The ruling was the first of several that overturned key elements of the administration's New Deal legislative program. The relevant section 9(c) of the NIRA was found to be an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power, as it permitted presidential interdiction of trade without defining criteria for the application of the proposed restriction.
The finding thus differed from later rulings that argued that federal government action affecting intrastate production breached the Commerce Clause of the Constitution. In Panama v. Ryan, the Court found that Congress had violated the nondelegation doctrine by vesting the President with legislative powers without clear guidelines and by giving the President enormous and unchecked powers. The omission of congressional guidance on state petroleum production ceilings occasioned the adverse ruling because it allowed the executive to assume the role of the legislature.
Justice Cardozo dissented and claimed that the guidelines had been sufficient.
Larkin, John Day (1937). "The Trade Agreement Act in Court and in Congress". American Political Science Review. 31 (3): 498–507. doi:10.2307/1948168. JSTOR1948168. S2CID146981948.
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