 |
The Slovene language has a range of pronouns that in some ways work quite differently from English ones. This page details their usage. For declensions, see Slovene declension#Pronouns.
| |
The Slovene language has a range of pronouns that in some ways work quite differently from English ones. This page details their usage. For declensions, see Slovene declension#Pronouns.
Pronouns can replace a noun in a sentence; this is, as opposed to, say, an adjective or an adverb.
A personal pronoun denotes the speaker (I), the addressee (you) or a third person (it). Personal pronouns in Slovene are inflected in a somewhat unusual way, for there are many different forms for each of the pronouns.
Several of the pronouns have unstressed and clitic forms that are unstressed, and may attach to another word. For example:
The nominative forms of personal pronouns are not used in neutral sentences, only when emphasizing the subject, especially so for the first person singular jaz "I". This is because unlike in English, the form of the verb gives all applicable information such as the gender, grammatical number and person by itself.
The reflexive pronoun begins with s- and is used to refer back to the subject, or to some other word.
For example:
Similarly as in German and English, the reflexive pronoun can sometimes be replaced by the reciprocal phrase drug drugega "each other, one another". Thus:
The accusative se can bind with prepositional words just like other personal pronouns:
Other cases and examples:
The interrogative pronouns introduce direct and indirect questions. There are two nominative forms: kdo "who" and kaj "what".
The substantival relative pronoun is derived from the interrogative by adding -r: kdor "who, that", kar "which, that".
The negative pronoun is derived from the interrogative as well, and starts with ni-: nihče "nobody, anybody", nič "nothing, anything".
A negative pronoun demands a negative predicate, resulting in the so-called double negation:
The universal pronouns are vsakdo "everyone" and vse "everything, all".
Vsak "each, every" is an adjective that can function as a pronoun. Also in this category are vsakateri and vsakteri, both meaning "everyone", which are old-fashioned and not used in modern language.
The indefinite pronoun is derived from the interrogative, and starts with ne-: nekdo "someone, anyone", nekaj "something, anything". It refers to an unknown or deliberately untold person or object. The inflection follows the pattern of kdo and kaj.
The interrogatives kdo and kaj, can also refer to any unspecified person or object, or one that can be chosen at will.
The relative indefinite pronouns are kdorkoli or kdor koli (whoever) and karkoli or kar koli (whatever). The meaning conveyed is very similar to the unspecified pronoun. The inflexion follows the pattern of the relative pronoun with -koli or koli appended. The space, as shown, is optional, but for sake of consistency, once one method has been adopted, one should not use the other.
The manifold pronouns are marsikdo "many (people)" and marsikaj "many (things)". The inflexion follows the basic pattern of kdo and kaj. Although these pronouns refer to multiple people or things, they are grammatically singular. In addition to marsi-, other prefixes are possible, such as redko- (redkokdo "rarely anyone"), mnogo- (mnogokdo, same as marsikdo, although perhaps somewhat less usual) and malo- (malokdo "few (people)").
These all inflect as regular adjectives.
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | mój "my" | nájin "our" | nàš "our" |
| 2nd person | tvój "your" | vájin "your" | vàš "your" |
| Reflexive | svój "one's (own)" | ||
| 3rd person masculine | njegôv, njegòv "his" | njún "their" | njíhov "their" |
| 3rd person feminine | njén "her" | ||
| 3rd person neuter | njegôv, njegòv "its" | ||
Example sentences:
The reflexive determiner svoj is used much as the reflexive pronoun is used, to point back to the subject or another word.
The reflexive possessive and 'normal' possessive pronouns make some ambiguous English sentences perfectly clear in Slovene. The sentence "She has taken her towel into the bathroom" can be translated into the following two ways:
| Qualitative (Kakovostni) | Relational (Vrstni) | Possessive (Svojilni) | Quantitative (Količinski) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interrogative (Vprašalni) | kakšen, kolikšen (what kind of, to what extent) | kateri (which, what) | čigav (whose) | koliko (how much, how many) |
| Relative (Oziralni) | kakršen (the kind that) | kateri, ki (which, that) | čigar, katerega (whose) | kolikor (as much) |
| Negative (Nikalni) | nikakršen (of no kind) | noben, nobeden (no one) | nikogar, ničesar (of no one, of nothing) | nič, noben (nothing, none) |
| Total (Celostni) | vsakršen (of every kind) | vsak (everyone) | vsakogar, vsega (of everyone, of everything) | ves, oba (all, both) |
| Indefinite (Nedoločni) | nekak(šen) (some kind of) | neki (some(one)) | nekoga, nečesa (someone's, something's) | nekoliko (somewhat) |
| Unspecified (Poljubnostni) | kak(šen) | kateri | čigav | koliko |
| Relative Unspecified (Oziralni poljubnostni) | kakršenkoli (whatever kind) | katerikoli (whichever) | čigarkoli (whosever) | kolikorkoli (however much) |
| Mnogostni (Manifold) | marsikak(šen) (of many kinds) | marsikateri | marsičigav | dokaj, precej (quite a bit, quite a lot) |
| Differential (Drugostni) | drugačen (different) | drug (someone else) | drugega (of someone else) | ne toliko (not that/as much) |
| Equal (Istostni) | enak (of the same kind) | isti (the same) | istega (of the same one) | enako (the same [amount]) |
| Demonstrative (Kazalni) | tak(šen) (of this kind) | ta, tisti, oni (that one) | tega (of that one) | toliko (this much) |
Quantitative adverbial pronouns are non-inflected at all times. All other pronouns are normally inflected.
Examples:
In morphology and syntax, a clitic is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends phonologically on another word or phrase. In this sense, it is syntactically independent but phonologically dependent—always attached to a host. A clitic is pronounced like an affix, but plays a syntactic role at the phrase level. In other words, clitics have the form of affixes, but the distribution of function words.
Esperanto is the most widely used constructed language intended for international communication; it was designed with highly regular grammatical rules, and as such is considered an easy language to learn.
Japanese is an agglutinative, synthetic, mora-timed language with simple phonotactics, a pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent. Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, and sentence structure is topic–comment. Its phrases are exclusively head-final and compound sentences are exclusively left-branching. Sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or make questions. Nouns have no grammatical number or gender, and there are no articles. Verbs are conjugated, primarily for tense and voice, but not person. Japanese adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has a complex system of honorifics with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener, and persons mentioned.
The morphology of Irish is in some respects typical of an Indo-European language. Nouns are declined for number and case, and verbs for person and number. Nouns are classified by masculine or feminine gender. Other aspects of Irish morphology, while typical for an Insular Celtic language, are not typical for Indo-European, such as the presence of inflected prepositions and the initial consonant mutations. Irish syntax is also rather different from that of most Indo-European languages, due to its use of the verb–subject–object word order.
The following is an overview of the grammar of the Slovene language.
The Portuguese personal pronouns and possessives display a higher degree of inflection than other parts of speech. Personal pronouns have distinct forms according to whether they stand for a subject (nominative), a direct object (accusative), an indirect object (dative), or a reflexive object. Several pronouns further have special forms used after prepositions.
A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that refers to another noun or pronoun within the same sentence.
French personal pronouns reflect the person and number of their referent, and in the case of the third person, its gender as well. They also reflect the role they play in their clause: subject, direct object, indirect object, or other.
This page describes the declension of nouns, adjectives and pronouns in Slovene. For information on Slovene grammar in general, see Slovene grammar.
This article describes the conjugation and use of verbs in Slovene. Further information about the grammar of the Slovene language can be found in the article Slovene grammar.
Punctuation marks are one or two part graphical marks used in writing, denoting tonal progress, pauses, sentence type, abbreviations, et cetera.
Japanese pronouns are words in the Japanese language used to address or refer to present people or things, where present means people or things that can be pointed at. The position of things and their role in the current interaction are features of the meaning of those words. The use of pronouns, especially when referring to oneself and speaking in the first person, vary between gender, formality, dialect and region where Japanese is spoken.
Bulgarian grammar is the grammar of the Bulgarian language. Bulgarian is a South Slavic language that evolved from Old Church Slavonic—the written norm for the Slavic languages in the Middle Ages which derived from Proto-Slavic. Bulgarian is also a part of the Balkan sprachbund, which also includes Greek, Macedonian, Romanian, Albanian and the Torlakian dialect of Serbian. It shares with them several grammatical innovations that set it apart from most other Slavic languages, even other South Slavic languages. Among these are a sharp reduction in noun inflections—Bulgarian has lost the noun cases but has developed a definite article, which is suffixed at the end of words. In its verbal system, Bulgarian is set apart from most Slavic languages by the loss of the infinitive, the preservation of most of the complexities of the older conjugation system and the development of a complex evidential system to distinguish between witnessed and several kinds of non-witnessed information.
Czech declension is a complex system of grammatically determined modifications of nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals in Czech, one of the Slavic languages. Czech has seven cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, locative and instrumental, partly inherited from Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Slavic. Some forms of words match in more than one place in each paradigm.
Eastern Lombard grammar reflects the main features of Romance languages: the word order of Eastern Lombard is usually SVO, nouns are inflected in number, adjectives agree in number and gender with the nouns, verbs are conjugated in tenses, aspects and moods and agree with the subject in number and person. The case system is present only for the weak form of the pronoun.
Neda Ukraden is a Serbian-Croatian singer. Her professional career stretches back to 1967.
Biloxi was a Siouan language, which was once spoken by the Biloxi tribe in present-day Mississippi, Louisiana, and southeastern Texas.
Langue nouvelle is a grammatical sketch for a proposed artificial international auxiliary language presented in 1765 by Joachim Faiguet de Villeneuve, a French economist, in the ninth volume of Diderot's encyclopedia. It is likely that it influenced Volapük, Esperanto, and other language projects of the 19th century.
Dalibor Brun is a Croatian recording artist who rose to prominence with his work in Yugoslav music acts Uragani and Korni Grupa, but also maintained a successful solo career since 1969.