Species reintroduction

Last updated
A Przewalski's horse being released into the wild in Mongolia, as part of the Return of the Wild Horses project. Navrat divokych koni 2013 10.jpg
A Przewalski's horse being released into the wild in Mongolia, as part of the Return of the Wild Horses project.

Species reintroduction is the deliberate release of a species into the wild, from captivity or other areas where the organism is capable of survival. [1] The goal of species reintroduction is to establish a healthy, genetically diverse, self-sustaining population to an area where it has been extirpated, or to augment an existing population. [2] Species that may be eligible for reintroduction are typically threatened or endangered in the wild. However, reintroduction of a species can also be for pest control; for example, wolves being reintroduced to a wild area to curb an overpopulation of deer. Because reintroduction may involve returning native species to localities where they had been extirpated, some prefer the term "reestablishment". [1]

Contents

Humans have been reintroducing species for food and pest control for thousands of years. However, the practice of reintroducing for conservation is much younger, starting in the 20th century. [3]

Methods for sourcing individuals

There are a variety of approaches to species reintroduction. The optimal strategy will depend on the biology of the organism. [4] The first matter to address when beginning a species reintroduction is whether to source individuals in situ, from wild populations, or ex situ, from captivity in a zoo or botanic garden, for example.

In situ sourcing

In situ sourcing for restorations involves moving individuals from an existing wild population to a new site where the species was formerly extirpated. Ideally, populations should be sourced in situ when possible due to the numerous risks associated with reintroducing organisms from captive populations to the wild. [5] To ensure that reintroduced populations have the best chance of surviving and reproducing, individuals should be sourced from populations that genetically and ecologically resemble the recipient population. [6] Generally, sourcing from populations with similar environmental conditions to the reintroduction site will maximize the chance that reintroduced individuals are well adapted to the habitat of the reintroduction site otherwise there are possibilities that they will not take to their environment. . [7] [6]

One consideration for in situ sourcing is at which life stage the organisms should be collected, transported, and reintroduced. For instance, with plants, it is often ideal to transport them as seeds as they have the best chance of surviving translocation at this stage. However, some plants are difficult to establish as seed and may need to be translocated as juveniles or adults. [4]

Ex situ sourcing

In situations where in situ collection of individuals is not feasible, such as for rare and endangered species with too few individuals existing in the wild, ex situ collection is possible. Ex situ collection methods allow storage of individuals that have high potential for reintroduction. Storage examples include germplasm stored in seed banks, sperm and egg banks, cryopreservation, and tissue culture. [5] Methods that allow for storage of a high numbers of individuals also aim to maximize genetic diversity. Stored materials generally have long lifespans in storage, but some species do lose viability when stored as seed. [8] Tissue culture and cryopreservation techniques have only been perfected for a few species. [9]

Organisms may also be kept in living collections in captivity. Living collections are more costly than storing germplasm and hence can support only a fraction of the individuals that ex situ sourcing can. [5] Risk increases when sourcing individuals to add to living collections. Loss of genetic diversity is a concern because fewer individuals stored. [10] Individuals may also become genetically adapted to captivity, which often adversely affects the reproductive fitness of individuals. Adaptation to captivity may make individuals less suitable for reintroduction to the wild. Thus, efforts should be made to replicate wild conditions and minimize time spent in captivity whenever possible. [11]

Successes and failures

Arabian oryx were reintroduced to Oman and Israel in the 20th century. Reem-Lavan001.jpg
Arabian oryx were reintroduced to Oman and Israel in the 20th century.

Reintroduction biology is a relatively young discipline and continues to be a work in progress. No strict and accepted definition of reintroduction success exists, but it has been proposed that the criteria widely used to assess the conservation status of endangered taxa, such as the IUCN Red List criteria, should be used to assess reintroduction success. [12] Successful reintroduction programs should yield viable and self-sustainable populations in the long-term. The IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group & Environment Agency, in their 2011 Global Re-introduction Perspectives, compiled reintroduction case studies from around the world. [13] 184 case studies were reported on a range of species which included invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, and plants. Assessments from all of the studies included goals, success indicators, project summary, major difficulties faced, major lessons learned, and success of project with reasons for success or failure. A similar assessment focused solely on plants found high rates of success for rare species reintroductions. [14] An analysis of data from the Center for Plant Conservation International Reintroduction Registry found that, for the 49 cases where data were available, 92% of the reintroduced plant populations survived two years. The Siberian tiger population has rebounded from 40 individuals in the 1940s to around 500 in 2007. The Siberian tiger population is now the largest un-fragmented tiger population in the world. [15] Yet, a high proportion of translocations and reintroductions have not been successful in establishing viable populations. [16] For instance, in China reintroduction of captive Giant Pandas have had mixed effects. The initial pandas released from captivity all died quickly after reintroduction. [17] Even now that they have improved their ability to reintroduce pandas, concern remains over how well the captive-bred pandas will fare with their wild relatives. [18]

Many factors can attribute to the success or failure of a reintroduction. Predators, food, pathogens, competitors, and weather can all affect a reintroduced population's ability to grow, survive, and reproduce. The number of animals reintroduced in an attempt should also vary with factors such as social behavior, expected rates of predation, and density in the wild. [19] Animals raised in captivity may experience stress during captivity or translocation, which can weaken their immune systems. [20] The IUCN reintroduction guidelines emphasize the need for an assessment of the availability of suitable habitat as a key component of reintroduction planning. [21] Poor assessment of the release site can increase the chances that the species will reject the site and perhaps move to a less suitable environment. This can decrease the species fitness and thus decrease chances for survival. [20] They state that restoration of the original habitat and amelioration of causes of extinction must be explored and considered as essential conditions for these projects. Unfortunately, the monitoring period that should follow reintroductions often remains neglected. [22]

Genetic considerations

When a species has been extirpated from a site where it previously existed, individuals that will comprise the reintroduced population must be sourced from wild or captive populations. When sourcing individuals for reintroduction, it is important to consider local adaptation, adaptation to captivity (for ex situ conservation), the possibility of inbreeding depression and outbreeding depression, and taxonomy, ecology, and genetic diversity of the source population. [2] Reintroduced populations experience increased vulnerability to influences of drift, selection, and gene flow evolutionary processes due to their small sizes, climatic and ecological differences between source and native habitats, and presence of other mating-compatible populations. [11] [23] [24] [25]

If the species slated for reintroduction is rare in the wild, it is likely to have unusually low population numbers, and care should be taken to avoid inbreeding and inbreeding depression. [2] Inbreeding can change the frequency of allele distribution in a population, and potentially result in a change to crucial genetic diversity. [2] Additionally, outbreeding depression can occur if a reintroduced population can hybridize with existing populations in the wild, which can result in offspring with reduced fitness, and less adaptation to local conditions. To minimize both, practitioners should source for individuals in a way that captures as much genetic diversity as possible, and attempt to match source site conditions to local site conditions as much as possible. [2]

Capturing as much genetic diversity as possible, measured as heterozygosity, is suggested in species reintroductions. [2] Some protocols suggest sourcing approximately 30 individuals from a population will capture 95% of the genetic diversity. [2] Maintaining genetic diversity in the recipient population is crucial to avoiding the loss of essential local adaptations, minimizing inbreeding depression, and maximizing fitness of the reintroduced population.

Ecological similarity

Plants or animals that undergo reintroduction may exhibit reduced fitness if they are not sufficiently adapted to local environmental conditions. Therefore, researchers should consider ecological and environmental similarity of source and recipient sites when selecting populations for reintroduction. Environmental factors to consider include climate and soil traits (pH, percent clay, silt and sand, percent combustion carbon, percent combustion nitrogen, concentration of Ca, Na, Mg, P, K). [6] Historically, sourcing plant material for reintroductions has followed the rule "local is best," as the best way to preserve local adaptations, with individuals for reintroductions selected from the most geographically proximate population. [26] However, geographic distance was shown in a common garden experiment to be an insufficient predictor of fitness. [6] Additionally, projected climatic shifts induced by climate change have led to the development of new seed sourcing protocols that aim to source seeds that are best adapted to project climate conditions. [27] Conservation agencies have developed seed transfer zones that serve as guidelines for how far plant material can be transported before it will perform poorly. [28] Seed transfer zones take into account proximity, ecological conditions, and climatic conditions in order to predict how plant performance will vary from one zone to the next. A study of the reintroduction of Castilleja levisecta found that the source populations most physically near the reintroduction site performed the poorest in a field experiment, while those from the source population whose ecological conditions most closely matched the reintroduction site performed best, demonstrating the importance of matching the evolved adaptations of a population to the conditions at the reintroduction site. [29]

Adaptation to captivity

Some reintroduction programs use plants or animals from captive populations to form a reintroduced population. [2] When reintroducing individuals from a captive population to the wild, there is a risk that they have adapted to captivity due to differential selection of genotypes in captivity versus the wild. The genetic basis of this adaptation is selection of rare, recessive alleles that are deleterious in the wild but preferred in captivity. [11] Consequently, animals adapted to captivity show reduced stress tolerance, increased tameness, and loss of local adaptations. [30] Plants also can show adaptations to captivity through changes in drought tolerance, nutrient requirements, and seed dormancy requirements. [31] Extent of adaptation is directly related to intensity of selection, genetic diversity, effective population size and number of generations in captivity. Characteristics selected for in captivity are overwhelmingly disadvantageous in the wild, so such adaptations can lead to reduced fitness following reintroduction. Reintroduction projects that introduce wild animals generally experience higher success rates than those that use captive-bred animals. [11] Genetic adaptation to captivity can be minimized through management methods: by maximizing generation length and number of new individuals added to the captive population; minimizing effective population size, number of generations spent in captivity, and selection pressure; and reducing genetic diversity by fragmenting the population. [2] [11] For plants, minimizing adaptation to captivity is usually achieved by sourcing plant material from a seed bank, where individuals are preserved as wild-collected seeds, and have not had the chance to adapt to conditions in captivity. However, this method is only plausible for plants with seed dormancy. [11]

Genetic trade-offs

In reintroductions from captivity, translocation of animals from captivity to the wild has implications for both captive and wild populations. Reintroduction of genetically valuable animals from captivity improves genetic diversity of reintroduced populations while depleting captive populations; conversely, genetically valuable captive-bred animals may be closely related to individuals in the wild and thus increase risk of inbreeding depression if reintroduced. Increasing genetic diversity is favored with removal of genetically overrepresented individuals from captive populations and addition of animals with low genetic relatedness to the wild. [32] [33] However, in practice, initial reintroduction of individuals with low genetic value to the captive population is recommended to allow for genetic assessment before translocation of valuable individuals. [33]

Improving research techniques

A cooperative approach to reintroduction by ecologists and biologists could improve research techniques. For both preparation and monitoring of reintroductions, increasing contacts between academic population biologists and wildlife managers is encouraged within the Survival Species Commission and the IUCN. The IUCN states that a re-introduction requires a multidisciplinary approach involving a team of persons drawn from a variety of backgrounds. [21] A survey by Wolf et al. in 1998 indicated that 64% of reintroduction projects have used subjective opinion to assess habitat quality. [20] This means that most reintroduction evaluation has been based on human anecdotal evidence and not enough has been based on statistical findings. Seddon et al. (2007) suggest that researchers contemplating future reintroductions should specify goals, overall ecological purpose, and inherent technical and biological limitations of a given reintroduction, and planning and evaluation processes should incorporate both experimental and modeling approaches. [3]

Monitoring the health of individuals, as well as the survival, is important; both before and after the reintroduction. Intervention may be necessary if the situation proves unfavorable. [21] Population dynamics models that integrate demographic parameters and behavioral data recorded in the field can lead to simulations and tests of a priori hypotheses. Using previous results to design further decisions and experiments is a central concept of adaptive management. In other words, learning by doing can help in future projects. Population ecologists should therefore collaborate with biologists, ecologists, and wildlife management to improve reintroduction programs. [34]

Genetic monitoring

For reintroduced populations to successfully establish and maximize reproductive fitness, practitioners should perform genetic tests to select which individuals will be the founders of reintroduced populations and to continue monitoring populations post-reintroduction. [4] A number of methods are available to measure the genetic relatedness between and variation among individuals within populations. Common genetic diversity assessment tools include microsatellite markers, mitochondrial DNA analyses, alloenzymes, and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. [35] Post-reintroduction, genetic monitoring tools can be used to obtain data such as population abundance, effective population size, and population structure, and can also be used to identify instances of inbreeding within reintroduced populations or hybridization with existing populations that are genetically compatible. Long-term genetic monitoring is recommended post-reintroduction to track changes in genetic diversity of the reintroduced population and determine success of a reintroduction program. Adverse genetic changes such as loss of heterozygosity may indicate management intervention, such as population supplementation, is necessary for survival of the reintroduced population. [36] [37] [38]

Re-introduction Specialist Group (RSG)

The RSG is a network of specialists whose aim is to combat the ongoing and massive loss of biodiversity by using re-introductions as a responsible tool for the management and restoration of biodiversity. It does this by actively developing and promoting sound inter-disciplinary scientific information, policy, and practice to establish viable wild populations in their natural habitats. The role of the RSG is to promote the re-establishment of viable populations in the wild of animals and plants. The need for this role was felt due to the increased demand from re-introduction practitioners, the global conservation community and increase in re-introduction projects worldwide.

Increasing numbers of animal and plant species are becoming rare, or even extinct in the wild. In an attempt to re-establish populations, species can – in some instances – be re-introduced into an area, either through translocation from existing wild populations, or by re-introducing captive-bred animals or artificially propagated plants.

Reintroduction programs

Africa

Asia

Middle East

Europe

Black-bellied hamster (Cricetus cricetus), also known as European hamster, common hamster Cricetus-cricetus-Vienna-2015.JPG
Black-bellied hamster (Cricetus cricetus), also known as European hamster, common hamster

North America

Oceans and Oceania

South America

A Chaco tortoise being released into the wild in Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Liberacion de tortugas en Santiago del Estero - 2.jpg
A Chaco tortoise being released into the wild in Santiago del Estero, Argentina.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bongo (antelope)</span> Species of mammal

The bongo is a large, mostly nocturnal, forest-dwelling antelope, native to sub-Saharan Africa. Bongos are characterised by a striking reddish-brown coat, black and white markings, white-yellow stripes, and long slightly spiralled horns. It is the only tragelaphid in which both sexes have horns. Bongos have a complex social interaction and are found in African dense forest mosaics. They are the third-largest antelope in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Przewalski's horse</span> Subspecies of mammal

Przewalski's horse, also called the takhi, Mongolian wild horse or Dzungarian horse, is a rare and endangered horse originally native to the steppes of Central Asia. It is named after the Russian geographer and explorer Nikolay Przhevalsky. Once extinct in the wild, since the 1990s it has been reintroduced to its native habitat in Mongolia in the Khustain Nuruu National Park, Takhin Tal Nature Reserve, and Khomiin Tal, as well as several other locales in Central Asia and Eastern Europe.

<i>Ex situ</i> conservation Preservation of plants or animals outside their natural habitats

Ex situ conservation is the process of protecting an endangered species, variety or breed, of plant or animal outside its natural habitat. For example, by removing part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, an artificial environment which is similar to the natural habitat of the respective animal and within the care of humans, such as a zoological park or wildlife sanctuary. The degree to which humans control or modify the natural dynamics of the managed population varies widely, and this may include alteration of living environments, reproductive patterns, access to resources, and protection from predation and mortality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hawaiian crow</span> Species of bird in the crow family

The Hawaiian crow or ʻalalā is a species of bird in the crow family, Corvidae, that is currently extinct in the wild, though reintroduction programs are underway. It is about the size of the carrion crow at 48–50 cm (19–20 in) in length, but with more rounded wings and a much thicker bill. It has soft, brownish-black plumage and long, bristly throat feathers; the feet, legs, and bill are black. Today, the Hawaiian crow is considered the most endangered of the family Corvidae. They are recorded to have lived up to 18 years in the wild, and 28 years in captivity. Some Native Hawaiians consider the Hawaiian crow an ʻaumakua.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Père David's deer</span> Species of mammals native to China

The Père David's deer, also known as the milu or elaphure, is a species of deer native to the subtropical river valleys of China. It grazes mainly on grass and aquatic plants. It is the only extant member of the genus Elaphurus. Some experts suggest demoting Elaphurus to a subgenus of Cervus. Based on genetic comparisons, Père David's deer is closely related to Eld's deer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scimitar oryx</span> Species of oryx

The scimitar oryx, also known as the scimitar-horned oryx and the Sahara oryx, is an Oryx species that was once widespread across North Africa. In 2000, it was declared extinct in the wild on the IUCN Red List. This particular oryx is adapted to harsh desert conditions and can survive for months or even years without drinking water. A grazing animal, it derives most of its daily moisture intake from plants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Captive breeding</span> Of wild organisms, by humans

Captive breeding, also known as captive propagation, is the process of keeping plants or animals in controlled environments, such as wildlife reserves, zoos, botanic gardens, and other conservation facilities. It is sometimes employed to help species that are being threatened by the effects of human activities such as climate change, habitat loss, fragmentation, overhunting or fishing, pollution, predation, disease, and parasitism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dama gazelle</span> Species of mammal

The dama gazelle, also known as the addra gazelle or mhorr gazelle, is a species of gazelle. It lives in Africa, in the Sahara desert and the Sahel. A critically endangered species, it has disappeared from most of its former range due to overhunting and habitat loss, and natural populations only remain in Chad, Mali, and Niger. Its habitat includes grassland, shrubland, semi-deserts, open savanna and mountain plateaus. Its diet includes shrubs, herbs, grasses, leaves, shoots, and fruit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kihansi spray toad</span> Species of amphibian

The Kihansi spray toad is a small toad endemic to Tanzania. The species is live-bearing and insectivorous. The Kihansi spray toad is currently categorized as Extinct in the Wild by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), though the species persists in ex situ, captive breeding populations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western barred bandicoot</span> Species of marsupial

The Western barred bandicoot, also known as the Shark Bay bandicoot or the Marl, is a small species of bandicoot; now extinct across most of its former range, the western barred bandicoot only survives on offshore islands and in fenced sanctuaries on the mainland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Species translocation</span> Human relocation of plants or animals

Translocation is the human action of moving an organism from one area and releasing it in another. In terms of wildlife conservation, its objective is to improve the conservation status of the translocated organism or to restore the function and processes of the ecosystem the organism is entering.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Extinct in the wild</span> IUCN conservation category

A species that is extinct in the wild (EW) is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as only consisting of living members kept in captivity or as a naturalized population outside its historic range. Classification requires exhaustive surveys conducted within the species' known habitat with consideration given to seasonality, time of day, and life cycle. Once a species is classified as EW, the only way for it to be downgraded is through reintroduction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater stick-nest rat</span> Species of rodent

The greater stick-nest rat, also known as the housebuilding rat and wopilkara, is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. They are about the size of a small rabbit and construct large nests of interwoven sticks. Once widespread across southern Australia, the population was reduced after European colonisation to a remnant outpost on South Australia's Franklin Islands. The species has since been reintroduced to a series of protected and monitored areas, with varying levels of success.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Persian fallow deer</span> Species of deer

The Persian fallow deer is a deer species once native to all of the Middle East, but currently only living in Iran and Israel. It was reintroduced in Israel. It has been listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2008. After a captive breeding program, the population has rebounded from only a handful of deer in the 1960s to over a thousand individuals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cheetah reintroduction in India</span> Introduction of African cheetahs in India

Cheetah reintroduction in India is a programme initiated by Government of India to re-introduce cheetahs to India after they became locally extinct more than 70 years ago. The Asiatic cheetah whose range once included most of India were driven to extinction locally with the last known sightings recorded in early 1950s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arabian oryx reintroduction</span>

The Arabian oryx, also called the white oryx, was extinct in the wild as of 1972, but was reintroduced to the wild starting in 1982. Initial reintroduction was primarily from two herds: the "World Herd" originally started at the Phoenix Zoo in 1963 from only nine oryx and the Saudi Arabian herd started in 1986 from private collections and some "World Herd" stock by the Saudi National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC). As of 2009 there have been reintroductions in Oman, Saudi Arabia, Israel, the United Arab Emirates, and Jordan, and as of 2013 the IUCN Red List classifies the species as vulnerable.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conservation behavior</span>

Conservation behavior is the interdisciplinary field about how animal behavior can assist in the conservation of biodiversity. It encompasses proximate and ultimate causes of behavior and incorporates disciplines including genetics, physiology, behavioral ecology, and evolution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southeast African cheetah</span> Subspecies of carnivore

The Southeast African cheetah is the nominate cheetah subspecies native to East and Southern Africa. The Southern African cheetah lives mainly in the lowland areas and deserts of the Kalahari, the savannahs of Okavango Delta, and the grasslands of the Transvaal region in South Africa. In Namibia, cheetahs are mostly found in farmlands. In India, four cheetahs of the subspecies are living in Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh after having been introduced there.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iberá National Park</span> National park in Argentina

Iberá National Park is a national park in Argentina located in the northeast province of Corrientes. The national park adjoins the 5,530 km2 Iberá Provincial Park to the southeast. The national park and provincial park are both within the Iberá Provincial Nature Reserve, a conservation area of 13,245 km2 created in 1982. The combined protected area is the largest in Argentina.

Rewilding Argentina is an Argentine nonprofit conservation organization. It purchases private land, restoring ecosystems and developing wildlife corridors, then donates the land for national parks. The organization also reintroduces native species. Founded in 2010 by Argentine conservationists, Rewilding Argentina was preceded by Conservation Land Trust, which was established by Doug Tompkins in 1992.

References

  1. 1 2 Campbell-Palmer, R.; Rosell, F. (2010). "Conservation of the Eurasian beaver Castor fiber: an olfactory perspective". Mammal Review. 40 (4): 293–312. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2010.00165.x.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Frankham, Richard; Ballou, Jon; Briscoe, David (2004-01-01). Introduction to Conservation Genetics. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 419–470. ISBN   978-0-521-70271-3. OCLC   965796229.
  3. 1 2 3 Seddon; Armstrong, DP; Maloney, RF (2007). "Developing the Science of Reintroduction Biology". Conservation Biology. 21 (2): 303–312. Bibcode:2007ConBi..21..303S. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00627.x. PMID   17391180. S2CID   10434140.
  4. 1 2 3 "IUCN Guidelines for Restorations and Other Conservation Translocations" (PDF). IUCN. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  5. 1 2 3 Maunder, Mike; Byers, Onnie (January 2005). "The IUCN Technical Guidelines on the Management of Ex Situ Populations for Conservation: reflecting major changes in the application of ex situ conservation". Oryx. 39 (1): 95–98. doi: 10.1017/S0030605305000177 .
  6. 1 2 3 4 Montalvo, Arlee M.; Ellstrand, Norman C. (2000-08-15). "Transplantation of the Subshrub Lotus scoparius: Testing the Home-Site Advantage Hypothesis". Conservation Biology. 14 (4): 1034–1045. Bibcode:2000ConBi..14.1034M. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99250.x. ISSN   0888-8892. S2CID   84203019.
  7. ↑ Houde, Aimee; Garner, Shawn; Neff, Bryan (2015). "Restoring species through reintroductions: strategies for source population selection". Restoration Ecology. 23 (6): 746–753. Bibcode:2015ResEc..23..746H. doi:10.1111/rec.12280. S2CID   83859097.
  8. ↑ Walters, Christina; Wheeler, Lana; Grotenhuis, Judith (2005). "Longevity of seeds stored in a genebank: species characteristics". Seed Science Research. 15 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1079/ssr2004195. S2CID   86085929.
  9. ↑ Engelmann, Florent (2011). "Use of biotechnologies for the conservation of plant biodiversity". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant. 47 (1): 5–16. doi:10.1007/s11627-010-9327-2. S2CID   23582569.
  10. ↑ Witzenberger, Kathrin; Hochkirch, Axel (2011). "Ex situ conservation genetics: a review of molecular studies on the genetic consequences of captive breeding programmes for endangered animal species". Biodiversity and Conservation. 20 (9): 1843–1861. Bibcode:2011BiCon..20.1843W. doi:10.1007/s10531-011-0074-4. S2CID   19255252.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Frankham, Richard (2008). "Genetic adaptation to captivity in species conservation programs". Molecular Ecology. 17 (1): 325–333. Bibcode:2008MolEc..17..325F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03399.x. PMID   18173504. S2CID   8550230.
  12. ↑ Robert A, Colas B, Guigon I, Kerbiriou C, Mihoub JB, Saint-Jalme M, Sarrazin F (2015). "Defining reintroduction success using IUCN criteria for threatened species: a demographic assessment". Animal Conservation. 18 (5): 397–406. Bibcode:2015AnCon..18..397R. doi:10.1111/acv.12188. S2CID   85603026.
  13. ↑ Soorae, P. S. (ed.) (2011). Global Re-introduction Perspectives: 2011. More case studies from around the globe. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group and Abu Dhabi, UAE: Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi. xiv + 250 pp.SBN: 978-2-8317-1432-5 https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2011-073.pdf
  14. ↑ Albrecht, Matthew A.; Guerrant Jr., Edward O.; Maschinski, Joyce; Kennedy, Kathryn L. (2011-11-01). "A long-term view of rare plant reintroduction". Biological Conservation. 144 (11): 2557–2558. Bibcode:2011BCons.144.2557A. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.07.021.
  15. ↑ Rietbergen, Jennifer Building a Sustainable Future WWF International 2008
  16. ↑ Kleiman, D. G. (1989). "Reintroduction of captive mammals for conservation. Guidelines for reintroducing endangered species into the wild". BioScience. 39 (3): 152–161. doi:10.2307/1311025. JSTOR   1311025.
  17. ↑ "Reintroduction Program – 2006". Pandas International. Retrieved 2017-06-03.
  18. ↑ "New Video Shows Returning Pandas to the Wild Actually Works". 19 April 2017. Archived from the original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved 2017-06-03.
  19. ↑ Wimberger, Kirsten; Downs, Colleen T.; Perrin, Mike R. (2009-10-01). "Two Unsuccessful Reintroduction Attempts of Rock Hyraxes (Procavia capensis) into a Reserve in the KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa". South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 39 (2): 192–201. doi:10.3957/056.039.0213. ISSN   0379-4369. S2CID   85997109.
  20. 1 2 3 Stamps, J.A.; Swaisgood, R.R (2007). "Someplace like home: Experience, Habitat selection and Conservation Biology". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 102 (3–4): 392–409. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.038.
  21. 1 2 3 Prepared by the SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group (May 1995) IUCN/SSC Guidelines for Re-Introductions http://www.iucnsscrsg.org
  22. ↑ Sarrazin, F. Barbault, R. (November 1996). Reintroduction: Challenges and Lessons for Basic Ecology Elsevier Science Volume 11 No. 11
  23. ↑ Latch, Emily K.; Rhodes, Olin E. (2006-01-21). "The effects of gene flow and population isolation on the genetic structure of␣reintroduced wild turkey populations: Are genetic signatures of source populations retained?". Conservation Genetics. 6 (6): 981–997. doi:10.1007/s10592-005-9089-2. ISSN   1566-0621. S2CID   19523834.
  24. ↑ Sork, Victoria L. (2015-11-03). "Gene flow and natural selection shape spatial patterns of genes in tree populations: implications for evolutionary processes and applications". Evolutionary Applications. 9 (1): 291–310. doi:10.1111/eva.12316. PMC   4780383 . PMID   27087853.
  25. ↑ Brekke, Patricia (2011). "High genetic diversity in the remnant island population of hihi and the genetic consequences of re-introduction" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 20 (1): 29–45. Bibcode:2011MolEc..20...29B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04923.x. PMID   21073589. S2CID   25508833.
  26. ↑ Havens, Kayri; Vitt, Pati; Still, Shannon; Kramer, Andrea T.; Fant, Jeremie B.; Schatz, Katherine (2015-01-01). "Seed Sourcing for Restoration in an Era of Climate Change". Natural Areas Journal. 35 (1): 122–133. doi: 10.3375/043.035.0116 . ISSN   0885-8608. S2CID   86349716.
  27. ↑ Breed, Martin F.; Stead, Michael G.; Ottewell, Kym M.; Gardner, Michael G.; Lowe, Andrew J. (2013-02-01). "Which provenance and where? Seed sourcing strategies for revegetation in a changing environment". Conservation Genetics. 14 (1): 1–10. Bibcode:2013ConG...14....1B. doi:10.1007/s10592-012-0425-z. ISSN   1566-0621. S2CID   12813499.
  28. ↑ Rogers, D. L.; Montalvo, A. M. (2004). Genetically appropriate choices for plant materials to maintain biological diversity. University of California: Report to the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Lakewood, CO. pp. 103–129.
  29. ↑ Lawrence, Beth; Kaye, Thomas (2011). "Reintroduction of Castilleja levisecta: Effects of Ecological Similarity, Source Population Genetics, and Habitat Quality". Restoration Ecology. 19 (2): 166–176. Bibcode:2011ResEc..19..166L. doi:10.1111/j.1526-100x.2009.00549.x. S2CID   85653946.
  30. ↑ Frankham, Richard (2008). "Genetic adaptation to captivity in species conservation programs". Molecular Ecology. 17 (1): 325–333. Bibcode:2008MolEc..17..325F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03399.x. PMID   18173504. S2CID   8550230.
  31. ↑ Ensslin, Andreas; Tschöpe, Okka; Burkart, Michael; Joshi, Jasmin (2015-12-01). "Fitness decline and adaptation to novel environments in ex situ plant collections: Current knowledge and future perspectives". Biological Conservation. 192: 394–401. Bibcode:2015BCons.192..394E. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.10.012.
  32. ↑ Earnhardt, Joanne M. (November 1999). "Reintroduction programmes: genetic trade-offs for populations". Animal Conservation. 2 (4): 279–286. Bibcode:1999AnCon...2..279E. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00074.x. ISSN   1367-9430. S2CID   84850782.
  33. 1 2 Frankham, Richard; Ballou, Jonathan D.; Briscoe, David A. (2010). Introduction to conservation genetics (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-139-19024-4. OCLC   774393970.
  34. ↑ "In situ Conservation". Our Work. BGCI. Archived from the original on 2012-02-01. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
  35. ↑ Schwartz, M; Luikart, G; Waples, R (2007). "Genetic monitoring as a promising tool for conservation and management". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 22 (1): 25–33. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2006.08.009. ISSN   0169-5347. PMID   16962204. S2CID   3744830.
  36. 1 2 Haye, M. J. J. La; Reiners, T. E.; Raedts, R.; Verbist, V.; Koelewijn, H. P. (2017-08-01). "Genetic monitoring to evaluate reintroduction attempts of a highly endangered rodent". Conservation Genetics. 18 (4): 877–892. Bibcode:2017ConG...18..877L. doi: 10.1007/s10592-017-0940-z . hdl: 2066/177140 . ISSN   1566-0621.
  37. ↑ Roques, S.; Berrebi, P.; Rochard, E.; Acolas, M.L. (2018). "Genetic monitoring for the successful re-stocking of a critically endangered diadromous fish with low diversity". Biological Conservation. 221: 91–102. Bibcode:2018BCons.221...91R. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.032. ISSN   0006-3207.
  38. 1 2 Mowry, R. A.; Schneider, T. M.; Latch, E. K.; Gompper, M. E.; Beringer, J.; Eggert, L. S. (2014-08-06). "Genetics and the successful reintroduction of the Missouri river otter". Animal Conservation. 18 (2): 196–206. doi:10.1111/acv.12159. ISSN   1367-9430. S2CID   83575190.
  39. ↑ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Addax nasomaculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T512A50180603. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T512A50180603.en . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  40. ↑ "Critically endangered addax antelope to be reintroduced in Chad". Africa Geographic. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  41. ↑ "Elephants return to Samara". Samara Private Game Reserve. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  42. ↑ "Leopards reintroduced to Majete". African Parks. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  43. ↑ "Final Leopard Reintroduction to Majete Wildlife Reserve". African Parks. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  44. ↑ "Malawi: Final Leopard Reintroduction to Majete Wildlife Reserve". African Conservation Foundation. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  45. ↑ "46 tortoises reintroduced in Senegal thanks to a unique transfer with Air France KLM Martinair Cargo". EN-VOLS. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  46. ↑ "First Ever African Wild Dog Introduction to Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique". Wildlife ACT. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  47. ↑ "The African Wild Dogs are back". Gorongosa National Park. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  48. ↑ "New Residents Settle In at Lekedi Park". Eramet. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  49. ↑ "African Wild Dogs return to Malawi". www.africanparks.org. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
  50. ↑ "Botswana Rhino Reintroduction Project". Wildness Safaris. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  51. ↑ "Rhino Conservation Botswana". Rhino Conservation Botswana. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  52. ↑ "Black rhinos return to Rwanda 10 years after disappearance". The Guardian. 3 May 2017. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  53. ↑ "Black rhino to be reintroduced in Chad". The Guardian.
  54. ↑ "Black Rhino Reintroduction". Gonarezhou National Park. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  55. ↑ "Gonarezhou Black Rhino Reintroduction". Rhino Recovery Fund. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  56. ↑ "Black rhinos return to Zinave National Park in Mozambique". Peace Parks Foundation. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  57. ↑ "Rehabilitation and Reintroduction of wild born orphan chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) within the pongo and okokong islands of the douala-edea wildlife reserve, Littoral Region Cameroon". Neliti. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  58. ↑ "Reintroduction of Cuvier's Gazelle Jebel Serj NP Tunisia - Latest News". rgct.eeza.csic.es. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
  59. ↑ "Zebras returned to the wild". The Aspinall Foundation. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  60. ↑ "'It's a success': Pangolins return to a region where they were once extinct". MONGABAY. 23 June 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  61. ↑ "andBeyond Donated Five Lionesses from Phinda to Rwanda". www.andbeyond.com. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
  62. ↑ "Lions to bring 'East Africa experience' to Rwanda". The East African. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
  63. ↑ "Lions Reintroduced to Liwonde National Park in Malawi". African Parks. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  64. ↑ "Reintroducing lions into Malawi". Lion Recovery Fund. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  65. ↑ Peignot P, Charpentier MJ, Bout N, Bourry O, Massima U, Dosimont O, Terramorsi R, Wickings EJ (2008). "Learning from the first release project of captive-bred mandrills Mandrillus sphinx in Gabon". Oryx. 42. doi: 10.1017/S0030605308000136 .
  66. ↑ Abáigar, Teresa; Rodríguez-Caballero, Emilio; Martínez, Cristina; Amaouch, Zouhair; Samlali, Mohamed L.; Aparicio, Fernando; El Balla, Taufik; Essalhi, Abderrahim; Fernández, Jesús; García, Francisco; Haya, Moulaye; m'Bareck, Abba; m'Bareck, Hamady; González, Luis M.; Fernández De Larrínoa, Pablo (2019). "The first reintroduction project for mhorr gazelle (Nanger dama mhorr) into the wild: Knowledge and experience gained to support future conservation actions". Global Ecology and Conservation. 19: e00680. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00680 . hdl: 10261/201572 .
  67. ↑ "Absent for decades, zebras reintroduced to park in southern Tanzania". Mongabay. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  68. ↑ "The reintroduction of zebra to one of Zambia's parks". Conservation Solutions. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  69. ↑ "Scimitar-horned Oryx Reintroduction Programme". Sahara Conservation Fund. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  70. ↑ "Reintroducing scimitar-horned oryx to Chad". The Zoological Society of London. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  71. ↑ "25 Scimitar-Horned Oryx to be Reintroduced to the Wild in Chad". Smithsonian Insider. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  72. ↑ "White rhinos reintroduced to DR Congo national park". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-06-20.
  73. ↑ "White Rhinos to Rwanda". www.africanparks.org. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
  74. ↑ Shreya Dasgupta (29 May 2017). "Cheetahs return to Malawi after decades". Mongabay. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  75. ↑ "Mozambique – hyenas reintroduced to Zinave". Africa Sustainable Conservation News. 4 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  76. ↑ "Go wild in these countries: five exciting rewilding projects to visit". the Guardian. 2022-06-26. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  77. ↑ "Reintroduction of the West African Giraffe". Save Giraffes Now. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  78. ↑ "West African giraffe return to Gadabedji after 50 years of absence". Africa Geographic. 5 December 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  79. ↑ "Plan for Amur leopard reintroduction approved". ZSL. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  80. ↑ "Amur Leopard Reintroduction". conservewildcats. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  81. ↑ "The Amur Leopard Reintroduction Program launched in Primorye". WWF. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  82. ↑ "Elephants Return to the Forest". AMNH. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  83. ↑ "First Ever Reintroduction of the Asian Giant Tortoise in Bangladesh: a Model for Future Rewilding Efforts". future for nature. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  84. ↑ "Rewilding The Asian Giant Tortoise In Bangladesh". Nature in Focus. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  85. ↑ "Tigers successfully reintroduced in Indian park". Mongabay. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  86. ↑ "Sariska Tiger Reserve - Reintroduction of Tigers". Government of Rajasthan Forest Department. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  87. ↑ See Borneo Orangutan Survival
  88. ↑ "Bukhara deer reintroduced in Kazakhstan". WWF. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  89. ↑ "Bukhara deer to be reintroduced in Central Asia". Eco News. 28 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  90. ↑ "Star Tortoise Reintroduction Progressing Well in Myanmar". turtle survival alliance. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  91. ↑ "India Gets Cheetahs Again After 70 Years: 10 Points". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
  92. ↑ "Feasibility study: reintroducing Chinese alligator to Yancheng". Conservation Leadership Program. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  93. ↑ "Endangered bird returns to South Korea 40 years after extinction" . Independent. 22 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  94. ↑ "Bringing back the crested ibis". The Japan Times. 14 June 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  95. ↑ "Reintroducing the Japanese Crested Ibis in Sado, Japan (PDF)" (PDF). Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  96. ↑ "Reintroduction of Gaur (Bos gaurus gaurus) in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve (PDF)" (PDF). The Wildlife Institute of India. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  97. ↑ "Gharials get back into the Ganges". WWF. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  98. ↑ "GHARIALS ON THE GANGA (PDF)" (PDF). Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  99. ↑ Oberai, C.P. (2002). Kaziranga, The Rhino Land. B. R. Pub. Corp. ISBN   978-81-7646-259-4.
  100. ↑ "Reintroduction of Greater Indian Rhinoceros into Dudhwa National Park (PDF)" (PDF). Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  101. ↑ "One-horned rhino to be reintroduced in Corbett". The Times of India . 27 November 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  102. ↑ "Foxes released into wild on Sobaeksan". The korean Herald. November 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  103. ↑ Osterberg, P.; Samphanthamit, P.; Maprang, O.; Punnadee, S.; Brockelman, W. Y. (2015). "Gibbon (Hylobates lar) reintroduction success in Phuket, Thailand, and its conservation benefits". American Journal of Primatology. 77 (5). pubmed.ncbi.gov: 492–501. doi:10.1002/ajp.22367. PMID   25597291. S2CID   4001038.
  104. ↑ Maschinski, Joyce; Haskins, Kristin (2012). Plant reintroduction in a changing climate: promises and perils. Island Press.
  105. ↑ Cheong, Seokwan; Sung, Ha-Cheol; Park, Shi-Ryong (2012). "A Population Viability Analysis (PVA) for Re-introduction of the Oriental White Stork (Ciconia boyciana) in Korea". Environmental Biology Research. 30 (4). Korean Journal of Environmental Biology: 307–313. doi:10.11626/KJEB.2012.30.4.307 . Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  106. ↑ "Reintroduction of Pileated Gibbons at the Angkor World Heritage Site". Foundation Segre. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  107. ↑ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Retrieved 2018-10-27.
  108. ↑ "Przewalski's horse". Smithsonian's National Zoo. 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  109. ↑ "Successful reintroduction of world's smallest hog". Mongabay. 13 May 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  110. ↑ ACAP Breeding Site No. 65. Torishima, where Short-tailed Albatrosses have survived both feather collectors and an active volcano
  111. ↑ "Siamese crocodile". Fauna & Flora International. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  112. ↑ "Siamese crocodiles re-introduced in Cat Tien National Park". WWF. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  113. ↑ "Big Cat Swap Raises Questions". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 19 May 2010. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  114. ↑ "Reintroduction". Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  115. ↑ "Reintroduction of the Asiatic Black Bear to Jirisan National Park (JNP) South Korea". RLR Reintroduction Management. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  116. ↑ "The efforts to re-establish the Chinese water deer population in Shanghai, China" . Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  117. ↑ Dhungel G. & Thanet D.R. (2019). "Investigating Habitat Suitability and Conservation Issues of Re-introduced Wild Water Buffalo in Chitwan National Park, Nepal". Forestry: Journal of Institute of Forestry, Nepal. 16 (16): 1–13. doi: 10.3126/forestry.v16i0.28350 . S2CID   216528987.
  118. ↑ "Wild buffalo to be reintroduced in Kanha Natl Park" . Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  119. 1 2 3 Farag, Mona (2023-01-18). "Saudi Arabia to release more than 1,500 endangered animals at AlUla". The National. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
  120. ↑ Haque, Mohammad Nayerul; Smith, Tommy R. (1996). "Reintroduction of Arabian sand gazelle Gazella subgutturosa marica in Saudi Arabia". Biological Conservation. 76 (2): 203–207. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(95)00100-x. ISSN   0006-3207.
  121. ↑ Eid, Ehab; Mallon, David (2021-08-26). "Wild ungulates in Jordan: past, present, and forthcoming opportunities". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 13 (9): 19338–19351. doi:10.11609/jott.6811.13.9.19338-19351. ISSN   0974-7907.
  122. ↑ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group. 2017. Oryx leucoryx. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T15569A50191626. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T15569A50191626.en.
  123. ↑ Ron Efrat; Ohad Hatzofe; Ygal Miller; Thomas Mueller; Nir Sapir; Oded Berger-Tal (5 May 2022). "Postrelease survival of captive-bred Egyptian Vultures is similar to that of wild-hatched Egyptian Vultures and is not affected by release age or season". Ornithological Applications. 124 (2). duab065. doi:10.1093/ornithapp/duab065.
  124. ↑ Efrat, Ron; Hatzofe, Ohad; Miller, Ygal; Berger-Tal, Oded (December 2020). "Determinants of survival in captive-bred Griffon Vultures Gyps fulvus after their release to the wild". Conservation Science and Practice. 2 (12). Bibcode:2020ConSP...2E.308E. doi: 10.1111/csp2.308 . ISSN   2578-4854.
  125. ↑ "Second batch of rare houbara bird to be reintroduced in Jordan in February". Jordan Times. 2018-01-15. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
  126. ↑ Sharifi M.. Vaissi S.. 2014. Captive breeding and trial reintroduction of the Endangered yellow-spotted mountain newt Neurergus microspilotus in western Iran (pdf). Endanger Species Res 23. Vol. 23: pp.159–166. doi: 10.3354/esr00552. Retrieved on March 31, 2017
  127. ↑ Hatzofe, O. (2001). Reintroduction of raptors to Ramat HaNadiv. Wings over Africa. The International Center for the Study of Bird Migration, Latrun, Israel, 190-202.
  128. ↑ "The Bitter Fate of Ostriches in the Wild". Haaretz. Retrieved 2024-01-17.
  129. ↑ Islam, Zafar-ul M.; Ismail, Khairi; Boug, Ahmed (2008). "Re-introduction of the Red-necked Ostrich, Struthio camelus camelus , in Mahazat as-Sayd Protected Area in central Saudi Arabia". Zoology in the Middle East. 44 (1): 31–40. doi:10.1080/09397140.2008.10638286. ISSN   0939-7140.
  130. ↑ Mendelssohn, Heinrich; Yom-Tov, Yoram (1999). Mammalia of Israel. Fauna Palaestina. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. ISBN   978-965-208-145-2.
  131. ↑ "Nubian Ibex Conservation Case Study | The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund". www.speciesconservation.org. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
  132. ↑ Attum, Omar; Awaji, Malik Al; Bender, L. (2022). "The use of demographic data to monitor population trends of the Nubian Ibex, Capra nubiana in Jordan (Mammalia: Bovidae)". Zoology in the Middle East. 68: 1–11. doi:10.1080/09397140.2021.2021654. hdl: 2022/27445 . S2CID   245816312.
  133. ↑ Kaplan, D.; Oron, T.; Gutman, M. (1998-06-01). "Development of macrophytic vegetation in the Agmon Wetland of Israel by spontaneous colonization and reintroduction". Wetlands Ecology and Management. 6 (2): 143–150. doi:10.1023/A:1008420120533. ISSN   1572-9834.
  134. ↑ Constantinoiu, Marina (2020-10-15). "The astonishing revival of Israel's Persian fallow deer". ISRAEL21c. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
  135. ↑ Saltz, David (1996-01-01). "Minimizing extinction probability due to demographic stochasticity in a reintroduced herd of Persian fallow deer Dama dama mesopotamica". Biological Conservation. 75 (1): 27–33. Bibcode:1996BCons..75...27S. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(95)00041-0. ISSN   0006-3207.
  136. ↑ Lutz, Diana (2013-03-27). "The secret lives of the wild asses of the Negev - The Source - Washington University in St. Louis". The Source. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
  137. ↑ Zecherle, L. J.; Bar-David, S.; Nichols, H. J.; Templeton, A. R.; Hipperson, H.; Horsburgh, G. J.; Brown, R. P. (2020-12-01). "Landscape resistance affects individual habitat selection but not genetic relatedness in a reintroduced desert ungulate". Biological Conservation. 252: 108845. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108845. ISSN   0006-3207.
  138. ↑ "Hai-Bar Carmel Nature Reserve". Israel Nature and Parks Authority. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
  139. ↑ Wallach, Arian D.; Inbar, Moshe; Shanas, Uri (2009-05-18). "Roe deer and decapitated Anemone flowers". Israel Journal of Plant Sciences. 57 (1–2): 103–106. doi:10.1560/IJPS.57.1-2.103 (inactive 31 January 2024). ISSN   0792-9978. S2CID   215510846.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  140. ↑ Goren, M. 2014. Acanthobrama telavivensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T61249A19009597. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T61249A19009597.en.
  141. ↑ J. Herrero; J. Canut; D. Garcia-Ferre; R. Garcia Gonzalez; R. Hidalgo (1992). "The alpine marmot (Marmota marmota L.) in the Spanish Pyrenees" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde . 57 (4): 211–215. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-01. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
  142. ↑ "VIDEO: Butterfly extinct for 42 years reintroduced to England". 18 May 2018.
  143. ↑ Groff C., Bragalanti N., Rizzoli R., Zanghellini P. (editors), "2012 Bear Report, Forestry and Wildlife Department of the Autonomous Province of Trento", 2013.
  144. ↑ Monbiot, George (2013-10-18). "Why are Britain's conservation groups so lacking in ambition?". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2016-04-17.
  145. ↑ Carrington, Damian; Davis, Nicola (2022-07-18). "Wild bison return to UK for first time in thousands of years". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2023-03-12.
  146. ↑ Macdonald, David Whyte; Newman, Chris; Harrington, Lauren A. (2017). Biology and conservation of musteloids (1st ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford university press. ISBN   978-0-19-875981-2.
  147. ↑ "Gazelle Reintroduction Programmme". WWf-Caucasus. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  148. ↑ "Ladybird Spider- Eresus cinnaberinus". 2011-08-11.
  149. ↑ Andersen, Anne; Simcox, David J.; Thomas, Jeremy A.; Nash, David R. (2014). "Assessing reintroduction schemes by comparing genetic diversity of reintroduced and source populations: A case study of the globally threatened large blue butterfly (Maculinea arion)" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 175: 34–41. Bibcode:2014BCons.175...34A. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.04.009. ISSN   0006-3207. S2CID   218626986.
  150. ↑ Rich, T.C.; Gibson, C.; Marsden, M. (1999). "Re-establishment of the extinct native plant Filago gallica L.(Asteraceae), narrow-leaved cudweed, in Britain". Biological Conservation. 91 (1): 1–8. Bibcode:1999BCons..91....1R. doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(99)00046-4.
  151. ↑ "Waldrappteam".
  152. ↑ "Proyecto Eremita".
  153. ↑ WWF (2009). "Flying Turkmen leopards to bring species back to Caucasus". WWF.
  154. ↑ "TWO LEOPARDS FROM SWEDEN ARRIVED TO RUSSIA". WWF Russia. Archived from the original on 2022-10-03. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
  155. ↑ "'First' Welsh born and bred pine marten". BBC News. 2017-06-09.
  156. ↑ Tsoukanova, Ania. "Wild horses flourish in Chernobyl 35 years after explosion". phys.org. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  157. ↑ "Red Kite Reintroduction Project in Wicklow". Environment, Heritage and Local Government. 2007-05-21. Archived from the original on 2008-11-21.
  158. ↑ Barkham, Patrick (2022-06-24). "Red kite chicks sent from England to Spain to boost ailing numbers". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  159. ↑ Red squirrel conservation, squirrel ecology and grey squirrel management
  160. ↑ "White Storks".
  161. ↑ Barkham, Patrick (17 January 2020). "Young sea eagle takes up residence among Oxfordshire's red kites". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 January 2020.
  162. ↑ "Reintroduction of American Bison". cemexnature. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  163. ↑ Rurik List; Jesus Pacheco; Eduardo Ponce; Rodrigo Sierra-Corona; Gerardo Ceballos (August 2010). "The Janos Biosphere Reserve, Northern Mexico". The Journal of International Wilderness. 16 (2). Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  164. ↑ "Banff National Park Bison Reintroduction Project". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  165. ↑ "History of Bison Management in Yellowstone (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-01-17.
  166. ↑ "Interior Department Announces Significant Action to Restore Bison Populations as Part of New Restoration and Resilience Framework | U.S. Department of the Interior". www.doi.gov. 2023-03-03. Retrieved 2024-01-17.
  167. ↑ "British Virgin Islands: Flamingo Reintroduction to Anegada - The Conservation Agency". The Conservation Agency. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
  168. ↑ "How the Puffin Returned to Eastern Egg Rock". Smithsonian Ocean. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  169. ↑ "Bringing Puffins Back to Maine - With Stephen Kress". BirdNote. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  170. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "9 Wildlife Success Stories". NPCA. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  171. ↑ "Black-Footed Ferret Reintroduction". Archived from the original on 2022-10-03.
  172. ↑ "Blanding's Turtle Headstart Reintroduction". Urban Turtle Initiative. Toronto Zoo. Archived from the original on 2018-05-25.
  173. ↑ Plair, B.L., Lal, M., Ramadhar, A., and Ramsubage, S. 2013. Status of Blue-and-yellow Macaws (Ara ararauna) Reintroduced to the Nariva Swamp, Trinidad and Tobago. Living World, Journal of The Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 2013, 19-28.
  174. ↑ "California Condor Recovery Program | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service". FWS.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  175. ↑ Vashon, J. 2016. Lynx canadensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T12518A101138963. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12518A101138963.en. Accessed on 20 August 2023.
  176. ↑ "Canada Lynx - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation". www.dec.ny.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  177. ↑ Helenurm, Kaius; Parsons, Lorraine S. (1997-09-01). "Genetic Variation and the Reproduction of Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus to Sweetwater Marsh, California". Restoration Ecology. 5 (3): 236–244. Bibcode:1997ResEc...5..236H. doi:10.1046/j.1526-100x.1997.09728.x. ISSN   1526-100X. S2CID   86211874.
  178. ↑ Gilbert SL, Slivy KJ, Pozzanghera CB, DuBour A, Overduijn K, Smith MM, Prugh LR (10 June 2016). "Socioeconomic Benefits of Large Carnivore Recolonization Through Reduced Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions". Conservation Letters. 10 (4) (published 14 August 2017): 431–439. doi: 10.1111/conl.12280 .
  179. ↑ Olson, Zachary H.; Whittaker, Donald G.; Rhodes, Olin E. (2012). "Evaluation of experimental genetic management in reintroduced bighorn sheep". Ecology and Evolution. 2 (2): 429–443. Bibcode:2012EcoEv...2..429O. doi: 10.1002/ece3.97 . PMC   3298953 . PMID   22423334.
  180. ↑ "Black-tailed Prairie Dog Reintroduction". Wildlife. Arizona Game and Fish Department. Archived from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  181. ↑ Roberts, Brandon. "Elk could be saving grace in coal country". Spectrumnews1.com. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  182. ↑ "Reintroducing Elk to the Great Smoky Mountains". American Forests. Archived from the original on September 29, 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  183. ↑ "Elk". Pennsylvania Game Commission. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  184. ↑ Omohundro, John; Harris, Glenn R. (2012). An environmental history of New York's north country : the Adirondack Mountains and the St. Lawrence River Valley: case studies and neglected topics (1 ed.). Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press. pp. 99–111. ISBN   978-0-7734-2628-3.
  185. ↑ "Threatened and Endangered Species in Washington: 2012 Annual Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-29.
  186. ↑ "Into the wild: reintroduction of spider monkeys in Guatemala". Lifetime Projects. 5 April 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  187. ↑ Yellowstone National Park, "Wolf Reintroduction Changes Ecosystem", 21 June 2011.
  188. ↑ "Colorado Parks and Wildlife". Colorado Parks and Wildlife. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
  189. ↑ Duncan, Travis (December 18, 2023). "Colorado Parks and Wildlife successfully releases gray wolves on Colorado's Western Slope". Colorado Parks and Wildlife. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  190. ↑ "A reintroduction program for the conservation of the black howler monkey in Belize". Conservation Evidence. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  191. ↑ "Mexican Wolf Numbers Soar Past 200 | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service". FWS.gov. 2023-02-27. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
  192. ↑ Sanderson, Eric; Beckmann, Jon; Beier, Paul; Bird, Bryan; Bravo, Juan; Fisher, Kim; Grigione, Melissa; Lopez Gonzalez, Carlos; Miller, Jennifer; Mormorunni, Cristina; Paulson, Laura; Peters, Rob; Polisar, John; Povilitis, Tony; Robinson, Michael; Wilcox, Sharon (June 2021). "The case for reintroduction: The jaguar (Panthera onca) in the United States as a model". Conservation Science and Practice. 3 (6). Bibcode:2021ConSP...3E.392S. doi: 10.1111/csp2.392 .
  193. ↑ Maunder, Michael (1992-03-01). "Plant reintroduction: an overview". Biodiversity & Conservation. 1 (1): 51–61. Bibcode:1992BiCon...1...51M. doi:10.1007/bf00700250. ISSN   0960-3115. S2CID   23334255.
  194. ↑ "Red Wolf Recovery Program | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service". FWS.gov. 4 April 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  195. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Buteo ridgwayi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T22695886A181707428. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22695886A181707428.en . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  196. ↑ Maschinski, Joyce; Duquesnel, Janice (2007). "Successful reintroductions of the endangered long-lived Sargent's cherry palm, Pseudophoenix sargentii, in the Florida Keys". Biological Conservation. 134 (1): 122–129. Bibcode:2007BCons.134..122M. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.07.012.
  197. ↑ Estrada, Alejandro (2014). "Reintroduction of the Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao cyanoptera) in the Tropical Rainforests of Palenque, Mexico: Project Design and First Year Progress". Tropical Conservation Science. 7 (3). journals.sagepub.com: 342–364. doi: 10.1177/194008291400700301 . S2CID   89567234.
  198. ↑ "Herman 'Duff' Holbrook: Benefactor of S.C. wildlife". The Post and Courier . 2015-07-23. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  199. ↑ McKean, Andrew (2015-07-27). "A Farewell to Herman "Duff" Holbrook, the Father of Wild Turkey Rocket-Netting". Outdoor Life . Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  200. ↑ "First demonstration of reintroduction of West Indian Manatee in the Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin Bay, Guadeloupe". European Commission. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  201. ↑ "Wood bison reintroduced in Southwest Alaska see another year of loss, but with a silver lining". Alaska Republic Media. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  202. ↑ Cochrane, J. A.; Crawford, A. D.; Monks, L. T. (2007). "The significance of ex situ seed conservation to reintroduction of threatened plants". Australian Journal of Botany. 55 (3): 356–361. doi:10.1071/bt06173.
  203. ↑ "Rewilding the eastern quoll | Rewilding Australia". rewildingaustralia.org.au. Archived from the original on 2020-03-10. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  204. ↑ "Eastern quoll reintroduced to mainland Australia". BBC News. 15 March 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  205. ↑ Moseby, K. E.; O'Donnell, E.O. (2003). "Reintroduction of the greater bilby, Macrotis lagotis (Reid) (Marsupialia: Thylacomyidae), to northern South Australia: survival, ecology and notes on reintroduction protocols". Wildlife Research. 30: 15–27. doi:10.1071/WR02012.
  206. ↑ "Kākāpō return to mainland in historic translocation". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 2023-07-21.
  207. ↑ Flannery T (1994). The Future Eaters. Grove Press. pp. 384–5. ISBN   0-8021-3943-4.
  208. ↑ "Reintroduction of North Island robins Petroica austalis longipes to Tiritiri Matangi, Auckland, New Zealand". Conservation Evidence.
  209. ↑ "Where to see Numbats?". numbat.org.au.
  210. ↑ Gilfedder, Louise; Kirkpatrick, J. B.; Wells, Susan (1997-09-01). "The endangered Tunbridge buttercup (Ranunculus prasinus): Ecology, conservation status and introduction to the Township Lagoon Nature Reserve, Tasmania". Australian Journal of Ecology. 22 (3): 347–351. Bibcode:1997AusEc..22..347G. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1997.tb00681.x. ISSN   1442-9993.
  211. ↑ Morgan, John W. (2000-06-01). "Reproductive Success in Reestablished versus Natural Populations of a Threatened Grassland Daisy (Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides)". Conservation Biology. 14 (3): 780–785. Bibcode:2000ConBi..14..780M. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98516.x. ISSN   1523-1739. S2CID   84131099.
  212. ↑ "After 3,000 years, Tasmanian devils are returning to Australian mainland". CNN. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  213. ↑ "Tasmanian devils return to mainland Australia for first time in 3,000 years". National Geographic. 5 October 2020. Archived from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  214. ↑ "Tasmanian Devils Are Reintroduced to Australia's Mainland". EcoWatch. 9 October 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  215. ↑ "Birth of Tassie devils could be first step to having them back on mainland after 3,000 years". www.abc.net.au. 2021-05-27. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
  216. ↑ Maunder, Mike; Culham, Alastair; Alden, Bjorn; Zizka, Georg; Orliac, Cathérine; Lobin, Wolfram; Bordeu, Alberto; Ramirez, Jose M.; Glissmann-Gough, Sabine (2000-10-18). "Conservation of the Toromiro Tree: Case Study in the Management of a Plant Extinct in the Wild". Conservation Biology. 14 (5): 1341–1350. Bibcode:2000ConBi..14.1341M. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98520.x. ISSN   1523-1739. S2CID   86398422.
  217. ↑ "The reintroduction of the Andean condor". Conservation Evidence. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  218. ↑ "Iberá Project-Collared Peccary". Proyecto Iberá. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  219. ↑ "Iberá Project-The Giant Anteater". Proyecto Iberá. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  220. ↑ "Iberá Project-Giant Otter". Proyecto Iberá. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  221. ↑ "Rewilding in Argentina: the giant river otter returns to Iberá park". UN environment program. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  222. ↑ "The giant river otter has returned to Argentina". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  223. ↑ "Reintroduction". Save The Golden Lion Tamarin. Retrieved 2023-06-20.
  224. ↑ "The Golden Lion Tamarin Returns From Extinction". Saving Nature. Retrieved 2023-06-20.
  225. ↑ "Jaguar Reintroduction Project in Argentina's Iberá Wetlands". &Beyond. Retrieved 2022-11-24.
  226. ↑ "Reintroducing endangered South American deer to Patagonian wilds". MultiBrief. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  227. ↑ "Iberá Project-Green-Winged Macaw". Proyecto Iberá. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  228. ↑ "Lowland Tapir to be reintroduced into Atlantic Forest". Animalogic. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 2023-06-20.
  229. ↑ "Reintroduction of tapirs in the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro". Labvis. Retrieved 2023-06-20.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.