool-Moolk, the governor, to retreat to Dowlatabad [Daulatabad].

Ferishta, Tarikh-i-farishti (c.1600) [21]

Historian R. C. Majumdar characterises it as a 'national revolt' backed up by a regular army. Governor Malik Maqbul found himself unable to withstand the rebellion and fled to Delhi. [22] [23] Ferishta states that Kapaya Nayaka and Ballala III then jointly marched on the newly declared Madurai Sultanate and divested it of its outlying territories, in particular Tondaimandalam. [21] [22]

Rule

Kapaya Nayaka took control of Warangal from Malik Maqbul in 1336 and thus also of a wider swathe of eastern Telangana that was governed from there. He also tried to support other rebels in the surrounding areas, although in the case of aid given to Alauddin Bahman Shah, the outcome was that his fellow rebel turned on him. Several military engagements with Bahman Shah followed over a period of years, during which Kapaya Nayaka had to cede various forts and territories, including Golconda (near modern Hyderabad). His weakened position was exploited by the Reddis of Kondavidu and the Recherla Nayakas, the latter of whom killed him in battle at Bhimavaram near Warangal in 1368. [1] [24] [25] [lower-alpha 2]

Despite his supposed opposition to the Dehlavi Sultans, Kapaya Nayaka continued using the Kush Mahal built by the Sultans in Warangal and adopted the Persianised title "Sultan of the Andhra country" (Āndhra Suratrāṇa). In 1361, he gifted to the Bahmani Sultan Mohammed Shah I the Turquoise throne of Warangal, made during the Delhi rule, as part of a treaty agreement. [26]

After the death of Kapaya Nayaka, his allied Nayakas are said to have returned to their own towns, and the period of the Musunuri family ended. The Recherla Nayakas became the dominant power in the Telangana that lasted till 1435. [27]

See also

Notes

  1. The Kaluvacheru grant states that Prolaya Vema Reddi became independent after the death of Kapaya Nayaka in 1368. However, it is known that Vema Reddi was already independent by 1325. M. Somasekhara Sarma recognises the mistake in the record, but nevertheless believes that Vema Reddi acted as a subordinate of the Musunuri Nayakas, while M. Rama Rao states that they bore no relation to each other. [17] [18]
  2. Bhimavaram is now known as "Bhimaram". It is a suburb of Warangal at 18°01′57″N79°32′23″E / 18.0324°N 79.5396°E .

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Godavari district</span> District of Andhra Pradesh in India

East Godavari is a district in the Coastal Andhra region of Andhra Pradesh, India. Its district headquarters is at Rajamahendravaram.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kakatiya dynasty</span> 12th–14th century Indian dynasty

The Kakatiya dynasty was an Indian dynasty that ruled most of eastern Deccan region in present-day India between 12th and 14th centuries. Their territory comprised much of the present day Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, and parts of eastern Karnataka, northern Tamil Nadu, and southern Odisha. Their capital was Orugallu, now known as Warangal.The Kakatiya rulers traced their ancestry to a legendary chief or ruler named Durjaya, a descendant of Karikala Chola.

Reddy is a caste that originated in India, predominantly settled in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. They are classified as a forward caste.

The Reddi kingdom or Kondavidu Reddi kingdom was established in southern India by Prolaya Vema Reddi. Most of the region that was ruled by the Reddi dynasty is now part of modern-day coastal and central Andhra Pradesh. They helped the Bahmani Sultanate and defeated the Vijayanagar empire in the War of the Goldsmith's Daughter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rudrama Devi</span> Queen-Regnant of the Kakatiya Kingdom from 1262 to 1289

Rudrama Devi, also known by her regnal name Rudra-deva Maharaja, was a Lodhi Rajput Queen who ruled substantial parts of present-day Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in southern India. She was among the few and the most successful Thakur female rulers of Indian history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panagal, Nalgonda district</span> Town in Telangana, India

Panagal, also referred to as Panagallu or Panugallu, is a historic town located 4 km northeast from Nalgonda city in Telangana, India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Andhra Pradesh</span>

The recorded history of Andhra Pradesh, one of the 28 states of 21st-century India, begins in the Vedic period. It is mentioned in Sanskrit epics such as the Aitareya Brahmana. Its sixth-century BCE incarnation Assaka lay between the Godavari and Krishna Rivers, one of sixteen mahajanapadas. The Satavahanas succeeded them, built Amaravati, and reached a zenith under Gautamiputra Satakarni.

Malik Maqbul, also referred to as Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul Tilangani and Jahan Khan) was an Indian commander in the Kakatiya Empire who was converted to Islam and rose to become the Wazir of the Delhi Sultanate under Firuz Shah Tughlaq. He was appointed as the governor of Hyderabad in service of the Delhi Sultanate and he ruled and governed all the lands of present day Telangana on behalf of the Delhi Sultanate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kondaveedu Fort</span> Ancient hill fortress in Kondaveedu, Andhra Pradesh, India

Kondaveedu Fort is a historically significant ancient hill fortress located in Kondaveedu, a village in the Chilakaluripet constituency of Palnadu district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The site is located 16 miles west of the city of Guntur. Apart from this main fort, there are two other forts nearby. Efforts are in progress to classify Kondaveedu Fort as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Shitab Khan, also spelled Chitapu Khan, was born Sitapathi Raju in the Telangana, India. He joined as a foot soldier in the army of Humayun Shah, the Bahmani Sultan, and rose up the ranks to acquire senior captaincy, his own jagir and the title 'Shitab Khan'. He always used the title in his inscriptions but never actually converted to Islam.

Pratāparudra, also known as Rudradeva II, was the last monarch of the Kakatiya dynasty of India. He ruled the eastern part of Deccan, with his capital at Warangal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Warangal Fort</span> Building in Telangana, India

Warangal Fort is located in Warangal District, Telangana, India. It was the capital city of Kakatiya dynasty and the Musunuri Nayakas. It appears to have existed since at least the 12th century when it was the capital of the Kakatiyas. The fort has four ornamental gates, known as Kakatiya Kala Thoranam, that originally formed the entrances to a now ruined great Shiva temple. The Kakatiyan arch has been adopted and officially incorporated into the emblem of Telangana after the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh. The fort is included in the "tentative list" of UNESCO World Heritage Site and was submitted by the Permanent Delegation of India to UNESCO on 10/09/2010.

Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma was an Indian historian, who worked at the Andhra University. He was born at Miniminchilipadu Agraharam, a village in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh to Bharayya and Nagamma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Telangana</span>

The history of Telangana, located on the high Deccan Plateau, includes its being ruled by the Satavahana Dynasty, the Kakatiya Dynasty (1083–1323), the Musunuri Nayaks (1326–1356), the Delhi Sultanate, the Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1512), Golconda Sultanate (1512–1687) and Asaf Jahi dynasty (1724–1950).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Recherla Nayakas</span> 14th-century Andhra dynasty in the Telangana region, India

Recherla Nayakas were an Andhra dynasty that wrested power from the Musunuri Nayakas and became the dominant power in the Telangana region during the late 14th century and early 15th century. They were based at Rachakonda, southeast of Golconda, the border with the Bahmani sultanate during this period, and built a second base at Devarakonda.

Kaulas Fort is a historic fort in western Telangana in India. It was constructed by Rashtrakutas in the 9th century CE. It later came under the rule of Chalukyas of Badami, the Kakatiyas, Musunuri Nayaks, Bahmani Sultanate, Qutub Shahis, Mughals, Marathas and, finally, the Asaf Jahi rulers of the Hyderabad State. It is in the Kamareddy district, near the trijunction of Telangana, Karnataka and Maharashtra states. It has historically served as a strategic outpost contested by many kingdoms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erakeswara Temple, Pillalamarri</span> Hindu temple in India

Erakeswara Temple is a Saivite Hindu temple located in the western side of Pillalamarri village, Suryapet district of Telangana, India. The temple was built on the banks of the Musi river in c. 1208 CE by Erakasani, the wife of Bēti Reddi of the Recherla family who were the feudatories of Kakatiyas. Erakeswara Temple is one among the four prominent and intricately carved stone and granite temples located in Pillalamarri village—the other three are about 250 metres east of the Erakeswara temple. These include the double temples next to each other: Nameswara Temple and Trikuteswara Temple ; and the third being the Chennakesava Temple (Vishnu) in ruins that is a few hundred feet southwest of the double temples. They are all from 12th to early 13th century period.

Rajahmundry Circar or Rajahmundry Sarkar was one of the five Northern Circars in the Golconda Sultanate, Deccan subah of Mughal empire and later in the Nizam's dominion of Hyderabad. The Northern Circars were the most prominent ones in the Deccan subah. Eastern Ghats near Pentakota village were considered the northern limit of the Rajahmundry Circar while the southern limit was demarcated by the Godavari river.

The Turquoise Throne or Takht-i-Firoza was a famous jewel-studded royal throne of the Bahmani Sultans of Deccan in India. It was a gift by Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka, then king of Warangal, during the Bahmani-Vijayanagar War, where the Bahmanis defeated the latter. Over some time, this throne became one of the most important icons of the Bahmani royalty and heritage.

References

  1. 1 2 Talbot (2001), pp. 177–182.
  2. Talbot (2001), p. 177.
  3. Eaton (2005), pp. 26–28.
  4. 1 2 Rama Rao (1947), pp. 295–296.
  5. Rao, B. S. L. Hanumantha; India), Telugu University (Hyderabad (1995). Socio-cultural history of ancient and medieval Andhra. Telugu University. p. 157. ISBN   9788186073087. The Nayakas of Musunuru who are said to have been Kammas . . .
  6. Pramila, Kasturi (1 January 2002). Economic and social conditions of Āndhra Deśa, A.D. 1000 to 1323 A.D. Bharatiay Kala Prakashan. p. 162. ISBN   9788186050927. Prolayanayaka of the Musunuri family who is considered to belong to the Kamma caste established an independent kingdom at Rekapalli.
  7. Talbot (2001), p. 86.
  8. Venkata Ramanayya, N. (1942). The Early Muslim expansion in South India)(Hyderabad. University of Madras. p. 188.
  9. Wagoner & Rice (2001), p. 78.
  10. Eaton (2005), pp. 26–27.
  11. 1 2 Epigraphia Indica. Vol. XXXII (1957-58). Archeological Survey of India. 1987. p. 239.
  12. Hemingway (1915), pp. 4, 66–67.
  13. Somasekhara Sarma (1946), pp. 76–77.
  14. 1 2 Rama Rao (1947), pp. 296–297.
  15. Talbot (2001) , p. 178; Eaton (2005) , pp. 26–27; Chattopadhyaya (1998) , pp. 57–59
  16. Prasad (1988), p. 173.
  17. Somasekhara Sarma (1946), p. 81: "How this discrepancy arose and why such a wrong account was given in the Kaluvaceru grant is a mystery which is yet to be unravelled."
  18. Rama Rao (1947), p. 295: "It is thus impossible that Prolaya Vema could at any time have been a subordinate of the Musunuri chiefs."
  19. Jackson, The Delhi Sultanate (2003), p. 267.
  20. Jackson, The Delhi Sultanate (2003), p. 268–269.
  21. 1 2 Somasekhara Sarma, M. (April 1931), "Kapaya Nayaka", Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society, 5 (4): 227–228
  22. 1 2 Majumdar, The Delhi Sultanate—Muhammad Bin Tughluq (1967), p. 76.
  23. Jackson, The Delhi Sultanate (2003), p. 268.
  24. Somasekhara Sarma (1946), p. 22.
  25. Prasad (1988), pp. 168–172.
  26. Eaton (2005), p. 50.
  27. Talbot (2001), pp. 177, 178.

Bibliography

Further reading