P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1

Last updated
SELPLG
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
Aliases SELPLG , CD162, CLA, PSGL-1, PSGL1, selectin P ligand
External IDs OMIM: 600738 MGI: 106689 HomoloGene: 2261 GeneCards: SELPLG
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

6404

20345

Ensembl

ENSG00000110876

ENSMUSG00000048163

UniProt

Q14242

Q62170

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001206609
NM_003006

NM_009151

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001193538
NP_002997

n/a

Location (UCSC) Chr 12: 108.62 – 108.63 Mb Chr 5: 113.96 – 113.97 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Selectin P ligand, also known as SELPLG or CD162 (cluster of differentiation 162), is a human gene.

Contents

SELPLG codes for PSGL-1, the high affinity counter-receptor for P-selectin on myeloid cells and stimulated T lymphocytes. As such, it plays a critical role in the tethering of these cells to activated platelets or endothelia expressing P-selectin.

The organization of the SELPLG gene closely resembles that of CD43 and the human platelet glycoprotein GpIb-alpha both of which have an intron in the 5-prime-noncoding region, a long second exon containing the complete coding region, and TATA-less promoters. [5]

P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is a glycoprotein found on white blood cells and endothelial cells that binds to P-selectin (P stands for platelet), which is one of a family of selectins that includes E-selectin (endothelial) and L-selectin (leukocyte). Selectins are part of the broader family of cell adhesion molecules. PSGL-1 can bind to all three members of the family but binds best (with the highest affinity) to P-selectin.

Posttranslational modification

PSGL-1 protein requires two distinct posttranslational modifications to gain its selectin binding activity: [6] [7] [8] [9]

Function

PSGL-1 is expressed on all white blood cells and plays an important role in the recruitment of white blood cells into inflamed tissue: White blood cells normally do not interact with the endothelium of blood vessels. However, inflammation causes the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) such as P-selectin on the surface of the blood vessel wall. White blood cells present in flowing blood can interact with CAM. The first step in this interaction process is carried out by PSGL-1 interacting with P-selectin and/or E-selectin on endothelial cells and adherent platelets. This interaction results in "rolling" of the white blood cell on the endothelial cell surface followed by stable adhesion and transmigration of the white blood cell into the inflamed tissue.[ citation needed ]

In cancer

In mice it seems to be an immune factor regulating T-cell checkpoints, and it could be a target for future checkpoint inhibitor anti-cancer drugs. [10]

PSGL-1 has been shown to bind to VISTA (V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation) but this binding only occurs under acidic pH conditions (pH < 6.5) such as can be found in tumor microenvironments (TME). [11]

In mice, PSGL-1 seems to facilitate T cell exhaustion in tumors. [12]

Related Research Articles

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are a subset of cell surface proteins that are involved in the binding of cells with other cells or with the extracellular matrix (ECM), in a process called cell adhesion. In essence, CAMs help cells stick to each other and to their surroundings. CAMs are crucial components in maintaining tissue structure and function. In fully developed animals, these molecules play an integral role in generating force and movement and consequently ensuring that organs are able to execute their functions normally. In addition to serving as "molecular glue", CAMs play important roles in the cellular mechanisms of growth, contact inhibition, and apoptosis. Aberrant expression of CAMs may result in a wide range of pathologies, ranging from frostbite to cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selectin</span> Family of cell adhesion molecules

The selectins are a family of cell adhesion molecules. All selectins are single-chain transmembrane glycoproteins that share similar properties to C-type lectins due to a related amino terminus and calcium-dependent binding. Selectins bind to sugar moieties and so are considered to be a type of lectin, cell adhesion proteins that bind sugar polymers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CD44</span> Cell-surface glycoprotein

The CD44 antigen is a cell-surface glycoprotein involved in cell–cell interactions, cell adhesion and migration. In humans, the CD44 antigen is encoded by the CD44 gene on chromosome 11. CD44 has been referred to as HCAM, Pgp-1, Hermes antigen, lymphocyte homing receptor, ECM-III, and HUTCH-1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">P-selectin</span> Type-1 transmembrane protein

P-selectin is a type-1 transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the SELP gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">E-selectin</span>

E-selectin, also known as CD62 antigen-like family member E (CD62E), endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1), or leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 2 (LECAM2), is a selectin cell adhesion molecule expressed only on endothelial cells activated by cytokines. Like other selectins, it plays an important part in inflammation. In humans, E-selectin is encoded by the SELE gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PTPN11</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11) also known as protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1D (PTP-1D), Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP-2), or protein-tyrosine phosphatase 2C (PTP-2C) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN11 gene. PTPN11 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) Shp2.

Sialyl-Lewis <sup>X</sup> Chemical compound

Sialyl LewisX (sLeX), also known as cluster of differentiation 15s (CD15s) or stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA-1), is a tetrasaccharide carbohydrate which is usually attached to O-glycans on the surface of cells. It is known to play a vital role in cell-to-cell recognition processes. It is also the means by which an egg attracts sperm; first, to stick to it, then bond with it and eventually form a zygote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Integrin beta 3</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Integrin beta-3 (β3) or CD61 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGB3 gene. CD61 is a cluster of differentiation found on thrombocytes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leukocyte extravasation</span>

Leukocyte extravasation is the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue damage or infection. This process forms part of the innate immune response, involving the recruitment of non-specific leukocytes. Monocytes also use this process in the absence of infection or tissue damage during their development into macrophages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alpha-actinin-1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Alpha-actinin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTN1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Signal-regulatory protein alpha</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) is a regulatory membrane glycoprotein from SIRP family expressed mainly by myeloid cells and also by stem cells or neurons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GP1BB</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Glycoprotein Ib (platelet), beta polypeptide (GP1BB) also known as CD42c, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GP1BB gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ALCAM</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

CD166 antigen is a 100-105 kD typeI transmembrane glycoprotein that is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of proteins. In humans it is encoded by the ALCAM gene. It is also called CD166, MEMD, SC-1/DM-GRASP/BEN in the chicken, and KG-CAM in the rat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GCNT1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Beta-1,3-galactosyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GCNT1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GP5 (gene)</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Glycoprotein V (platelet) (GP5) also known as CD42d (Cluster of Differentiation 42d), is a human gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CHST2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CHST2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CHST4</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CHST4 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CHST1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CHST1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ADAM28</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 28 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADAM28 gene.

A catch bond is a type of noncovalent bond whose dissociation lifetime increases with tensile force applied to the bond. Normally, bond lifetimes are expected to diminish with force. In the case of catch bonds, the lifetime of the bond actually increases up to a maximum before it decreases like in a normal bond. Catch bonds work in a way that is conceptually similar to that of a Chinese finger trap. While catch bonds are strengthened by an increase in force, the force increase is not necessary for the bond to work. Catch bonds were suspected for many years to play a role in the rolling of leukocytes, being strong enough to roll in presence of high forces caused by high shear stresses, while avoiding getting stuck in capillaries where the fluid flow, and therefore shear stress, is low. The existence of catch bonds was debated for many years until strong evidence of their existence was found in bacteria. Definite proof of their existence came shortly thereafter in leukocytes.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000110876 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000048163 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ↑ "Entrez Gene: SELPLG selectin P ligand".
  6. ↑ Li F, Wilkins PP, Crawley S, et al. (1996). "Post-translational modifications of recombinant P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 required for binding to P- and E-selectin". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (6): 3255–64. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.6.3255 . PMID   8621728.
  7. ↑ Wilkins PP, Moore KL, McEver RP, Cummings RD (1995). "Tyrosine sulfation of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is required for high affinity binding to P-selectin". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (39): 22677–80. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.39.22677 . PMID   7559387.
  8. ↑ Sako D, Comess KM, Barone KM, et al. (1995). "A sulfated peptide segment at the amino terminus of PSGL-1 is critical for P-selectin binding". Cell. 83 (2): 323–31. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90173-6 . PMID   7585949. S2CID   65420.
  9. ↑ Pouyani T, Seed B (1995). "PSGL-1 recognition of P-selectin is controlled by a tyrosine sulfation consensus at the PSGL-1 amino terminus". Cell. 83 (2): 333–43. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90174-4 . PMID   7585950. S2CID   17480260.
  10. ↑ Immune Factor Seen to Control T-Cell Checkpoints Involved in Spread of Cancers and Infections. June 2016
  11. ↑ Nature. 2019 Oct;574(7779):565-570. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1674-5. Epub 2019 Oct 23. PMID: 31645726
  12. ↑ Reviving exhausted T cells to tackle immunotherapy-resistant cancers 2023

Further reading

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