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| Aliases | PLD2 , phospholipase D2, PLD1C | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 602384 MGI: 892877 HomoloGene: 55672 GeneCards: PLD2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Phospholipase D2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLD2 gene. [5] [6]
| PLD2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Identifiers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aliases | PLD2 , phospholipase D2, PLD1C | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 602384 MGI: 892877 HomoloGene: 55672 GeneCards: PLD2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Phospholipase D2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLD2 gene. [5] [6]
Phosphatidylcholine (PC)-specific phospholipases D (PLDs) catalyze the hydrolysis of PC to produce phosphatidic acid and choline. Activation of PC-specific PLDs occurs as a consequence of agonist stimulation of both tyrosine kinase and G protein-coupled receptors. PC-specific PLDs have been proposed to function in regulated secretion, cytoskeletal reorganization, transcriptional regulation, and cell cycle control.[supplied by OMIM] [7]
PLD2 is activated by substrate presentation. [8] The enzyme is palmitoylated, which drives PLD2 to lipid rafts. PC substrate is polyunsaturated and resides in the membrane separately from lipid rafts near phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). When PIP2 levels increase, PLD2 trafficks to PIP2 where it encounters its substrate PC. Scaffolding proteins that interact with PLD2 likely changes its preference of lipid rafts vs PIP2.
PLD2 has been shown to interact with:
Phosphatidic acids are anionic phospholipids important to cell signaling and direct activation of lipid-gated ion channels. Hydrolysis of phosphatidic acid gives rise to one molecule each of glycerol and phosphoric acid and two molecules of fatty acids. They constitute about 0.25% of phospholipids in the bilayer.
The enzyme phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4, PLA2, systematic name phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase) catalyses the cleavage of fatty acids in position 2 of phospholipids, hydrolyzing the bond between the second fatty acid “tail” and the glycerol molecule:
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate or PtdIns(4,5)P2, also known simply as PIP2 or PI(4,5)P2, is a minor phospholipid component of cell membranes. PtdIns(4,5)P2 is enriched at the plasma membrane where it is a substrate for a number of important signaling proteins. PIP2 also forms lipid clusters that sort proteins.
Lipid signaling, broadly defined, refers to any biological cell signaling event involving a lipid messenger that binds a protein target, such as a receptor, kinase or phosphatase, which in turn mediate the effects of these lipids on specific cellular responses. Lipid signaling is thought to be qualitatively different from other classical signaling paradigms because lipids can freely diffuse through membranes. One consequence of this is that lipid messengers cannot be stored in vesicles prior to release and so are often biosynthesized "on demand" at their intended site of action. As such, many lipid signaling molecules cannot circulate freely in solution but, rather, exist bound to special carrier proteins in serum.
Phospholipase D (EC 3.1.4.4, lipophosphodiesterase II, lecithinase D, choline phosphatase, PLD; systematic name phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase) is an enzyme of the phospholipase superfamily that catalyses the following reaction
Amphiphysin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AMPH gene.
Dystroglycan is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAG1 gene.
Protein kinase C delta type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCD gene.
14-3-3 protein zeta/delta (14-3-3ζ) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the YWHAZ gene on chromosome 8. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the 14-3-3 protein family and a central hub protein for many signal transduction pathways. 14-3-3ζ is a major regulator of apoptotic pathways critical to cell survival and plays a key role in a number of cancers and neurodegenerative diseases.
Caveolin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAV1 gene.
Phospholipase C, gamma 1, also known as PLCG1 and PLCgamma1, is a protein that in humans involved in cell growth, migration, apoptosis, and proliferation. It is encoded by the PLCG1 gene and is part of the PLC superfamily.
ADP-ribosylation factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARF1 gene.
Phospholipase D1 (PLD1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLD1 gene, though analogues are found in plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and even viruses.
Sodium-hydrogen exchange regulatory cofactor NHE-RF2 (NHERF-2) also known as tyrosine kinase activator protein 1 (TKA-1) or SRY-interacting protein 1 (SIP-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC9A3R2 gene.
Phospholipase C (PLC) is a class of membrane-associated enzymes that cleave phospholipids just before the phosphate group (see figure). It is most commonly taken to be synonymous with the human forms of this enzyme, which play an important role in eukaryotic cell physiology, in particular signal transduction pathways. Phospholipase C's role in signal transduction is its cleavage of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into diacyl glycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), which serve as second messengers. Activators of each PLC vary, but typically include heterotrimeric G protein subunits, protein tyrosine kinases, small G proteins, Ca2+, and phospholipids.
Ras-related protein Ral-A (RalA) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RALA gene on chromosome 7. This protein is one of two paralogs of the Ral protein, the other being RalB, and part of the Ras GTPase family. RalA functions as a molecular switch to activate a number of biological processes, majorly cell division and transport, via signaling pathways. Its biological role thus implicates it in many cancers.
S100 calcium-binding protein A10 (S100A10), also known as p11, is a protein that is encoded by the S100A10 gene in humans and the S100a10 gene in other species. S100A10 is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells. They regulate a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. The S100 protein is implicated in exocytosis and endocytosis by reorganization of F-actin.
Peroxiredoxin-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRDX6 gene. It is a member of the peroxiredoxin family of antioxidant enzymes.
Syntaxin-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STX6 gene.
Lipid-gated ion channels are a class of ion channels whose conductance of ions through the membrane depends directly on lipids. Classically the lipids are membrane resident anionic signaling lipids that bind to the transmembrane domain on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane with properties of a classic ligand. Other classes of lipid-gated channels include the mechanosensitive ion channels that respond to lipid tension, thickness, and hydrophobic mismatch. A lipid ligand differs from a lipid cofactor in that a ligand derives its function by dissociating from the channel while a cofactor typically derives its function by remaining bound.
