The Civil Court of the City of New York is a civilcourt of the New York State Unified Court System in New York City that decides lawsuits involving claims for damages up to $25,000 and includes a small claims part (small claims court) for cases involving amounts up to $10,000 as well as a housing part (housing court) for landlord-tenant matters, and also handles other civil matters referred by the New York Supreme Court.[1][2] The court has divisions by county (borough), but it is a single citywide court.[3][4][5]
It handles about 25% of all the New York state and local courts' total filings.[6] The court consists of 3 parts: Housing, Small Claims, and General Civil. The court's jurisdiction includes ejectment actions, replevin of personal property within monetary limits, equity jurisdiction limited to real property actions, real property actions such as partitions, foreclosures within monetary limits, and actions to rescind or reform a contract.[7]
Housing Court
Housing Court is devoted to the enforcement of state and local housing standards laws.[8] The housing part's (HP) fundamental purpose is to ensure that landlords provide safe and habitable housing.[9][10] The majority of cases are eviction proceedings over unpaid rent.[11]
The city's right-to-counsel law guarantees free legal services to all tenants facing eviction.[12][13] People with gross household incomes at or below 200% of the federal poverty level can receive full legal representation, whereas everyone can receive brief legal assistance, regardless of immigration status and provided no later than their first scheduled appearance.[14]
Its enforcement and remedial powers include injunctions, restraining orders, and other orders to correct and prevent housing-code violations and to compensate aggrieved parties.[15] Under Article 7A, one-third of tenants of a multiple dwelling may get a judgment directing the deposit of rents into court for remedying conditions dangerous to life, health or safety.[16][17] 7A supplements RPAPL§ 755 which provides that in proceedings for non-payment of rent, the tenant may be permitted to deposit the rent into court pending cure of the violations if they can prove of the existence of dangerous conditions.[17] Other state and local housing standards laws include the Multiple Dwelling Law of the Consolidated Laws, and the housing maintenance code, building code and health code of the New York City Administrative Code.[8]
Small Claims Court
The Small Claims Part, commonly referred to as Small Claims Court, is the division of the court dedicated to resolving monetary disputes involving claims up to $5,000. Designed with simpler and more informal procedures compared to other parts of the court system, Small Claims Court encourages individuals to represent themselves, aiming to offer an accessible and efficient legal resolution path for the public.
The cases typically dealt with in this court involve personal or property damages, contract disputes, or disagreements over services rendered. The small filing fees and streamlined processes make it cost-effective for individuals or businesses involved in monetary disputes. Cases are heard by either judges or volunteer lawyer arbitrators, with arbitration often providing a faster resolution. In certain situations, disputes may be referred to mediation where a neutral third party facilitates an agreement between the disputing parties.
Administration
The court's divisions are by each county (borough).[5] In each division there are a number of court parts established by the Chief Administrative Judge.[18] The "Housing Part" (HP) refers to the part of the Housing Court devoted exclusively to code enforcement.[19]
Trial part, for the trial of civil actions and for the hearing and determination of all motions and applications, including orders to show cause, made after an action is assigned to a trial part.
Motion part, for the hearing and determination of motions and applications that are not otherwise required to be made in a calendar part, trial part or conference part.
Conference part, for the precalendar or pretrial conference of actions.
Multipurpose part, for the performance of the functions of a calendar part, a trial part, a motion part, a conference part, as well as other special parts of court.
There are approximately 120 Civil Court judges in the New York City Civil Court. Civil Court judges may be assigned by the Chief Administrative Judge of New York to the Criminal Court, Family Court, or Supreme Court.[20] At any given time, about 50 Civil Court judges are assigned to the Civil Court, with the rest assigned to the Criminal, Family or Supreme Courts.
Civil Court judges are elected countywide or from districts to 10-year terms, with vacancies filled by the mayor and with their service continuing until the last day of December after next election.[4][22] The Legislature has consistently opted to fill judgeships using the preexisting mixed pattern of countywide and Municipal Court districts—[23]
seats formerly held by City Court justices, elected on a countywide basis;[24]
seats formerly held by Municipal Court justices, elected from districts located within counties;[25] and
seats created by successive acts of the Legislature, elected on a countywide basis.
A candidate needs to file petitions to be considered a candidate for a political party's nomination in the general election; petitions containing 4,000 signatures are needed for a county-wide seat, and petitions containing 1,500 signatures are necessary for a district seat.[26] Party leaders frequently designate candidates for the Civil Court judgeships, who then face an open primary against others who qualify for the ballot.[citation needed] The party machine usually manages to elect most of its judicial candidates.[citation needed]
There are approximately 50 Housing Court judges in the New York City Civil Court. In housing court, referees known as "housing judges" preside over most proceedings.[27] Housing Court judges handle the housing parts of the New York City Civil Court, but are not judges provided for under Article VI of the New York Constitution.[28] Housing judges are appointed by the Chief Administrative Judge to five-year terms from a list of qualified applicants screened and selected by the Housing Court Advisory Council.[1][8][26][29] All 50 Housing Court judges serve in the Civil Court and cannot be assigned to other courts.
Arbitrators
With the consent of the parties, a volunteer arbitrator hears and decides disputes in small claims parts.[30] Over 2800 arbitrators preside over 95% of the cases heard in small claims parts.[30][27] They are appointed by the administrative judge of the court.[31]
Landlords in New York City may use a blacklist of persons who have appeared in housing court as a plaintiff or defendant.[32] Known among housing advocates and lawyers as the tenant blacklist, it is compiled by tenant-screening database companies from housing court records.
The appointment of housing judges has been criticized because the advisory council through which appointments are processed is composed largely of members of real estate interests and is not representative of the population.[33]
History
In 1759, so-called justices' courts held by the mayor, recorder or an alderman could try cases in controversy of not more than £5 (equivalent to £967in 2023).[34] In 1781, they were replaced by assistant justices' courts held by associate justices appointed by the governor.[34] In 1787, these were replaced by assistant justices with the power of justices of the peace in other counties.[34] In 1797, these were replaced with justices of the peace for the city and county of New York and were constituted as one court.[34]
In 1807-1808 these were replaced by justices' courts and assistants justices' courts.[34][35] In 1819, the justices' courts were renamed as the marine court of the city of New York,[36] and in 1883 was renamed as the City Court of the City of New York.[34][37] In 1848–1849 the assistants justices' courts were replaced with newly created justices' courts elected within six districts,[38][39] and in 1852 these justices' courts were renamed as district courts,[40] by 1857 divided into seven districts and by 1882 into ten districts,[41][42] and by the city charter of 1897 the district courts of New York City and justices' courts of Brooklyn and Long Island City were consolidated into the Municipal Court of the City of New York.[34][43] Small claims parts were added to the Municipal Court in 1934.[44]
On September 1, 1962, the City Court and the Municipal Court were merged to form the current Civil Court.[45][46][6] The New York City Civil Court Act was primarily based upon the New York City Municipal Court Code, and to some extent the New York City Court Act and the practice of the County Courts outside NYC.[46][47]Francis E. Rivers on the City Court legislative committee criticized the new court act, calling it "outdated" and "radically limited by practice provisions adapted to conditions existing more than a half century ago" given that it used Municipal Court Code legal procedure instead of the newer Civil Practice Act.[46]
In 1820, a landlord-drafted act removed the common law six-month waiting period for ejectments, allowing summary eviction and removal of tenants for nonpayment.[48] The Tenement House Act of 1901 was enacted by Progressive reformers to ban the construction of poor-quality apartment buildings.[48] The Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act of 2019 introduced major changes to landlord-tenant law.
The housing part and its housing judges were created on April 1, 1973.[49][10][28] In Glass v Thompson the Appellate Division held the appointment of "hearing officers" to preside over non-jury trials in the housing part was constitutional, suggesting that although they were able to preside over housing matters and exercise judicial functions, their office was distinct from that of a judge of the Civil Court because they are essentially referees: nonjudicial officers of the court appointed to assist it in the performance of its judicial functions.[28] In 1978 they were renamed as "housing judges" with the intent to improve their stature, though they "are still nonjudicial officers of the court".[50][28]
In the United States, a state court has jurisdiction over disputes with some connection to a U.S. state. State courts handle the vast majority of civil and criminal cases in the United States; the United States federal courts are far smaller in terms of both personnel and caseload, and handle different types of cases. States often provide their trial courts with general jurisdiction and state trial courts regularly have concurrent jurisdiction with federal courts. Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and their subject-matter jurisdiction arises only under federal law.
The Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York is the intermediate appellate court in New York State. The state is geographically divided into four judicial departments of the Appellate Division. The full title of each is, using the "Fourth Department" as an example, the "Supreme Court of the State of New York, Appellate Division, Fourth Judicial Department".
A justice of the peace (JP) is a judicial officer of a lower court, elected or appointed by means of a commission to keep the peace. In past centuries the term commissioner of the peace was often used with the same meaning. Depending on the jurisdiction, such justices dispense summary justice or merely deal with local administrative applications in common law jurisdictions. Justices of the peace are appointed or elected from the citizens of the jurisdiction in which they serve, and are usually not required to have any formal legal education in order to qualify for the office. Some jurisdictions have varying forms of training for JPs.
In common law systems, a superior court is a court of general jurisdiction over civil and criminal legal cases. A superior court is "superior" in relation to a court with limited jurisdiction, which is restricted to civil cases involving monetary amounts with a specific limit, or criminal cases involving offenses of a less serious nature. A superior court may hear appeals from lower courts. For courts of general jurisdiction in civil law system, see ordinary court.
A tribunal, generally, is any person or institution with authority to judge, adjudicate on, or determine claims or disputes—whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title. For example, an advocate who appears before a court with a single judge could describe that judge as "their tribunal." Many governmental bodies are titled "tribunals" to emphasize that they are not courts of normal jurisdiction. For example, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was a body specially constituted under international law; in Great Britain, employment tribunals are bodies set up to hear specific employment disputes. In many cases, the word tribunal implies a judicial body with a lesser degree of formality than a court, in which the normal rules of evidence and procedure may not apply, and whose presiding officers are frequently neither judges nor magistrates. Private judicial bodies are also often styled "tribunals." The word tribunal, however, is not conclusive of a body's function—for example, in Great Britain, the Employment Appeal Tribunal is a superior court of record.
The court system of Canada is made up of many courts differing in levels of legal superiority and separated by jurisdiction. In the courts, the judiciary interpret and apply the law of Canada. Some of the courts are federal in nature, while others are provincial or territorial.
The Criminal Court of the City of New York is a court of the State Unified Court System in New York City that handles misdemeanors and lesser offenses, and also conducts arraignments and preliminary hearings in felony cases.
The Superior Court is the state court in the U.S. state of New Jersey, with statewide trial and appellate jurisdiction. The New Jersey Constitution of 1947 establishes the power of the New Jersey courts. Under the State Constitution, "'judicial power shall be vested in a Supreme Court, a Superior Court, County Courts and inferior courts of limited jurisdiction.'" The Superior Court has three divisions: the Appellate Division is essentially an intermediate appellate court while the Law and Chancery Divisions function as trial courts. The State Constitution renders the New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division the intermediate appellate court, and "[a]ppeals may be taken to the Appellate Division of the Superior Court from the law and chancery divisions of the Superior Court and in such other causes as may be provided by law." Each division is in turn divided into various parts. "The trial divisions of the Superior Court are the principal trial courts of New Jersey. They are located within the State's various judicial geographic units, called 'vicinages,' R. 1:33-2(a), and are organized into two basic divisions: the Chancery Division and the Law Division".
The Traffic Violations Bureau (TVB) is an administrative court of the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles that adjudicates non-criminal traffic violations in New York City.
The New York City court system consists of the several citywide and state courts.
In the New York State Unified Court System, a justice court is a local court that handles traffic tickets, criminal matters, small claims, and local code violations such as zoning. Constitutionally, justice courts are part of the state legal system, but state law generally makes them independent of the New York State Office of Court Administration (OCA) and instead makes them the responsibility of their sponsoring localities.
Superior courts in California are the state trial courts with general jurisdiction to hear and decide any civil or criminal action which is not specially designated to be heard in some other court or before a governmental agency. As mandated by the California Constitution, there is a superior court in each of the 58 counties in California. The superior courts also have appellate divisions which hear appeals from decisions in cases previously heard by inferior courts.
The Philadelphia Municipal Court is a trial court of limited jurisdiction seated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It has 27 judges elected by the voters of Philadelphia. The Municipal Court has three divisions: the Criminal Division, the Civil Division, and the Traffic Division. Within the Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania, it serves as a substitute for the magisterial district courts that serve the rest of the Commonwealth. It is a part of the First Judicial District of Pennsylvania.
The Judiciary of New York is the judicial branch of the Government of New York, comprising all the courts of the State of New York.
The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania is the unified state court system of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
The Boston Municipal Court (BMC), officially the Boston Municipal Court Department of the Trial Court, is a department of the Trial Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States. The court hears criminal, civil, mental health, restraining orders, and other types of cases. The court also has an appellate division which reviews questions of law that arise from civil matters filed in the eight divisions of the department.
The law of New York consists of several levels, including constitutional, statutory, regulatory and case law, and also includes local laws, ordinances, and regulations. The Consolidated Laws form the general statutory law.
The New York State Commission on Judicial Conduct is an eleven-member panel with authority to discipline judges of the New York courts. The Commission is constitutionally established to investigate and prosecute complaints filed against New York judges.
Montana District Courts are the state trial courts of general jurisdiction in the U.S. state of Montana. Montana District Courts have original jurisdiction over most civil cases, civil actions involving monetary claims against the state, criminal felony cases, naturalization proceedings, probate cases, and most writs. They may also hear certain special actions and proceedings, and oversee a narrowly-defined class of ballot issues. Montana District Courts also have limited appellate jurisdiction regarding cases that arise in Justice Courts, City Courts, and Municipal Courts as well as Judicial review of decisions by state administrative law tribunals that fall under the Montana Administrative Procedures Act.
Article 7A of the New York Real Property Actions and Proceedings Law (RPAPL) enables that "a housing court judge appoints an administrator to collect the building's rents and use them for repairs" as an alternative to "fruitless rent strikes." About 10% per year of those appointed in the 1980s were removed, and money accountability problems also occurred. This law can also help expedite repairs, such as after a fire.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
