List of rulers of Bengal

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This is a list of rulers of Bengal. For much of its history, Bengal was split up into several independent kingdoms, completely unifying only several times. In ancient times, Bengal consisted of the kingdoms of Pundra, Suhma, Vanga, Samatata and Harikela.

Contents

In the 4th century BCE, during the reign of the Nanda Empire, the powerful rulers of Gangaridai sent their forces with the war elephants which led the withdrawal of Alexander the Great from the Indian subcontinent. [1]

With the rise of Gopala in 750 AD, Bengal was united once more under the Buddhist and Shaivite Pala Empire. The Pala period is considered as one of golden eras of Bengali history as it brought stability and prosperity to Bengal after centuries of Civil War, created outstanding works of art and architecture, proto-Bengali language develop under them including its first literary work, the Charyapada and so on. Until the 12th century than being succeeded by the Buddhist and Hindu Chandra dynasty, Sena dynasty and Deva dynasty. The rule of deva dynasty was a period of peace, prosperity and creative excellence and may be designed as "golden age" After them, Bengal was ruled by the Hindu Maharajas of kingdoms such as Chandradwip and Cooch Behar.[ citation needed ]

In the early 13th century, Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji conquered Western and part of Northern Bengal, [2] and established the first Muslim kingdom in Bengal. [3] The Islamic Mamluk Sultanate, the Khalji dynasty, the Turko-Indian Tughlaq dynasty, the Sayyid dynasty and the Lodi dynasty ruled Bengal for over 320 years. [4] Notable was Malik Altunia's reign with his wife Razia Sultana, the only female sovereign ruler.[ citation needed ]

Following Delhi Sultanate's reign, the Bengal Sultanate, a major trading nation in the world, [5] was founded by Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah, and ruled by the Ilyas Shahi dynasty, succeeded by the Hussain Shahi dynasty founded by Alauddin Husain Shah, which saw the extension of the sultanate to the port of Chittagong, witnessing the arrival of the earliest Portuguese merchants.[ citation needed ]

Ancient Bengal

Ancient geopolitical divisions

Ancient Political Divisions Ancient Political Divisions.jpg
Ancient Political Divisions
Ancient regionModern region
Pundravardhana Rajshahi Division and Rangpur Division in Bangladesh; Malda division of West Bengal in India
Vanga Khulna Division and Barisal Division in Bangladesh; West of the Padma river.
Tirabhukti Mithila area of India and Nepal
Gauda Modern Malda and Murshidabad districts of West Bengal, India
Suhma Burdwan division, Medinipur division and Presidency division of West Bengal in India
Rarh Corresponds to the modern Bardhaman, Bankura, Hooghly and Nadia districts of West Bengal in India
Samatata Dhaka Division, Barisal Division and Chittagong Division in Bangladesh
Harikela Sylhet Division, Chittagong Division, Dhaka Division and Barisal Division in Bangladesh

The founders of Angas, Vangas, Kalingas, Pundras, Odras and Suhmas shared a common ancestry. They were all adopted sons of a king named Bali, born by a sage named Gautama Dirghatamas, who lived in Magadha close to the city of Girivraja. [6]

Bengal from c. 1100 to c. 600 BCE
Bengal and kingdoms in Late Vedic Period c. 1100-600 BCE Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png
Bengal and kingdoms in Late Vedic Period c. 1100–600 BCE
Bengal from c. 600 to c. 350 BCE
Bengal and kingdoms in Mahajanapada Period c. 600-350 BCE Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
Bengal and kingdoms in Mahajanapada Period c. 600–350 BCE
Bengal in c. 350 BCE
Firstly entire Bengal conquered by Mahapadma Nanda in 350 BCE Nanda Empire, c.325 BCE.png
Firstly entire Bengal conquered by Mahapadma Nanda in 350 BCE

Anga kingdom (c. 1100 – 530 BCE)

The earliest mention occurs in the Atharvaveda (V.22.14) where they are listed alongside the Magadhas, Gandharis and the Mujavatas. [7] Anga was annexed by Magadha in the time of Bimbisara. This was the one and only conquest of Bimbisara. [8]

Known Anga rulers are-

Vanga kingdom (c. 1100 – 340 BCE)

Vanga was an ancient kingdom and geopolitical division on the Ganges delta. It was located in southern Bengal, with the core region including present-day southwestern Bangladesh and southern West Bengal (India). [9]

Known Vanga rulers are:

Pundra kingdom (c. 1100 – 340 BCE)

Pundravardhana or Pundra Kingdom, was an ancient kingdom, that included parts of present-day Rajshahi and Rangpur Divisions of Bangladesh as well as the West Dinajpur district of West Bengal in India. [10] [11]

Known Pundra rulers are:

Suhma kingdom (c. 1100 – 340 BCE)

Suhma Kingdom was an ancient state during the Vedic period on the eastern part of the Bengal.This kingdom was mentioned in the epic Mahabharata along with its neighbouring kingdom Prasuhma. [12]

Videha dynasty of Mithila (Tirabhukti) (c. 1100 – 700 BCE)

Tirabhukti or Mithila region is bounded by the Mahananda River in the east, the Ganges in the south, the Gandaki River in the west and by the foothills of the Himalayas in the north. [13]

Mithila region firstly ruled by Videha dynasty. There were 52 Janaka (kings) ruled Videha dynasty of Mithila- [14]

  1. Mithi - (founder of Mithila and the first Janaka) [15]
  2. Udavasu
  3. Nandivardhana
  4. Suketu
  5. Devarata
  6. Brihadvrata
  7. Mahavira
  8. Sudhriti
  9. Dristaketu
  10. Haryasva
  11. Maru
  12. Pratindhaka
  13. Kritiratha
  14. Devamidha
  15. Vibhuta
  16. Mahidhrata
  17. Kirtirata
  18. Mahorama
  19. Swarnorama
  20. Hrisvaroma
  21. Seeradhwaja
  22. Bhaanumaan
  23. Shatadyumn
  24. Shuchi
  25. Oorjnaamaa
  26. Kriti
  27. Anjan
  28. Kurujit
  29. Arishtnemi
  30. Shrutaayu
  31. Supaarshwa
  32. Srinjaya
  33. Kshemaavee
  34. Anenaa
  35. Bhaumarath
  36. Satyarath
  37. Upagu
  38. Upagupt
  39. Swaagat
  40. Swaanand
  41. Suvarchaa
  42. Supaarshwa
  43. Subhaash
  44. Sushrut
  45. Jaya
  46. Vijaya
  47. Rit
  48. Sunaya
  49. Veetahavya
  50. Dhriti
  51. Bahulaashwa
  52. Kriti - (last King of Videha or Janaka dynasty, Kirti Janak was atrocious ruler who lost control over his subjects. He was dethroned by public under leadership of Acharyas (Learned Men).

During this period of fall of Videha dynasty, the famous republic of Licchavi was rising in Vaishali and Mithila region came under control of Licchavi clan of Vajji confederacy in around eighth century BCE. [16]

Gangaridai kingdom (c. 350 – 100 BCE)

Gangaridae is a term used by the ancient Greco-Roman writers to describe a people or a geographical region of the ancient Indian subcontinent. Some of these writers state that Alexander the Great withdrew from the Indian subcontinent because of the strong war elephant force of the Gangaridai. However, the geographical region was annexed and governed by the Nanda Empire at the time.

A number of modern scholars locate Gangaridai in the Ganges Delta of the Bengal region, although alternative theories also exist. Gange or Ganges, the capital of the Gangaridai (according to Ptolemy), has been identified with several sites in the region, including Chandraketugarh and Wari-Bateshwar. [17]

Magadha dynasties of Bengal

Expansion of Magadha dynesties and Empires Magadha Expansion 1.gif
Expansion of Magadha dynesties and Empires

Brihadratha dynasty (c. 1700 – 682 BCE)

Rulers-
List of Brihadratha dynasty rulers
RulerReign (BCE)
Brihadratha - BCE
Jarasandha - BCE
Sahadeva of Magadha - BCE
Somadhi1661–1603 BCE
Srutasravas1603–1539 BCE
Ayutayus1539–1503 BCE
Niramitra 1503–1463 BCE
Sukshatra1463–1405 BCE
Brihatkarman1405–1382 BCE
Senajit1382–1332 BCE
Srutanjaya1332–1292 BCE
Vipra1292–1257 BCE
Suchi1257–1199 BCE
Kshemya1199–1171 BCE
Subrata1171–1107 BCE
Dharma1107–1043 BCE
Susuma1043–970 BCE
Dridhasena970–912 BCE
Sumati912–879 BCE
Subala 879–857 BCE
Sunita857–817 BCE
Satyajit817–767 BCE
Viswajit767–732 BCE
Ripunjaya 732–682 BCE

( Ripunjaya was the last ruler of dynasty, dethorned by Pradyota in 682 BCE)

Pradyota dynasty (c. 682 – 544 BCE)

Rulers-
List of Pradyota dynasty Rulers
RulerReign (BCE)Period
Pradyota Mahasena 682–659 BCE23
Palaka659–635 BCE24
Visakhayupa635–585 BCE50
Ajaka585–564 BCE21
Varttivarddhana564–544 BCE20

(Varttivarddhana was last ruler of dynasty dethroned by Bimbisara in 544 BCE)

Haryanka dynasty (c. 544 – 413 BCE)

Rulers-
List of Haryanka dynasty rulers
RulerReign (BCE)
Bimbisara 544–491 BCE
Ajatashatru 491–461 BCE
Udayin 461–428 BCE
Anirudha428–419 BCE
Munda419–417 BCE
Darshaka417–415 BCE
Nāgadāsaka 415–413 BCE

( Nāgadāsaka was last ruler of dynasty overthrowed by Shishunaga in 413 BCE)

Shishunaga dynasty (c. 413 – 345 BCE)

Rulers-
List of Shishunga dynasty rulers
RulerReign (BCE)
Shishunaga 413–395 BCE
Kalashoka 395–377 BCE
Kshemadharman377–365 BCE
Kshatraujas365–355 BCE
Nandivardhana 355–349 BCE
Mahanandin 349–345 BCE

(Mahanandin lost his empire by his illegitimate son Mahapadma Nanda in 345 BCE)

Nanda Empire (c. 345 – 322 BCE)

Rulers-
List of Nanda dynasty rulers
RulerReign (BCE)
Mahapadma Nanda 345–340 BCE
Pandukananda340–339 BCE
Pandugatinanda339–338 BCE
Bhutapalananda338–337 BCE
Rashtrapalananada337–336 BCE
Govishanakananda336–335 BCE
Dashasiddhakananda335–334 BCE
Kaivartananda334–329 BCE
Dhana Nanda 329–321 BCE

(Dhana Nanda lost his empire to Chandragupta Maurya after being defeated by him in 322 BCE)

Maurya Empire (c. 322 – 184 BCE)

Rulers-
RulerReignNotes
Chandragupta Maurya 322–297 BCEFounder of first Indian united empire.
Bindusara Amitraghata I42 1karshapana Maurya Bindusara MACW4165 1ar (8486583162).jpg 297–273 BCEKnown for his foreign diplomacy and crushed of Vidarbh revolt.
Ashoka Ashoka's visit to the Ramagrama stupa Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern gateway.jpg 268–232 BCEGreatest emperor of dynasty. His son Kunala was blinded and died before his father. Ashoka was succeeded by his grandson. Also known for Kalinga war victory.
Dasharatha Maurya Dasaratha Maurya inscription on entrance of Vadathika cave.jpg 232–224 BCEGrandson of Ashoka.
Samprati 224–215 BCEBrother of Dasharatha.
Shalishuka Mauryan Empire. temp. Salisuka or later. Circa 207-194 BC.jpg 215–202 BCE
Devavarman 202–195 BCE
Shatadhanvan 195–187 BCEMauryan Empire had shrunk by the time of his reign
Brihadratha 187–184 BCEAssassinated by his Commander-in-chief Pushyamitra Shunga in 185 BCE.

(Brihadratha was the last ruler of dynasty, dethroned by Pushyamitra Shunga in 185 BCE)

Shunga Empire (c. 185 – 73 BCE)

Rulers-
List of Shunga dynasty rulers
RulerReign (BCE)
Pushyamitra Shunga 185–149 BCE
Agnimitra 149–141 BCE
Vasujyeshtha 141–131 BCE
Vasumitra 131–124 BCE
Bhadraka124–122 BCE
Pulindaka122–119 BCE
Ghosha119–108 BCE
Vajramitra108–94 BCE
Bhagabhadra 94–83 BCE
Devabhuti 83–73 BCE

(Devabhuti was the last ruler of dynasty dethroned by, dethroned Vasudeva Kanva in 73 BCE)

Kanva dynasty (c. 73 – 28 BCE)

Rulers-
List of Kanava dynasty rulers
RulerReignPeriod
Vasudeva Kanva 73–64 BCE9
Bhumimitra64–50 BCE14
Narayana50–38 BCE12
Susarman38–28 BCE10

(Susarman was the last ruler of dynasty, dethroned by Simuka of Satavahana Empire)

Classical Era

Chandra dynasty (c. 202 – 1050 CE)

The Chandra Kingdom was a Kayastha kingdom, which ruled the Samatata region of Bengal, as well as northern Arakan. Later it was a neighbor to the Pala Empire to the north. Rulers of Chandra kingdom were followers of Hinduism. [18] [19]

Rulers-
List of Chandra dynasty Rulers
#KingPeriodReign (CE)
1Chandrodaya27202–229
2Annaveta5229–234
3Chandranveta77234–311
4Rimbhiappa23311–334
5 Kuverami (Queen)7334–341
6Umavira20341–361
7Jugna7361–368
8Lanki2368–370
9Dvenchandra55370–425
10Rajachandra20425–445
11Kalachandra9445–454
12Devachandra22454–476
13Yajnachandra7476–483
14Chandrabandu6483–489
15Bhumichandra7489–496
16Bhutichandra24496–520
17Nitichandra55520–575
18Virachandra3575–578
19Pritichandra12578–590
20Prithvichandra7590–597
21Dhirtichandra3597–600
22Mahavira12600–612
23Virayajap12612–624
24Sevinren12624–636
25Dharmasura13636–649
26Vajrashakti16649–665
27Dharmavijaya36665–701
28Narendravijaya2 yr 9 months701–703
29Dharmachandra16703–720
30Anandachandra9+720–729+
Harikela dynasty
1 Traillokyachandra 30900–930
2 Srichandra 45930–975
3 Kalyanachandra 25975–1000
4 Ladahachandra 201000–1020
5 Govindachandra 301020–1050

Gupta Empire (c. 240 – 550 CE)

Rulers-

Jaintia kingdom (c. 525 – 1835 CE)

Old dynasty rulers

  • Urmi Rani (?–550)
  • Krishak Pator (550–570)
  • Hatak (570–600)
  • Guhak (600–630)

Partitioned Jaintia rulers

  • Jayanta (630–660)
  • Joymalla (660–?)
  • Mahabal (?)
  • Bancharu (?–1100)
  • Kamadeva (1100–1120)
  • Bhimbal (1120)

Brahmin dynasty rulers

  • Kedareshwar Rai (1120–1130)
  • Dhaneshwar Rai (1130–1150)
  • Kandarpa Rai (1150–1170)
  • Manik Rai (1170–1193)
  • Jayanta Rai (1193–1210)
  • Jayanti Devi
  • Bara Gossain

New dynasty rulers

  • Prabhat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1500–1516)
  • Majha Gosain Syiem Sutnga (1516–1532)
  • Burha Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1532–1548)
  • Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga I (1548–1564)
  • Bijay Manik Syiem Sutnga (1564–1580)
  • Pratap Ray Syiem Sutnga (1580–1596)
  • Dhan Manik Syiem Sutnga (1596–1612)
  • Jasa Manik Syiem Sutnga (1612–1625)
  • Sundar Ray Syiem Sutnga (1625–1636)
  • Chota Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1636–1647)
  • Jasamanta Ray Syiem Sutnga (1647–1660)
  • Ban Singh Syiem Sutnga (1660–1669)
  • Pratap Singh Syiem Sutnga (1669–1678)
  • Lakshmi Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1678–1694)
  • Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga I (1694–1708)
  • Jay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1708–1731)
  • Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga II (1731–1770)
  • Chattra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1770–1780)
  • Yatra Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1780-1785)
  • Bijay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1785–1786)
  • Lakshmi Singh Syiem Sutnga (1786-1790)
  • Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga II (1790–1832)
  • Rajendra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1832–1835) [20] [21]

Gauda kingdom (c. 550 – 626 CE)

Rulers-

Pushyabhuti (Vardhana) Empire (c. 606 – 647 CE)

Rulers of Bengal-

Khadga dynasty (c. 625 – 730 CE)

Rulers-
Titular NameReignNotes
Khadgodyama625-640Father of Jatakhadga
Jatakhadga640-658Father of Devakhadga
Devakhadga658-673Queen Prabhavati
Rajabhatta673-707Son of Devakhadga
Balabhata707-716Son of Devakhadga
Udirnakhadga ??

Bhadra dynasty (6th to 7th century)

The Bhadra dynasty was a Bengali Hindu royal house of Brahmin origin, their rule flourished during the first half of the 7th century, though little is known about their history. The kings of the dynasty bore names with the suffix "Bhadra".

Known rulers are-

Mallabhum kingdom (c. 694 – 1147 CE)

Rulers-
Name of the king [22] [23] ReignNotes
Adi Malla 694–710
Jay Malla 710–720
Benu Malla720–733
Kinu Malla 733–742
Indra Malla742–757
Kanu Malla 757–764
Dha (Jhau) Malla764–775
Shur Malla 775–795
Kanak Malla795–807
Kandarpa Malla807–828
Sanatan Malla828–841
Kharga Malla 841–862
Durjan (Durjay) Malla862–906
Yadav Malla 906–919
Jagannath Malla919–931
Birat Malla931–946
Mahadev Malla946–977
Durgadas Malla977–994
Jagat Malla 994–1007
Ananta Malla1007–1015
Rup Malla1015–1029
Sundar Malla1029–1053
Kumud Malla1053–1074
Krishna Malla1074–1084
Rup II (Jhap) Malla1084–1097
Prakash Malla 1097–1102
Pratap Malla1102–1113
Sindur Malla1113–1129
Sukhomoy(Shuk) Malla1129–1142
Banamali Malla1142–1156
Yadu/Jadu Malla1156–1167
Jiban Malla1167–1185
Ram Malla 1185–1209
Gobinda Malla1209–1240
Bhim Malla 1240–1263
Katar(Khattar) Malla1263–1295
Prithwi Malla 1295 -1319
Tapa Malla1319–1334
Dinabandhu Malla 1334–1345
Kinu/Kanu II Malla1345–1358
Shur Malla II1358–1370
Shiv Singh Malla 1370–1407
Madan Malla 1407–1420
Durjan II (Durjay) Malla1420–1437
Uday Malla1437–1460
Chandra Malla 1460–1501
Bir Malla 1501–1554
Dhari Malla 1554–1565
Hambir Malla Dev (Bir Hambir) 1565–1620
Dhari Hambir Malla Dev 1620–1626
Raghunath Singha Dev 1626–1656
Bir Singha Dev 1656–1682
Durjan Singha Dev 1682–1702
Raghunath Singha Dev II 1702–1712
Gopal Singha Dev 1712–1748
Chaitanya Singha Dev 1748–1801
Madhav Singha Dev 1801–1809
Gopal Singha Dev II 1809–1876
Ramkrishna Singha Dev 1876–1885
Dwhaja Moni Devi1885–1889
Nilmoni Singha Dev 1889–1903
Churamoni Devi (Regency)1903–1930
Kalipada Singha Thakur 1930–1947

Post-Classical era

Pala Empire (c. 750 – 1161 CE)

Most of the Pala inscriptions mention only the regnal year as the date of issue, without any well-known calendar era. Because of this, the chronology of the Pala kings is hard to determine. [24] Based on their different interpretations of the various epigraphs and historical records, different historians estimate the Pala chronology as follows: [25]

RC Majumdar (1971) [26] AM Chowdhury (1967) [27] BP Sinha (1977) [28] [ failed verification ] DC Sircar (1975–76) [29] D. K. Ganguly (1994) [24]
Gopala I 750–770756–781755–783750–775750–774
Dharmapala 770–810781–821783–820775–812774–806
Devapala 810–c. 850821–861820–860812–850806–845
Mahendrapala NA (Mahendrapala's existence was conclusively established through a copper-plate charter discovered later.)845–860
Shurapala I Deemed to be alternate name of Vigrahapala I850–858860–872
Gopala II NA (copper-plate charter discovered in 1995. Text of inscription published in 2009.)
Vigrahapala I 850–853861–866860–865858–60872–873
Narayanapala 854–908866–920865–920860–917873–927
Rajyapala 908–940920–952920–952917–952927–959
Gopala III 940–957952–969952–967952–972959–976
Vigrahapala II 960–c. 986969–995967–980972–977976–977
Mahipala I 988–c. 1036995–1043980–1035977–1027977–1027
Nayapala 1038–10531043–10581035–10501027–10431027–1043
Vigrahapala III 1054–10721058–10751050–10761043–10701043–1070
Mahipala II 1072–10751075–10801076–1078/91070–10711070–1071
Shurapala II 1075–10771080–10821071–10721071–1072
Ramapala 1077–11301082–11241078/9–11321072–11261072–1126
Kumarapala 1130–11401124–11291132–11361126–11281126–1128
Gopala IV 1140–11441129–11431136–11441128–11431128–1143
Madanapala 1144–11621143–11621144–1161/621143–11611143–1161
Govindapala 1158–1162NA1162–1176 or 1158–11621161–11651161–1165
PalapalaNANANA1165–11991165–1200

Sena dynasty (c. 1070 – 1230 CE)

Sena dynasty ruled southwestern Bengal from 1070 and ruled East Bengal until 1230. Vijaya Sena conquered entire Bengal by 1154 CE.

Rulers-

Deva dynasty (c. 1150 – 1294 CE)

List of rulers is disputed-

Delhi Sultanate period

Khalji dynasty

The Khalji dynasty of Bengal (c.1203–27) were initially representatives of the Ghurid Empire, later becoming independent, although at times being subordinate to the Delhi Sultanate.

NameReignNotes
Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji c.1203–1206Began the Khalji dynasty in Bengal
Muhammad Shiran Khalji 1206–1208
Husamuddin Iwaz Khalji 1208–1210
Ali Mardan Khalji 1210–1212
Ghiyasuddin Iwaz Shah 1212–1227Second term, killed for gaining independence from Sultan of Delhi Iltutmish
Alauddin Daulat Shah Khalji 1229–1230 [30]
Balka Khalji 1230–1231Last Khalji ruler

Governors of Bengal under Mamluk dynasty (1227–1287)

Governors of Bengal under the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.

NameReignNotes
Nasiruddin Mahmud 1227–1229Appointed by his father Sultan Iltutmish of Delhi
Alauddin Jani 1232–1233
Saifuddin Aibak 1233–1236
Awar Khan Aibak 1236Usurper
Tughral Tughan Khan 1236–1246Restored Mamluk governor
Tughlaq Tamar Khan 1246–1247
Jalaluddin Masud Jani 1247–1251
Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak 1251–1257Claimed independence.
Ijjauddin Balban Iuzbaki 1257–1259
Tatar Khan 1259–1268Claimed independence.
Sher Khan 1268–1272
Amin Khan 1272–1272
Tughral Tughan Khan 1272–1281Second term as Mughisuddin Tughral
Nasiruddin Bughra Khan 1281–1287Declared independence and founded the Balban dynasty

House of Balban

The House of Balban (c.1287–1324) came about as a result of Mamluk governor Nasiruddin Bughra Khan declaring independence.

NameReignNotes
Nasiruddin Bughra Khan 1287–1291Declared independence from Delhi Sultanate
Rukunuddin Kaikaus 1291–1300First Muslim ruler to conquer Satgaon kingdom, expanding Lakhnauti.
Shamsuddin Firoz Shah 1300–1322First Muslim ruler to conquer Sonargaon, Mymensingh and Srihatta. Completed Kaikaus' Conquest of Satgaon.
Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah 1322–1324Lost independence of Bengal to Delhi Sultan Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.

Governors of Bengal under Tughlaq dynasty (1324–1338)

NameRegionReignNotes
Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah Sonargaon 1324–1328Appointed as governor by Sultan of Delhi Muhammad bin Tughluq, but later declared independence
Bahram Khan Sonargaon 1328–1338
Qadar Khan Lakhnauti 1328–1336
Mukhlis Lakhnauti 1336–1339
Azam Khan Satgaon 1324–1328
Izzuddin Yahya Satgaon 1328–1338

Bengal Sultanate era

Independent Sultans of Bengal during Tughlaq dynasty (1338–1352)

NameRegionReignNotes
Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah Sonargaon 1338–1349First independent ruler of Sonargaon
Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah Sonargaon 1349–1352
Ilyas Shah Satgaon 1339–1342
Alauddin Ali Shah Lakhnauti 1339–1342
Ilyas Shah Lakhnauti and Satgaon 1342–1352

Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1352–1414)

NameReignNotes
Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah 1352–1358Became the first sole ruler of whole Bengal comprising Sonargaon, Satgaon and Lakhnauti.
Sikandar Shah 1358–1390Killed in battle with his son and successor, Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah
Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah 1390–1411
Saifuddin Hamza Shah 1411–1412
Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah 1412–1414

House of Raja Ganesha (1414–1435)

NameReignNotes
Raja Ganesha 1414–1415
Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah 1415–1416Son of Raja Ganesha and converted into Islam
Raja Ganesha 1416–1418Second Phase
Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah 1418–1433Second Phase
Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah 1433–1435

Restored Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1435–1487)

NameReignNotes
Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah 1435–1459
Rukunuddin Barbak Shah 1459–1474Son of Mahmud Shah
Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah 1474–1481Son of Barbak Shah
Nuruddin Sikandar Shah 1481Son of Mahmud Shah
Jalaluddin Fateh Shah 1481–1487Son of Mahmud Shah

Habshi rule (1487–1494)

NameReignNotes
Shahzada Barbak 1487
Saifuddin Firuz Shah 1487–1489
Mahmud Shah II 1489–1490
Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah 1490–1494

Hussain Shahi dynasty (1494–1538)

NameReignNotes
Alauddin Hussain Shah 1494–1518considered greatest of all sultans of Bengal for bringing cultural renaissance during his reign.
Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah 1518–1533
Alauddin Firuz Shah 1533
Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah 1533–1538

Governors of Bengal under Sur Empire (1532–1556)

NameReignNotes
Sher Shah Suri 1532–1538Defeated Mughals and became the ruler of Delhi in 1540.
Khidr Khan 1538–1541
Qazi Fazilat 1541–1545
Muhammad Khan Sur 1545–1554
Shahbaz Khan 1555

Muhammad Shah dynasty (1554–1564)

NameReignNotes
Muhammad Khan Sur 1554–1555Declared independence and styled himself as Shamsuddin Muhammad Shah
Khizr Khan Suri 1555–1561
Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah 1561–1563
Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah III1563–1564 [31]

Karrani dynasty (1564–1576)

NameReignNotes
Taj Khan Karrani 1564–1566
Sulaiman Khan Karrani 1566–1572
Bayazid Khan Karrani 1572
Daud Khan Karrani 1572–1576

Mughal Subahdars of Bengal Subah (1574–1717)

During the reign of Akbar

NameReignNotes
Munim Khan 1574–1575Khan-i-Khanan
Hussain Quli Khan 1575–1578
Muzaffar Khan Turbati 1579–1580
Mirza Aziz Koka 1582–1583
Wazir Khan Tajik 1583–1583
Shahbaz Khan Kamboh 1583–1585
Sadiq Khan 1585–1586
Shahbaz Khan Kamboh 1586–1587
Sa'id Khan 1587–1594
Raja Man Singh I 1597 – 1606

During the reign of Jahangir

NameReignNotes
Qutubuddin Koka 2 Sep 1606 – 1607killed in a battle against Sher Afghan. (Local history of Burdwan, West Bengal, India says that Qutub-ud-din Kokah died in a battle against Ali Quli Istajlu alias Sher Afgan in 1610 CE. The tomb where both of them were buried is presently under the surveillance of Archaeological Survey of India.)
Jahangir Quli Beg 1607–1608In early life, a slave of Akbar's brother, Mirza Muhammad Hakim
Islam Khan Chishti 1608–1613first governor to transfer the Bengal capital to Dhaka in April 1612
Qasim Khan Chishti 1613–1617younger brother of Islam Khan Chishti
Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang 1617–1624died in an attack by Prince Shahjahan
Darab Khan1624–1625while Shahjahan occupied Bengal. Killed by Mahabbat Khan. [32]
Mahabat Khan 1625–1626
Mukarram Khan 1626–1627
Fidai Khan 1627–1628

During the reign of Shah Jahan

NameReignNotes
Qasim Khan Juvayni 1628–1632
Mir Muhammad Baqir 1632–1635Known as Azam Khan
Mir Abdus Salam 1635–1639Known as Islam Khan Mashadi
Prince Shah Shuja 1639–1647 again 1652–1660

During the reign of Aurangzeb

NameReignNotes
Mir Jumla II 1660–1663
Shaista Khan 1664–1678
Azam Khan Koka 1678–1678Known as Fidai Khan II
Prince Muhammad Azam 20 July 1678 – 6 October 1679 [33]
Shaista Khan 1680–1688
Ibrahim Khan II 1689–1697
Prince Azim-us-Shan 1697–1712

Medieval Hindu dynasties of Bengal

Koch dynasty (c. 1515 – 1949 CE)

Rulers of undivided Koch dynasty (c. 1515 – 1586 CE)

Rulers of Koch Bihar (c. 1586 – 1949)

Kingdom of Bhurshut (c. 16th–18th century)

Kingdom of Chandradweep Or Basu Dynasty

Chandradweep Ruled By

Maharajas of Jessore region

Known rulers are-

Maharaja of Lower Bengal region

Known rulers are

Maharaja of Bhawal region

Rulers of Gazipur and Madhupur forest are in central Bangladesh.

Nawabs of Bengal

Independent Nawabs of Bengal (1717–1757 CE)

PortraitTitular NamePersonal NameBirthReignDeath
Nasiri Dynasty
Murshid Quli Jafar Khan.jpg Ala ud-Daula Murshid Quli Jafar Khan 16651717– 172730 June 1727
Sarfaraz Khan.jpg Mirza Asadullah Sarfaraz Khan Bahadur ?1727–1727April 1740
Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan.jpg Shuja ud-Daula Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan 1670July 1727 – 26 August 173926 August 1739
Sarfaraz Khan.jpg Mirza Asadullah Sarfaraz Khan Bahadur ?13 March 1739 – April 1740April 1740
Afshar Dynasty
Allavardi Xan.jpg Husam ud-Daula Muhammad Alivardi Khan Bahadur 10 May 167129 April 1740 – 16 April 175616 April 1756
Siraj ud-Daulah.jpg Siraj ud-Daulah Mîrzâ Muhammad Sirâj-ud-Daulah 1733April 1756 – 2 June 1757June 1757

Nawabs of Bengal under East India Company (1757–1838 CE)

PortraitTitular NamePersonal NameBirthReignDeath
Najafi Dynasty
Mir Jafar (left) and Mir Miran (right).jpg Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur Mir Muhammed Jafar Ali Khan 1691June 1757 – October 176017 January 1765
Mir Qasim.jpg Itimad ud-Daulah Mir Kasim Ali Khan Bahadur ?1760–17631777
Mir Jafar (left) and Mir Miran (right).jpg Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur Mir Muhammed Jafar Ali Khan 169125 July 1763 – 17 January 176517 January 1765
Nazam ud-Daulah.jpg Nazam-ud-Daulah Najimuddin Ali Khan 17505 February 1765 – 8 May 17668 May 1766
Saif ud-Daulah.jpg Saif ud-Daulah Najabut Ali Khan 174922 May 1766 – 10 March 177010 March 1770
TombAshrafAliKhan.jpg Ashraf Ali Khan Before 175910 March 1770 – 24 March 177024 March 1770
Mubaraq ud-Daulah.jpg Mubarak ud-Daulah Mubarak Ali Khan 175921 March 1770 – 6 September 17936 September 1793
Babar Ali.jpg Azud ud-Daulah Babar Ali Khan Bahadur ?1793 – 28 April 181028 April 1810
Ali Jah.jpg Ali Jah Zain-ud-Din Ali Khan ?5 June 1810 – 6 August 18216 August 1821
Walla Jah.jpg Walla Jah Ahmad Ali Khan ?1810 – 30 October 182430 October 1824
Nawab Nazim Humayun Jah.jpg Humayun Jah Mubarak Ali Khan II 29 September 18101824 – 3 October 18383 October 1838
Feradun Jah.jpg Feradun Jah Mansur Ali Khan 29 October 183029 October 1838 –1881 (abdicated)5 November 1884

Nawabs of Murshidabad

PictureTitular NamePersonal NameBirthReignDeath
Najafi Dynasty
Young Hassan Ali.jpg Ali Kadir Syed Hassan Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur 25 August 184617 February 1882 – 25 December 190625 December 1906 [35]
Wasif Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur.jpg Amir ul-Omrah Syed Wasif Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur 7 January 1875December 1906 – 23 October 195923 October 1959 [36]
Waris Ali.jpg Raes ud-Daulah Syed Waris Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur 14 November 190123 October 1959 – 20 November 196920 November 1969 [37]
——Disputed/In abeyance [38] [39] —20 November 1969 – 13 August 2014—
Coat of Arms of the Nawab of Murshidabad.png — Syed Mohammed Abbas Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur Circa 194213 August 2014 – Incumbent (titular) [38] [39] —

East India Company governors in Bengal

Governors of British East India Company in Bengal (1757–1793)

As per the treaty of Allahabad in 1765, the British East India Company (BEIC) was given the right to collect revenue (Diwani right). From 1769, the company collected revenue from Bengal.

Governors-General of British East India Company in Bengal – Dual government (1773–1774)

Following the Regulating Act of 1773, the Governor of Bengal was officially called Governor-General of Fort William.

Governors-General of British East India Company in Bengal (1793–1854)

In 1793, the British East India Company abolished Nizamat, i.e. local rule by Mughal emperor- appointed Nawabs and annexed Bengal.

Governor-Generals of British East India Company (1833–1858)

As per Charter Act of 1833, the Governor-General of Bengal would be called Governor-General of India

British Raj era

1855 British Bengal missions A cyclopedia of missions - containing a comprehensive view of missionary operations throughout the world - with geographical descriptions, and accounts of the social, moral, and religious condition of (14576605978).jpg
1855 British Bengal missions
1880 British Bengal province Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg
1880 British Bengal province

With the establishment of the Empire of India in 1858, the position of Governor-General was replaced with Governor-General and Viceroy of India. Calcutta, the capital of Bengal also became the capital of India. As a result, the position of Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal was established to look after provincial matters.

Lieutenant-Governors (1858–1912)

Governors (1912–1947)

In late 1911, the Indian Government decided to move the capital to New Delhi. As a result, the Governorship of Bengal Presidency was now necessary.

NameTook officeLeft office
Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael 19121917
Lawrence Dundas, Earl of Ronaldshay 19171922
Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton 19221927
SirStanley Jackson 19271932
SirJohn Anderson 19321937
Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne 19371938
SirJohn Arthur Herbert 19391943
Richard Casey 19441946
SirFrederick Burrows 19461947

Prime Minister of Bengal (1937–1947)

The Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy in India and the position of Chief Minister or Premier of Bengal became very prominent.

Office holders

Writer's Building in Kolkata, the former seat of the Government of undivided Bengal Writers' Building, Calcutta, India (8136102863).jpg
Writer's Building in Kolkata, the former seat of the Government of undivided Bengal
The mausoleum of Huq, Nazimuddin and Suhrawardy in Dhaka Tomb Of Three Leader 3.A.M.R.jpg
The mausoleum of Huq, Nazimuddin and Suhrawardy in Dhaka
NoNameImageTerm(s) [40] PartyGovernorViceroy
1 Sher-e-Bangla
A. K. Fazlul Huq 		A k fazlul hoque.jpg 1 April 1937 – 1 December 1941
12 December 1941 – 29 March 1943		 Krishak Praja Party Sir John Arthur Herbert The Marquess of Linlithgow
2 Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin Khawaja Nazimuddin of Pakistan.JPG 29 April 1943 – 31 March 1945 Bengal Provincial Muslim League Sir John Arthur Herbert (−1944)
Sir Richard Casey (1944–)		 The Marquess of Linlithgow
The Viscount Wavell
3 H. S. Suhrawardy Suhrawardy of Bengal.jpg 23 April 1946 – 14 August 1947 Bengal Provincial Muslim League Sir Richard Casey (−1946)
Sir Frederick Burrows 		The Viscount Wavell
Earl Mountbatten

Subsequently, all three Bengali chief ministers moved to East Pakistan, where they continued to be influential statesmen. Nazimuddin and Suhrawardy became Prime Ministers of Pakistan, while Huq served as the Chief Minister and Governor of East Pakistan.

After Independence of India and Pakistan

British colonial period ended when India and Pakistan became independent nations in 1947. Bengal fell into two parts – one in India, named West Bengal and the other part in Pakistan as East Bengal, later renamed to East Pakistan in 1955.

Pakistani (East) Bengal (1947–1971)

Governors of East Bengal (1947–1955)

TenureGovernor of East Bengal[ citation needed ]
15 August 1947 – 31 March 1950 Sir Frederick Chalmers Bourne
31 March 1950 – 31 March 1953 Sir Feroz Khan Noon
31 March 1953 – 29 May 1954 Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman
29 May 1954 – May 1955 Iskandar Ali Mirza
May 1955 – June 1955 Muhammad Shahabuddin (acting)
June 1955 – 14 October 1955 Amiruddin Ahmad

Chief Minister of East Bengal (1947–1955)

TenureChief Minister of East BengalPolitical Party
August 1947 – September 1948Sir Khwaja Nazimuddin Muslim League
September 1948 – April 1954 Nurul Amin Muslim League
April 1954 – 1955 Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq United Front

Governors of East Pakistan (1955–1971)

In late 1954, the prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra initiated the One Unit policy which resulted in East Bengal province being renamed to East Pakistan.

TenureGovernor of East Pakistan[ citation needed ]Political Affiliation
14 October 1955 – March 1956 Amiruddin Ahmad Muslim League
March 1956 – 13 April 1958 A. K. Fazlul Huq Muslim League
13 April 1958 – 3 May 1958Hamid Ali (acting) Awami League
3 May 1958 – 10 October 1958 Sultanuddin Ahmad Awami League
10 October 1958 – 11 April 1960 Zakir Husain Muslim League
11 April 1960 – 11 May 1962 Lieutenant-General Azam Khan, PA Military Administration
11 May 1962 – 25 October 1962 Ghulam Faruque Independent
25 October 1962 – 23 March 1969 Abdul Monem Khan Civil Administration
23 March 1969 – 25 March 1969 Mirza Nurul Huda Civil Administration
25 March 1969 – 23 August 1969 Major-General Muzaffaruddin, [41] PA Military Administration
23 August 1969 – 1 September 1969 Lieutenant-General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, PA Military Administration
1 September 1969 – 7 March 1971 Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan, PN Military Administration
7 March 1971 – 6 April 1971 Lieutenant-General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, PA Military Administration
6 April 1971 – 31 August 1971 Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan, PA Military Administration
31 August 1971 – 14 December 1971 Abdul Motaleb Malik Independent
14 December 1971 – 16 December 1971 Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi, PA Military Administration

Chief Minister of East Pakistan (1955–1971)

TenureChief Minister of East PakistanPolitical Party
August 1955 – September 1956Abu Hussain SarkarKrishan Sramik Party
September 1956 – March 1958 Ataur Rahman Khan Awami League
March 1958Abu Hussain SarkarKrishan Sramik Party
March 1958 – 18 June 1958 Ataur Rahman Khan Awami League
18 June 1958 – 22 June 1958Abu Hussain SarkarKrishan Sramik Party
22 June 1958 – 25 August 1958Governor's Rule
25 August 1958 – 7 October 1958 Ataur Rahman Khan Awami League

On 7 October 1958, the post of Chief Minister of East Pakistan was abolished. And after the independence of Bangladesh on 16 December 1971, the province of East Pakistan was dissolved.

Indian (West) Bengal (1947–present)

Governors of West Bengal

Sl. No.NameTook officeLeft office
1 Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari 15 August 194721 June 1948
2 Kailash Nath Katju 21 June 19481 November 1951
3 Harendra Coomar Mookerjee 1 November 19518 August 1956
- Phani Bhusan Chakravartti (acting)8 August 19563 November 1956
4 Padmaja Naidu 3 November 19561 June 1967
5 Dharma Vira 1 June 19671 April 1969
- Deep Narayan Sinha (acting)1 April 196919 September 1969
6 Shanti Swaroop Dhavan 19 September 196921 August 1971
7 Anthony Lancelot Dias 21 August 19716 November 1979
8 Tribhuvana Narayana Singh 6 November 197912 September 1981
9 Bhairab Dutt Pande 12 September 198110 October 1983
10 Anant Prasad Sharma 10 October 198316 August 1984
- Satish Chandra (acting)16 August 19841 October 1984
11 Uma Shankar Dikshit 1 October 198412 August 1986
12 Saiyid Nurul Hasan 12 August 198620 March 1989
13 T. V. Rajeswar 20 March 19897 February 1990
(12) Saiyid Nurul Hasan 7 February 199012 July 1993
- B. Satyanarayan Reddy (additional charge)13 July 199314 August 1993
14 K. V. Raghunatha Reddy 14 August 199327 April 1998
15 Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai 27 April 199818 May 1999
16 Shyamal Kumar Sen 18 May 19994 December 1999
17 Viren J. Shah 4 December 199914 December 2004
18 Gopalkrishna Gandhi 14 December 200414 December 2009
- Devanand Konwar (additional charge)14 December 200923 January 2010
19 M.K. Narayanan 24 January 201030 June 2014
- D. Y. Patil (additional charge) [42] 3 July 201417 July 2014
20 Keshari Nath Tripathi 24 July 201429 July 2019
21 Jagdeep Dhankhar [43] 30 July 201917 July 2022
- La. Ganesan (additional charge)18 July 202222 November 2022
22 C. V. Ananda Bose 23 November 2022Incumbent

Chief Ministers of West Bengal

Key:INC
Indian National Congress 		BC (UF)
Bangla Congress (United Front)		CPI(M)
Communist Party of India (Marxist) 		AITC
All India Trinamool Congress
#NameTook OfficeLeft OfficePolitical Party
1 Prafulla Chandra Ghosh 15 August 194714 January 1948 INC
2 Bidhan Chandra Roy 14 January 19481 July 1962 INC
President's rule 1 July 19628 July 1962
3 Prafulla Chandra Sen 8 July 196215 March 1967 INC
4 Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee 15 March 19672 November 1967 BC (UF)
(1) Prafulla Chandra Ghosh 2 November 196720 February 1968Independent (Progressive Democratic Alliance)
President's rule 20 February 196825 February 1969
(4) Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee 25 February 196919 March 1970 BC (UF)
President's rule 19 March 19702 April 1971
(4) Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee 2 April 197128 June 1971 INC
President's rule 28 June 197119 March 1972
5 Siddhartha Shankar Ray 19 March 197221 June 1977 INC
6 Jyoti Basu 21 June 19776 November 2000 CPI(M) (Left Front)
7 Buddhadeb Bhattacharya 6 November 200013 May 2011 CPI(M) (Left Front)
8 Mamata Banerjee 20 May 2011Incumbent AITC

After independence of Bangladesh

East Pakistan seceded from West Pakistan on 16 December 1971 after the end of Bangladesh Liberation War and was named Bangladesh as an independent nation.

The President was the executive Head of state of Bangladesh during Presidential system of government from 1975 to 1991. Thereafter, the Prime Minister is the executive head of government of this parliamentary republic while the President is the ceremonial Head of state, elected by the parliament.

Key

Political parties
Other factions
Status

Presidents of Bangladesh

N#Name
(Birth–Death)		ElectedTerm of officeParty
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
(1920–1975) [lower-alpha 1] 		—17 April 197112 January 1972 Bangladesh Awami League
Syed Nazrul Islam
(1925–1975) [lower-alpha 2] 		—17 April 197112 January 1972 Bangladesh Awami League
Abu Sayeed Chowdhury
(1921–1987)		—12 January 197224 December 1973 Bangladesh Awami League
Mohammad Mohammadullah
(1921–1999)		—24 December 197327 January 1974 Bangladesh Awami League
1974 27 January 197425 January 1975
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
(1920–1975)		—25 January 197515 August 1975
( assassinated in a coup d'état.)		 BAKSAL
Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad
(1918–1996)		—15 August 19756 November 1975
( deposed.)		 Bangladesh Awami League
Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem
(1916–1997) [lower-alpha 3] 		—6 November 197521 April 1977 Bangladesh Awami League
Ziaur Rahman
(1936–1981) [lower-alpha 4] 		1977 [lower-alpha 5]
1978 [lower-alpha 6] 		21 April 197730 May 1981
( assassinated.)		 Military /
Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Abdus Sattar
(1906–1985)		—30 May 198120 November 1981 Bangladesh Nationalist Party
1981 [lower-alpha 6] 20 November 198124 March 1982
( deposed.)
Hussain Muhammad Ershad

(1930–2019) [lower-alpha 7]

24 March 198227 March 1982 Military
Ahsanuddin Chowdhury
(1915–2001)		—27 March 198210 December 1983 Independent
Hussain Muhammad Ershad
(1930–2019) [lower-alpha 8] 		1985 [lower-alpha 5]
1986 [lower-alpha 6] 		11 December 19836 December 1990 Military /
Jatiya Party
Shahabuddin Ahmed
(born 1930)		—6 December 199010 October 1991 Independent
Abdur Rahman Biswas
(1926–2017)		 1991 10 October 19919 October 1996 Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Shahabuddin Ahmed
(born 1930)		 1996 9 October 199614 November 2001 Independent
Badruddoza Chowdhury
(born 1932)		 2001 14 November 200121 June 2002 Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar
(born 1931)		—21 June 20026 September 2002 Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Iajuddin Ahmed
(1931–2012)		 2002 6 September 200212 February 2009 Independent
Moeen U Ahmed 11 January 200712 January 2007 Military
Zillur Rahman
(1929–2013)		 2009 12 February 200920 March 2013
(died in office.)		 Bangladesh Awami League
Abdul Hamid
(born 1944)		—14 March 201324 April 2013 Bangladesh Awami League
2013 24 April 201324 April 2018
2018 24 April 20186 January 2023
Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury

(born 1966)

—6 January 202324 April 2023 Bangladesh Awami League
Shahabuddin Chuppu

(born 1949)

 2023 24 April 2023Incumbent Bangladesh Awami League

Prime Ministers of Bangladesh

Name
(Birth–Death)		PortraitElectionTerm of officeTenureParty
Tajuddin Ahmad
(1925–1975)		 No image.png —11 April 197112 January 1972276 days Bangladesh Awami League
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
(1920–1975)		 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1950.jpg 1973 12 January 197225 January 19753 years, 13 days Bangladesh Awami League
Muhammad Mansur Ali
(1919–1975)		 No image.png —25 January 197515 August 1975
( deposed.)		202 days BAKSAL
Post abolished (15 August 1975 – 29 June 1978)
Mashiur Rahman
(1924–1979) [lower-alpha 9] 		No image.png —29 June 197812 March 1979
(died in office.)		256 days Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Shah Azizur Rahman
(1925–1988)		 No image.png 1979 15 April 197924 March 1982
( deposed.)		2 years, 343 days Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Post abolished (24 March 1982 – 30 March 1984)
Ataur Rahman Khan
(1907–1991)		 No image.png —30 March 19849 July 19862 years, 101 days Jatiya Party
Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury
(1928–2006)		 Picture of Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury.jpeg 1986 9 July 198627 March 19881 year, 262 days Jatiya Party
Moudud Ahmed
(born 1940)		 No image.png 1988 27 March 198812 August 19891 year, 138 days Jatiya Party
Kazi Zafar Ahmed
(1939–2015)		 No image.png —12 August 19896 December 19901 year, 116 days Jatiya Party
Post abolished (6 December 1990 – 20 March 1991)
Khaleda Zia
(born 1945)		 Begum Zia Book-opening Ceremony, 1 Mar, 2010.jpg 1991
1996 (Feb) 		20 March 199130 March 19965 years, 10 days Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Muhammad Habibur Rahman
(1928–2014)		 Habibur Rahman.jpg —30 March 199623 June 199685 days Independent
Sheikh Hasina
(born 1947)		 Sheikh Hasina in New York - 2018 (44057292035) (cropped).jpg 1996 (Jun) 23 June 199615 July 20015 years, 22 days Bangladesh Awami League
Latifur Rahman
(1936–2017)		 No image.png —15 July 200110 October 200187 days Independent
Khaleda Zia
(born 1945)		 Begum Zia Book-opening Ceremony, 1 Mar, 2010.jpg 2001 10 October 200129 October 20065 years, 19 days Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Iajuddin Ahmed
(1931–2012) [lower-alpha 10] 		No image.png —29 October 200611 January 200774 days Independent
Fazlul Haque
(born 1938) [lower-alpha 11] 		No image.png —11 January 200712 January 20071 day Independent
Fakhruddin Ahmed
(born 1940)		 Fakhruddin Ahmed - WEF Annual Meeting Davos 2008.jpg —12 January 20076 January 20091 year, 360 days Independent
Sheikh Hasina
(born 1947)		 Sheikh Hasina in New York - 2018 (44057292035) (cropped).jpg 2008
2014
2018
2024 		6 January 2009Incumbent15 years, 118 days Bangladesh Awami League

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Pakistani prisoner to 8 January 1972.
  2. ↑ Acting for Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
  3. ↑ Also Chief Martial Law Administrator (24 August 1975 – 4 November 1975 and 7 November 1975 – 29 November 1976).
  4. ↑ Also Chief Martial Law Administrator (29 November 1976 – 6 April 1979).
  5. 1 2 Referendum.
  6. 1 2 3 Direct election.
  7. ↑ Served as Chief Martial Law Administrator until 30 March 1984.
  8. ↑ Served as Chief Martial Law Administrator until 30 March 1984.
  9. ↑ Senior Minister.
  10. ↑ Simultaneously served as President.
  11. ↑ Acting Chief Adviser.

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The History of Bihar is one of the most varied in India.Chirand, on the northern bank of the Ganga River, in Saran district, has an archaeological record dating from the Neolithic age. Regions of Bihar—such as Magadha, Mithila and Anga—are mentioned in religious texts and epics of ancient India. Mithila is believed to be the centre of Indian power in the Later Vedic period. Mithila first gained prominence after the establishment of the ancient Videha Kingdom. The kings of the Videha were called Janakas. A daughter of one of the Janaks of Mithila, Sita, is mentioned as consort of Lord Rama in the Hindu epic Ramayana. The kingdom later became incorporated into the Vajjika League which had its capital in the city of Vaishali, which is also in Mithila.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vanga Kingdom</span> Ancient Hindu kingdom in Eastern India

Vaṅga was an ancient kingdom and geopolitical division within the Ganges delta in the Indian subcontinent. The kingdom is one of the namesakes of the Bengal region. It was located in southern Bengal, with the core region including the southern part of present-day West Bengal (India) and southwestern Bangladesh. Vanga features prominently in the epics and tales of ancient India as well as in the history of Sri Lanka.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamboja Pala dynasty</span> Historical dynasty ruling parts of Bengal in the 10th-11th centuries

The Kamboja-Pala dynasty ruled parts of Bengal in the 10th to 11th centuries CE, after invading the Palas during the reign of Gopala II. The last Kamboja ruler of the Kamboja-Pala Dynasty Dharmapala was defeated by the south Indian Emperor Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty in the 11th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bikrampur</span> Former administrative unit in Bangladesh

Bikrampur was a pargana situated 19 kilometres (12 mi) south of Dhaka, the modern capital city of Bangladesh. In the present day, it is known as the Munshiganj District of Bangladesh. It is a historic region in Bengal and was a part of the Bhawal Estate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Varendra</span> Region in northern Bengal

Varendra, also known as Barind, was an ancient and historical territory of Northern Bengal, now mostly in Bangladesh and a little portion in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Madanapala was the successor to the Pala king Gopala IV in the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent, and eighteenth and final ruler of Pala lineage reigning for 18 years. He was succeeded by Govindapala, whose lineage of that name is questionable.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samatata</span> Ancient geopolitical division of Bengal

Samataṭa was an ancient geopolitical division of Bengal in the eastern Indian subcontinent. The Greco-Roman account of Sounagoura is linked to the kingdom of Samatata. Its territory corresponded to much of present-day eastern Bangladesh and parts of the Rakhine State of Myanmar. The area covers the trans-Meghna part of the Bengal delta. It was a center of Buddhist civilisation before the resurgence of Hinduism and Muslim conquest in the region.

Bihar is a state located in the eastern part of India.

Ballāla Sena or Ballal Sen, also known as Ballal Sen in vernacular literature, was the second ruler of the Sena dynasty of Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. He was the son and successor of Vijaya Sena, and ended the Pala Empire by defeating Govinda Pala.

Chandradwip or Chandradvipa is a small region in Barisal District, Bangladesh. It was the ancient and medieval name of Barishal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Sylhet</span>

The Greater Sylhet region predominantly included the Sylhet Division in Bangladesh, and Karimganj district in Assam, India. The history of the Sylhet region begins with the existence of expanded commercial centres in the area that is now Sylhet City. Historically known as Srihatta and Shilhatta, it was ruled by the Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms of Harikela and Kamarupa before passing to the control of the Chandra, Sena and Deva dynasties in the early medieval period. After the fall of these Buddhist and Hindu principalities, the region became home to many more independent petty kingdoms such as Jaintia, Gour, Laur, and later Taraf, Pratapgarh, Jagannathpur, Chandrapur and Ita. After the Conquest of Sylhet in the 14th century, the region was absorbed into Shamsuddin Firoz Shah's independent principality based in Lakhnauti, Western Bengal. It was then successively ruled by the Muslim sultanates of Delhi and the Bengal Sultanate before collapsing into Muslim petty kingdoms, mostly ruled by Afghan chieftains, after the fall of the Karrani dynasty in 1576. Described as Bengal's Wild East, the Mughals struggled in defeating the chieftains of Sylhet. After the defeat of Khwaja Usman, their most formidable opponent, the area finally came under Mughal rule in 1612. Sylhet emerged as the Mughals' most significant imperial outpost in the east and its importance remained as such throughout the seventeenth century. After the Mughals, the British Empire ruled the region for over 180 years until the independence of Pakistan and India. There was a complete list of the different amils who governed Sylhet which was recorded in the office of the Qanungoh of Sylhet. However, most complete copies have been lost or destroyed. Dates from letters and seal traces show evidence that the amils were constantly changed. In 1947, when a referendum was held, Sylhet decided to join the Pakistani province of East Bengal. However, when the Radcliffe Line was drawn up, Karimganj district of Barak Valley was given to India by the commission after being pleaded by Abdul Matlib Mazumdar's delegation. Throughout the History of Sylhet, raids and invasions were also common from neighbouring kingdoms as well as tribes such as the Khasis and Kukis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Jessore</span> Region of Bangladesh

The Greater Jessore region predominantly includes the districts of Jessore, Jhenaidah, Narail and Magura in Bangladesh, as well as the Bangaon subdivision of India. Nestled close to the Sundarbans, the region experienced human settlement early on. It served as the capital city of the Samatata realm and passed through several Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms such as the Palas and Senas. Jessore was ruled by Khan Jahan Ali of Khalifatabad, under the Muslim Sultanate of Bengal, who is credited with establishing the Qasbah of Murali and urbanising the region through advancements in transportation and civilization. Jessore later came to be ruled by various chieftains such as Pratapaditya and became familiar to contemporary European travellers as Chandecan before being annexed to the Mughal Empire in the seventeenth century. By 1757, the British East India Company had dominated and started to establish themselves in the region. British rule lasted up until 1947, with Jessore coming under the Provisional Government of Bangladesh from 1971 onwards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bhulua Kingdom</span> Kingdom in present-day Bangladesh

The Kingdom of Bhulua was a kingdom and later a zamindari covering the present-day Noakhali region of Bangladesh. Its establishment is generally credited to Bishwambhar Sur, a Hindu Rajput of Mithila who passed by the area during a pilgrimage. The kingdom fell under Tripura vassalage in the 15th century, and was reduced to a zamindari (fiefdom) after losing to the Mughals. Most of the kingdom's land has been eroded by the Meghna River.

References

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  2. ↑ Majumdar, R. C. (1973). History of Mediaeval Bengal. Calcutta: G. Bharadwaj & Co. pp. 1–2. OCLC   1031074. Tradition gives him credit for the conquest of Bengal but as a matter of fact he could not subjugate the greater part of Bengal ... All that Bakhtyār can justly take credit for is that by his conquest of Western and a part of Northern Bengal he laid the foundation of the Muslim State in Bengal. The historians of the 13th century never attributed the conquest of the whole of Bengal to Bakhtyār.
  3. ↑ Arnold, Thomas Walker (1913) [First published 1896]. The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith (2nd ed.). London: Constable & Company. p. 227.
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